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The transformation of canola oil (CO), chicken fat (CF) and used cooking oil (UCO) esters is highlighted with the greener approach of microwave-assisted solvent-less ethenolysis. Four different catalysts were screened to carry out rapid reaction at low-temperature in short time span (50 °C and 30 min) and the study demonstrated significant improvements in turnover numbers (TONs) to 92,000 and 78,080 for CO esters and UCO esters respectively, indicating the possibility of convenient scale-up without the requirement for extensive purification of catalysts and starting substrates. A novel renewable lipidic source of spent hen for ethenolysis is exploited for the first time and maximum turnover numbers of 21,820 was achieved through optimization of catalyst/feedstock system.

The Review Committee for Surgery requires a minimum program director (PD) tenure of 6 years. The impact of PD turnover on the performance of program graduates is unknown. We hypothesize that (1) the majority of PDs step down before 6-year tenure and (2) higher PD turnover is associated with higher failure rate on American Board of Surgery (ABS) examinations.Start and stop dates of all surgery PDs between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2017 were obtained for civilian surgery programs. A Kaplan-Meier curve of PD "survival" was constructed. Programs were divided into High Turnover (HT; ≥4 PD changes, n = 33) and Low Turnover (LT; ≤3 PD changes, n = 191) groups. Five-year (2013-2017) ABS pass rates were also obtained. Pass rates and compliance with current standards were compared between groups.Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that 40% of PDs do not comply with ACGME policy and serve6 years. HT programs had lower mean pass rates on ABS certifying exam than LT programs (76% vs 83%, p0.01), but not qualifying exam (88% vs 88%). HT programs are less likely to meet the current 65% pass rate standard (82% vs 93%, p0.05).(1) An estimated 40% of general surgery PDs had tenures of6 years. (2) Greater PD turnover is associated with lower ABS pass rates among general surgery graduates.

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis has been widely used to study soil microbial community structure. Soil PLFAs are taken to be indicative of living organisms since phospholipids are assumed to rapidly degrade after cell death. However, the turnover rate of phospholipids has never been accurately quantified. For this purpose, a short incubation experiment was conducted by amending paddy soil with extracted phospholipids, using the 13C labeling technique and PLFA analysis to quantify phospholipid degradation. Both bacterial (Methylocystis sp. and Escherichia coli) and fungal (Simplicillium subtropicum) phospholipids had high turnover rates. The half-life (t½) for different phospholipids ranged from 14 to 27 h and the average t½ for total phospholipids was about 20 h at 25 °C but nearly double that at 15 °C. However, phospholipids had a similar turnover rate in a soil with lower microbial biomass (84 mg C kg−1) compared to a soil with higher microbial biomass (305 mg C kg−1). Assimilation of 13C into other phospholipids was very low but followed the same timescale. Overall, this provides for the first time direct evidence for high turnover rates in soil through the analysis of specific 13C-labelled PLFAs and confirms the classic hypothesis that intact phospholipids represent living cells, necessary for the validity of the established PLFA methodology.

The child protection service workforce has been constantly challenged by high turnover due to the stressful nature of the job. To address high turnover, prior research has examined a wide range of predictors of child protection workers' intent to leave. This study aimed to identify the interrelationships of risk and protective factors, job satisfaction and burnout to child protection workers' intent to leave, the relative impact between job satisfaction and burnout on intent to leave, and their mediating roles for the risk and protective factors. Analyzing survey data from 93.9% of all public child protection workers in South Korea, we estimated a structural path from risk and protective factors to child protection workers' job satisfaction, burnout, and intent to leave. Path analysis revealed that with the significant effects of emotional exhaustion (β = 0.52, p

