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Three-dimensional biodegradable porous scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering. We created double-layered porous scaffolds composed of synthetic biodegradable polymers by combining freeze-drying and porogen leaching techniques to create tissue-engineered articular cartilage. The pore structures had two layers, a leaching side (upper) and a freeze-drying side (lower). The latter had columnar pores to simulate a radial zone, while the leaching side simulated the tangential zone of the articular cartilage. In this study, we showed that this structure enabled the uniform seeding of goat chondrocytes in the scaffolds, and with low rates of leakage.

Specimen geometry with respect to slip deformation and slip morphology have been examined in a study of strain-induced anodic dissolution of Cu single crystals. It has been found that a sample, whose geometry leads to the largest exposure of fresh (111) slip planes onto the original surfaces, shows the largest anodic dissolution on straining. However, the amount and rate of dissolution are unaffected by slip morphology or dislocation density. It has been calculated that approximately seven layers of Cu atoms dissolve from the freshly formed active (111) planes until the planes become inactive.