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Although differential diagnosis between autoimmune encephalitis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders is crucial for a good outcome, the psychiatric symptoms that distinguish these two conditions have not been identified even though psychiatric symptoms are often the main manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis. Also, there are many situations in clinical psychiatry in which laboratory testing and imaging studies are not available. Because no comparative study of the psychiatric symptoms between these two conditions has been carried out, we explored diagnostically useful psychiatric symptoms in a retrospective case-control study.We recruited 187 inpatients with first-episode psychosis who were admitted to our psychiatric unit and categorized them into two groups: the autoimmune encephalitis group (n = 10) and the schizophrenia spectrum disorders group (n = 177). Differences in the symptoms and signs between the two groups were investigated.Schneider's first-rank symptoms (e.g., verbal commenting hallucinations and delusional self-experience) were observed only in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders group, whereas altered perception was found more frequently in the autoimmune encephalitis group. Functional status was worse in the autoimmune encephalitis group, and neurological and neuropsychological signs were revealed almost exclusively in this group. A history of mental illness was more frequently reported in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders group than in the autoimmune encephalitis group.The psychiatric symptoms, i.e., Schneider's first-rank symptoms and altered perception, together with neurological and neuropsychological signs, functional status, and past history, may help clinicians accurately differentiate these two conditions among patients with first-episode psychosis.

Juice vesicle explants of satsuma mandarin cultured on MS solid medium grew expansively and their weight increased 250–400% over a month and accumulated sugar (50–90 mg/g juice). However, sugar accumulation did not occur when one-third of fruit was cultured. Sugar accumulation only occurred in the juice vesicle explants excised from fruitlet later than 51 days after full bloom and cultured on a medium containing 10% sucrose. Supplements of benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in the medium promoted the growth of juice vesicles, but these growth regulators did not stimulate sugar accumulation. Effects of sucrose, glucose and fructose on vesicle growth and sugar accumulation were determined. Fructose was not effective for vesicle growth. Total sugar content in juice vesicles was highest on the medium containing glucose. Sugar composition in vesicles cultured on various carbohydrates indicated that sugar degradation and conversion occurred in vesicle explants.