Under what conditions would a principal choose to buy a slave rather than to hire a free worker? First, slaves cannot leave at will, which reduces turnover costs; second, slaves can be subjected to physical punishments, which reduces enforcement costs. In complex tasks, relation-specific investments are responsible for high turnover costs, which makes principals prefer slaves over workers. At the other end of the spectrum, in simple tasks, the threat of physical punishment is a relatively cheap way to produce incentives as compared to rewards, because effort is easy to monitor, which again makes slaves the better alternative. The resulting equilibrium price in the market for slaves affects demand in the labor market and induces principals to hire workers for those intermediate tasks. A thorough analysis of the historical evidence confirms this pattern. The relative prevalence of slaves over workers further depends on the slave supply, the turnover costs and the cost of applying sticks. These comparative statics are used to shed light on cross-society differences in the use of slaves and on diachronic trends. Finally, the analysis sheds light on current policies to fight slavery and warns that some of them might have negative effects on the welfare of remaining slaves.

Globalization facilitated the development of international construction. Construction safety issues have become a global problem. International construction projects lead to complexities and difficulties in safety management given the involvement of participants from different countries and regions. This study takes case of Chinese international contractors to explore and evaluate the difficulties of implementing safety practices in international construction projects. Mixed methods include qualitative (i.e., document analysis and structured interview) and quantitative methods (i.e., Delphi survey) were adopted. The most important difficulties of implementing safety practices in international construction projects identified in this study were labor-only subcontracting and complex labor structure, low safety awareness of local workers, high turnover rates of frontline workers, and the failure of Chinese workers who work far from home to adapt to a boring lifestyle in overseas projects. Eliminating these major difficulties can facilitate the implementation of safety practices in international construction projects and further improve safety performance.

New substituted 3-((1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-arylisoxazoles (aryl = Ph, p-Tol) and 2-(5-phenylisoxazol-3-yl)-5-(2-(1-((5-(p-tolyl)isoxazol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole were synthesized by means of click-chemistry procedures. The obtained compounds were used as ligands in preparation of palladium(II) complexes, and the latter proved to be high-turnover-number catalysts for C C cross-coupling reactions under Green Chemistry conditions. One of the ligands was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the structure of complexes was determined by 1H, 13C, 15N NMR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modeling.

As part of a process to improve the safety of medication management on the wards, designated nurses in each department work in close collaboration with the pharmacist to prevent medication errors on a daily basis. In an isolated facility situated in a remote environment where the rate of replacement of team members is high, their role is essential and helps to reduce the risk of errors favoured by the high turnover of medical and paramedical staff.

RNA is the most mercurial of all biomacromolecules. In contrast to DNA, where the predominant role is the storage of genetic information, the biological role of RNA varies; ranging from a template-based intermediary in gene expression to playing a direct role in catalysis. Their high turnover and metabolic lability makes the detection of specific sequences particularly challenging. This review describes the latest synthetic biological developments that enable the direct imaging of RNA both in vitro and in their native cellular environment.

We use administrative payroll data to examine how firms adjust employment in response to aggregate shocks. We use the COVID-19 pandemic as a laboratory. Exploiting within firm-state variation, we find that firms are more likely to lay off low-income and high-tenure employees before other classes of workers. This pattern disappears a few weeks into the pandemic, after which layoffs are more uniformly distributed. This pecking order of layoffs is most pronounced in low-skilled industries (e.g., retail trade) and in firms with high turnover costs. Firms are also more likely to rehire high-tenure employees that were laid off first. These results are consistent with theories which document that search frictions play an important role in determining firms' responses to aggregate shocks. To further evaluate the importance of search frictions in our setting, we examine whether expansion of unemployment benefits under the CARES Act increased the likelihood of layoffs. Consistent with search frictions, we find that even within the same income bucket, firms are more likely to lay off employees in states with more generous benefits.

Oregon recently launched an automatic-enrollment retirement savings program for private sector workers who lack access to other workplace retirement plans. We analyze participation choices, account balances, and inflow/outflow data using administrative records between August 2018 and April 2020. Within the small to mid-sized firms served by OregonSaves, estimated average after-tax earnings are low ($2,365 per month) and turnover rates are high (38.2% per year). We find that younger employees and employees in larger firms are less likely to opt out, but that participation rates fall over time. The most common reason given for opting out is “I can’t afford to save at this time,” but the second most common is “I have my own retirement plan.” At the end of April 2020, 67,731 accounts had positive account balances, holding $51.1 million in total assets. The average balance is $754, but there is considerable dispersion, with younger workers accumulating the fewest assets due to higher rates of job turnover. Overall, we conclude that OregonSaves has meaningfully increased employee savings by reducing search costs. The 34.3% of workers with positive account balances in April 2020 is comparable to the marginal increase in participation at larger firms in the private sector. Nevertheless, there are significant constraints to the savings that auto-enrollment savings plans can achieve when provided to workers in industries and firms with low wages, volatile wages, and high turnover. Our evidence suggests that employees who are opting out of OregonSaves are often doing so for rational reasons.

Photostability is an important factor in photocatalytic CO2 reduction system. In this work, a highly stable photocatalytic CO2 reduction system was constructed with an organic dye proflavin (PF) as photosensitizer (PS) and ZIF-67 as catalyst. The system worked well for more than 48 h under visible light and displayed high photocatalytic efficiency of 25.6 μmol for CO evolution. A significantly high turnover number (TON) of 13.5 was calculated based on the PS. The durability and efficiency of the PS are much better than those relative reported works. Carbon source was confirmed by the 13C-labelled isotropic experiment. The simple and unique combination of PF and ZIF-67 provides a valuable result toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction system.

In this paper, we examine the turnover effect in China's stock market and find that stocks with low turnover generate higher future returns than stocks with high turnover. The turnover effect is robust after various liquidity measures are controlled for, and it cannot be explained by existing asset-pricing models. Further evidence reveals that the turnover effect (1) is stronger when sentiment is high; (2) is stronger for stocks with lower investor sophistication, higher idiosyncratic volatility, higher transaction costs, and lower institutional ownership; and (3) persists in longer horizons. These findings are consistent with the mispricing explanation.

Shape-controlled nanomaterials have been in the spotlight of photocatalysis for nearly two decades as they afford a unique level of energetic and structural tunability while possessing many desirable characteristics of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, such as solution stability, high turnover number, and facile catalyst isolation. However, they come with their own set of challenges. Fundamentally, photocatalysis can be thought of as an analog to electrocatalysis, wherein thermodynamic driving force is provided by photosensitizer-originated excited charge carriers as opposed to an external circuit. In this minireview, recent advances and challenges in the development of shape-controlled nanomaterials for photocatalysis are highlighted, drawing attention to emerging areas of research and development such as nontoxic heavy metal–free photocatalysts, nanocrystal–ligand–solution interface engineering, and biohybrid systems for improved activity in challenging redox reactions.

As director of the emergency department at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, I was frustrated with high turnover rates in certain jobs, particularly the job of restocking supplies in exam rooms. The medical center had just instituted a diversity initiative that solidified its commitment to increasing employment opportunities for qualified persons with disabilities. That initiative caused me to wonder; could people with intellectual disabilities adequately handle the positions I found so difficult to fill? I turned to the person who led the special education program at 4 career development campuses in southwest Ohio. We enthusiastically collaborated, and today, 20 years later, the resulting program called Project SEARCH has spread to worksites throughout the world. 1

Herein we report the preparation, characterization and the catalytic ability of novel Pd(II)-β-cyclodextrin complex as an efficient nanocatalytic system for the Suzuki–Miyaura carbon-carbon (C C) coupling reaction in water. The presented novel Pd(II)-β-cyclodextrin complex catalyst was characterized by TGA, FT-IR, XRD, NMR and atomic absorption analysis. Also, by using the Pd(II)-β-CD complex as a homogeneous catalyst, we have developed an efficient protocol for suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides in neat water with high turnover frequencies (TOFs) for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. The catalyst can be recycled and reused multiple times to catalyze the coupling reaction.

The bus industry is characterized by demanding jobs and high turnover rates. In this study we gather essential insights that can help companies and industry-level policy makers increase the attractiveness of the profession and design effective retention policies. We compare the factors that induce Belgian drivers to leave their current organization with those inducing them to leave the industry. Key factors increasing the likelihood to consider quitting the company are a negative work-life balance, a lack of social support and a temporary contract. Dominant factors to consider quitting the bus driver profession are a lack of fulfillment, a demanding job environment and a negative work-life balance.

A zeolitic imidazolate framework possessing LTA topology is investigated for its catalytic potential in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides. The synthesized ZIF-22 was chemically and thermally stable and was analyzed using multiple physico-chemical characterizations such as XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, XPS, TGA, ICP-OES and EA. ZIF-22 was found to afford excellent heterogeneous catalysis with high turnover frequencies (TOF) and selectivity, outperforming the activities exhibited by the previously reported ZIF catalysts. Parameter studies were carried out with various temperature, CO2 pressure, catalyst amount and reaction time and the catalyst was found to have reusable properties over three times with negligible or no loss in catalytic activity.

WOS: 000381593700002, To be industrially feasible, and applicable in synthesis of fine chemicals, a catalyst has to possess high turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF). In this study, a new cross-linked chitosan derivative was synthesized by using 2,2'-pyridil as a cross-linking agent. 2,2'-Pyridil cross-linked chitosan was used to as a support material for palladium catalyst. Chitosan-pyridil-based Pd(II) catalyst was tested in the microwave-assisted synthesis of biaryls via Suzuki coupling reactions. The catalyst yielded remarkable TONs of up to 20,000 and TOFs of up to 240,964 by using very low catalyst loading (5 x 10(-3)% mol) in a short reaction time (5 min). The catalyst also showed a better recyclability. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The remarkable catalytic activity of BiCl3/SiO2 for the ring-opening of epoxides with aromatic and aliphatic amines under microwave and thermal heating was observed. This eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst displayed high to excellent regioselectivity in the synthesis of β-amino alcohols under solvent-free conditions. High turnover frequency (TOF) values under microwave heating and excellent reusability of the catalyst may significantly contribute to applied chemistry.

As labile fraction of soil organic matter, soil carbohydrates are sensitive to environmental changes due to their high turnover rates. The effects of elevated O 3 and CO 2 on the concentration and composition of soil carbohydrates in agroecosystems have been rarely studied. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of the concentration and composition of neutral sugars in soil under the influence of elevated O 3 and CO 2 with different N application rates (150 kg N ha −1 and 225 kg N ha −1 ). Our results showed that elevated O 3 decreased soil carbohydrate accumulation, with the effect being more pronounced with high than with low N application rate. Elevated O 3 significantly increased the ratio of (mannose + galactose)/(arabinose + xylose), indicating that elevated O 3 promoted the relative contribution of microbe-derived carbohydrates to soil organic matter (SOM). The high N application rate further increased the contribution of microbe-derived carbohydrates to SOM under elevated O 3 conditions. However, elevated CO 2 had no effect on soil carbohydrate accumulation and little effects on carbohydrate composition in the study soil, regardless of N application rates. The elevated O 3 -induced effects were not altered by elevated CO 2 at the low N application rate, and the change in composition mediated by elevated CO 2 was observed only at the high N application rate. Our results suggest that elevated O 3 affected soil carbohydrate accumulation and their composition and that the effects on composition were mediated by elevated CO 2 and N application rates.

A high-turnover catalytic system based on commercially available aminopyridines (L) and PdCl 2 has been developed for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in aqueous media. Reactions of arylboronic acids with a wide range of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides proceeded in the presence of these catalysts for a short time in aqueous media to afford the cross-coupling products in high yields. Furthermore, this protocol allows tolerating a wide range of functional groups.

This paper explores turnover premia in China's stock markets. There is a negative cross-sectional relation between turnover and average realized returns. Turnover premia, which is the return on buying low turnover stocks and shorting high turnover stocks, can reach 34% per annum. In effect, turnover in China's stock markets can be explained mainly by both liquidity risk and firm-specific uncertainty. Turnover premia are more pronounced for firms with higher cash flow risk, an indicator of firm-specific uncertainty. Cash flow risk could also amplify the turnover premia of option-like firms.

Teacher labor markets have strong implications for learning outcomes and equity for students, and yet schools that need teachers the most often face high turnover. Using repeated cross-sectional nationally representative data, this study examines the relationships between school organizational characteristics and teacher turnover and identifies what may be done to positively influence the teacher workforce. I find school organizational characteristics may indeed reduce teacher turnover, but this varies based on the type of organizational characteristic as well as the specific form of turnover. Policy and practical implications from the study are discussed.

Drawing on context-emergent turnover theory, we empirically investigate the relationship between changes in collective turnover rates and unit performance and the moderating roles of the quality and quantity of departed, remaining, and newly hired employees, turnover dispersion, and pay dispersion over time. Using insurance company data for 2,988 sales agents within 126 units across 55 months, we found that changes in turnover rates were negatively related to changes in unit performance after accounting for baseline turnover rates. A high turnover rate at baseline mitigated the negative relationship between changes in that rate and unit performance. Adjusting turnover variables for the quality of employees strengthened those relationships. Furthermore, high quality and a large quantity of replacement hires, high quality of remaining employees, high turnover dispersion, and high vertical pay dispersion mitigated the relationship between changes in turnover rates and unit performance. Implications for context-emergent turnover theory and human capital resources are discussed.

AuPd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on graphitic carbon nitride sheets (AuPd/g-C3N4) were used as an effective the Mott−Schottky-type photocatalyst for the visible-light-enhanced Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reaction at room temperature. The Mott-Schottky-type photocatalyst in the coupling of IB and PBA displayed the high turnover frequency of 7920 h−1, even at low irradiation intensity (50 mW cm−2), at room temperature. The synthesized photocatalyst could be recovered and reused six times without any loss of photoactivity.

This study investigated the issue of work-family conflict (WFC) among university foodservice managers. Multiple regression results showed that Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity were two significant antecedents of WFC. In addition, working on weekends also led to increased levels of WFC. The main finding of the study is that WFC is a significant antecedent of university foodservice managers' intention to leave, indicating that WFC is an important factor that explains the high turnover rate of hospitality employees.

Motivated by the implication of prominent behavioral models that a joint consideration of past price changes and firm fundamentals could efficiently identify stock mispricing, we propose an integrated approach that combines fundamental and technical information. This integrated approach generates substantial economic gains, which are comparable to those of strategies double-sorted on characteristics related to high turnover and trading costs and state-of-the-art machine learning strategies in existing studies. The performance net of transaction costs is still attractive. Consistent with behavioral models, limits to arbitrage and information asymmetry play a significant role in explaining the super performance of this integrated approach.

Although there has been a substantial flow of money over the last twenty years into indexed funds and ETFs, the vast majority of equity investment in mutual funds is still being managed on a discretionary basis. In this paper we investigate whether there exist variables that might be able to give an indication of future superior or inferior benchmark-adjusted active performance. Our results suggest that investors should avoid investing in, or should disinvest from funds that: produce a bottom decile information ratio; produce top decile levels of turnover; experience top decile levels of net inflows; and have top decile levels of fees. We conclude our paper with a suggestion as to how this information might help investors make more informed fund choices.

We find that transient institutions, characterized by diversified portfolios with high turnover, are attracted by the larger liquidity and increase their holdings in firms with higher quality of financial statements and thus boost these stock prices during market downturns. Therefore, transient institutions are helping hands in periods with possibly urgent needs of financing. This effect increases after the implementation of Reg FD, suggesting that these institutions rely more on the quality of financial statements after selected disclosure is no longer available. Moreover, we also find that the average effect of disclosure quality on transient institutions' holdings increases after Reg FD, whereas this effect declines sharply for dedicated institutions, characterized by low turnover and more concentrated holdings.

This paper analyzes the “return gap” between dollar-weighted returns that account for intermediate investor flows (internal rate of return) and buy-and-hold returns that funds typically report. Our sample constitutes all US-domiciled open-end mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and covers both fixed income and equity funds, as well as active and index styles of management. We find that return chasing behavior explains the cross-sectional pattern of the return gap. The high turnover of liquid ETFs does not lead to sub-par returns for investors in these funds.

The purpose of this study is to find possible reason of high turnover rate in a retail industry in Negeri Sembilan and to determine the possible way to reduce the rate. The research method used is qualitative study in primary data and secondary data are used. The primary data is obtained from interviews and data from the human resources department. The secondary data is acquired from past researches, journals and interviews. The participants for this research consist of staff members from the top management level, middle management level and lower management level. The findings indicate that the retail industry in Negeri Sembilan has failed to deliver well on the job scope to their new employees.

A series of N,N′-mono substituted acyclic thiourea ligands are found to be highly active phosphine-free catalysts for palladium catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl iodides and bromides with olefins. We have achieved high turnover numbers for aryl iodides with olefins (TONs up to 970,000 for the reaction of iodobenzene with styrene).

Despite growing interest in, and government support for, ISO14001 certification across Asia in recent years, little is known about issues surrounding the uptake and the effectiveness of environmental management systems in this region. There is a particular void of academic work in relation to ISO certification in India and the country's large number of small and medium enterprises; a field of inquiry this paper seeks to advance. Specifically, as a means of providing a basis for classification of firms for an analysis of the state of ISO14001 in India we test the adequacy of critical factors such as nature of business, size, year of establishment and internationalisation among small and medium enterprises and industry best companies. An analysis is presented of secondary data derived from the websites of a sample of ISO14001 certified firms located in the cities of Delhi and Noida. The data show that in the area of manufacturing the highest number of ISO14001 certifications can be recorded and that established small and medium enterprises with high turnover are more likely to adopt ISO14001 certification compared to low turnover firms. The findings inform the status of environmental management systems in India and have implications for government policy intended to foster ISO14001 uptake by Indian firms.

We conduct a search for pairs of companies with similar names/ticker symbols. Between 12% and 25% of such pairs exhibit co-movements in trading turnover, which we attribute to investor confusion. We estimate that trades made by mistake contributed to 5% of the trading turnover. The three-hour CARs for the company chosen by mistake around the time intervals with extreme returns for the paired company are 0.5%. The confusion is highest for large companies and around time intervals with high turnover. We show that when the cause of confusion disappears, the co-movement in turnover also disappears.

Nursing graduates experience "reality shock" upon entering the workplace as well as face challenges and stress during their transition from nursing student to qualified nurse. The high turnover rate of new graduate nurses not only increases an organization's human resources costs but also results in a shortage of nurses. In particular, a poor experience during the transition from nursing student to qualified nurse can lead to significant turnover. A three-year longitudinal study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of one-on-one mentorship program in reducing the turnover rate of nurses in China. A total of 199 new graduate nurses, recruited in 2013, were considered the control group and received a basic preceptorship, and 239 nurses in 2014 were considered the experimental group, for which a one-on-one mentorship program was implemented. Propensity-score-matching analysis was conducted to adjust the baseline of the two groups, and survival analysis was performed to compare the two groups. The findings showed that the turnover rates for the experimental group were 3.77%, 3.48%, and 8.11% as compared to 14.07%, 9.36%, and 14.19% for the control group at the end of the first three years, respectively. The survival curves of the two groups were significantly different (p 0.001). The turnover rate for the first year in the experimental group was significantly lower than that for the control group, but the rates in the second and third years were not different. The results indicate that a one-on-one mentorship program is beneficial for the retention of new graduate nurses, particularly during the first year.

Background Value-based healthcare is strongly advocated to reduce the spiralling rise in healthcare expenditure. Operating room efficiency is an important focus of value-based healthcare delivery due to high costs and associated hospital revenue derived from procedural streams of care. A parallel induction design, utilising induction rooms for anesthetising patients, may improve operating room efficiency and optimise revenue. We used time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) to model personnel costs for a high-turnover operating list to assess value of parallel induction redesign. Methods We prospectively captured activity data from high-turnover surgery allocated to induction of anesthesia within the operating room (serial design) or within induction rooms prior to completion of preceding surgery (parallel design). Personnel costs were constructed using TDABC following assignment of a case-mix that integrated our activity data. This was contrasted against procedural revenue to assess value of projected case throughput. Results Under a parallel induction design, projected operating list duration was reduced by 55 min at marginal increase (1.6%) in personnel costs as assessed by TDABC. This could facilitate an additional short duration surgical case (e.g. Wide Local Excision , with potential additional revenue of $2818 per day and $0.73 M per annum per operating room. Conclusions Parallel induction design reduces non-operative time at minimal increase in personnel costs for all-day, high turnover surgery. An additional short duration surgical case is likely feasible under this model and represents a value investment with minimal requirement for additional personnel resources. Implications A parallel induction design, within the constraints of finite healthcare funding, may help alleviate some of the global increase in demand for surgical capacity that accompanies an expanding and aging population.

1-Glycyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride–palladium(II) complex [[Gmim]Cl–Pd(II)] was found to be a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction with excellent yields with high turnover number (6.5 × 102–9.4 × 102).

N,N-Dimethylformamide-stabilized palladium nanoclusters showed high catalytic activity for Migita–Kosugi–Stille cross-coupling reactions. The present cross-coupling reaction proceeded efficiently using very small Pd catalyst loadings under ligandless, and even an open air, conditions. The reactions proceeded smoothly in good yields and with high turnover numbers of up to 3.5 × 104.

We examined the Pd-catalyzed heteroannulation of 2-haloamines with internal alkynes under phosphine-free conditions. The thiopseudourea palladium(II) complex ( 5 ) found to be an efficient catalyst for the Pd induced heteroannulation. Achieved high turnover number for the heteroannulation reactions of internal alkynes with 2-iodoaniline. A variety of 2-bromoanilines and N -tosyl substituted 2-bromoanilines effectively reacted with different substituted internal alkynes to give the corresponding indoles in good to high yields (1:1 ratio of regioisomers).

Nickel-β-diimine complexes have been used as homogeneous- and heterogeneous-phase oligomerization catalysts. The following complexes have also been heterogenized on silica using the sol–gel method: 1,5- bis (phenyl)-pentanediimine-dibromonickel(II) ( A ), 1,5- bis (2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2,4-pentanediimine-dibromonickel(II) ( B ) and 1,5- bis (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2,4-pentanediimine-dibromonickel(II) ( C ). The synthesis of the xerogels was performed employing 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and HF. The hybrid β-diimine/silica materials are used in combination with ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC) and have been shown to be outstanding ethylene oligomerization catalyst systems. Under mild reactions conditions, the homogeneous and heterogenized catalysts had high turnover frequencies (between 1800 and 210,000 h −1 ). The best selectivities were obtained with the heterogenized catalysts, which give 100% of C 4 fraction with 1-butene selectivities of up to 91%.

Recent regulatory discussions concentrate on the role institutional investors play in the financial sector. We investigate whether institutional ownership (IO) is related to tail risk comovement in banks. We find robust evidence suggesting that IO is positively associated with a bank’s future tail risk. We find this relationship is stronger during economic downturns at the economy-wide level, as well as for banks demonstrating greater capital needs. Correspondingly, we find that there is a greater reduction in lending during recessionary periods for banks with higher levels of IO. Our results suggest a trading mechanism through which high turnover institutions in particular play a role in increasing tail risk comovement. We find the relationship exists in both overlapping and non-overlapping ownership, and the result is concentrated when the IO base exhibits low monitoring incentives. Lastly, we find evidence suggesting that disclosure may play a role in mitigating the relationship between IO and tail risk.

N,N′,N″,O-Tetrafunctional Pd(II) complexes prepared from the easily available amino acids are shown to be highly efficient catalysts for the Heck reaction of deactivated aryl bromides and iodides with high turnover numbers up to ca.104 and moderate activity for the activation of aryl chlorides under phosphine-free conditions.

An improved synthetic method of palladium(II) dinuclear macrocyclic complexes have been described. Each of the two isomers of the complexes [Pd2LBr2] has a macrocyclic ligand L in which two 2,6-bis(diaminomethyl)phenyl units coordinate to the Pd(II) centers with N, C, N donor atoms. Substitution of the bromo ligands of one of the isomer of the complexes with acetonitrile ligands affords a new dinuclear complex. Catalytic activities of these complexes were studied for the Mizoroki–Heck type reactions of iodobenzene and styrene. High turnover number up to 30,000 was achieved using one of the isomer of the complexes.

This paper examines whether optimal diversification strategies outperform the 1/N strategy in U.K. stock returns. The study focuses on the performance of recent strategies developed by Tu and Zhou (2011) and Kirby and Ostdiek (2010). I find that a number of optimal asset allocation strategies can significantly outperform the 1/N strategy even after adjusting for trading costs. The strategies developed by Kirby and Ostdiek outperform the 1/N strategy, even at higher trading costs, due to the low turnover of these strategies. The strategies of Tu and Zhou have mixed performance after adjusting for trading costs due to the high turnover of these strategies. The results of the paper provide support for the use of optimal diversification strategies.

Taiwanese law requires directors of listed firms to disclose their stocks collateralized at banks creating the possibility of examining the characteristics of collateralized stocks and their influence on bank performance. This study demonstrates that the risk (value) attributes of collateralized stocks increase (reduce) bank efficiency yet reduce (increase) bank profits. Government-owned banks but not private banks require sufficiently high margins to prevent stock loans from non-performing. Furthermore, banks charge higher interest to cover the non-performing risk. Directors who lack funds, hold high turnover stocks, and/or have weak relationships with their banks prefer to collateralize their stocks at private banks.

The synthesis and structure of palladium(II) complexes bearing uridato/pyridyl ligands as an anionic N-donor coordination sites are reported. The complexes have been shown to be highly active catalysts for the Heck reaction of aryl bromides (TON 4.0×104–9.1×104) and moderate activity for the activation of aryl chlorides under phosphine-free conditions.

We use six years of data on student test performance to evaluate the effectiveness of certified, uncertified, and alternatively certified teachers in the New York City public schools. On average, the certification status of a teacher has at most small impacts on student test performance. However, among those with the same certification status, there are large and persistent differences in teacher effectiveness. This evidence suggests that classroom performance during the first two years, rather than certification status, is a more reliable indicator of a teacher's future effectiveness. We also evaluate turnover among teachers with different certification status, and the impact on student achievement of hiring teachers with predictably high turnover. Given relatively modest estimates of experience differentials, even high turnover groups (such as Teach for America participants) would have to be only slightly more effective in their first year to offset the negative effects of their high exit rates.

A functionalized phosphine with a pentaarylbenzene moiety was found to facilitate the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of aryl chlorides. The new ligand achieved high turnover numbers (up to TON 5000).