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Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are one of the most common outpatient bacterial infections. Although bacterial and host factors are reported to be associated with UTI pathogenesis, little is known about the host age-related differences in bacterial virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility. Methods PCRs were carried out to detect K1 capsule antigen, 15 virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups in E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility of selected agents was determined by the disk diffusion method. Isolates were divided into 6 groups based on their host age. Results The results showed that virulence factors PapGII, PapGIII, Cnf1, Aer, Usp, Iha, OmpT, HlyA, and Sat, had highest frequencies in the host age group 0–3. Phylogenetic group B2 dominated in our isolates (59.6%) followed by group D (20.7%). In addition, 77.4% of strains isolated from 0 to 3 age group belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that E. coli strains isolated were significantly more resistant to antimicrobial agents as host age increased. Phylogenetic group B2 isolates were more susceptible to antimicrobial agents, compared to A, B1, and D isolates. Conclusion We found E. coli isolated from elders were more resistant to antimicrobial agents and had less virulence factors.

Background: FimH adhesin is proposed to enhance Escherichia coli kidney infection by acting with PapGII adhesin, but genetic epidemiology study and animal study have not been widely conducted to confirm this hypothesis. Methods: We compared the prevalence of adhesin gene and their coexistent pattern between upper and lower urinary tract infection (UTI) strains. fimH mutant (EC114FM), papGII mutant (EC114PM) and fimH/papGII double mutant (EC114DM) were constructed from a pylonephritogenic strain (EC114). We compared among these strains for the infection ability in bladders and kidneys of female BALB/c mice challenged transurethrally with these bacteria and assessed 1, 3, and 7 days after inoculation. Results: Strains carrying fimH-only genotype were significantly more prevalent in lower UTI (P

Single domain spectral/pseudospectral integration preconditioning matrices have been shown to be effective operators for solving differential equations. In this study we extend the integration precondition methodology to a multidomain computational framework, and construct global inverse matrices for the advection operator discretized by multidomain Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre pseudospectral methods. These inverse operators can be used as solution operators for solving first order boundary value problems even with piecewise continuous variable coefficients. Moreover, they are effective integration preconditioning matrices for the second order diffusion operator, in the sense that a model diffusion problem can be solved by an iterative method with the number of iteration steps being proportional to the number of subdomains but independent of the degree of the solution polynomial. Numerical experiments were conducted and we observed the performance of the inverse operators as expected.

Spectral/pseudospectral integration preconditioning matrices are useful tools for solving differential equations involving pure differential operators d m / d x m . In this study we construct well-conditioned inverse pseudospectral matrices for the basic differential operator and the mixed differential operator d d r a ( r ) d d r on Gauss-Radau-Legendre points based on stepwise integrations and low-rank updates. The inverse matrices can be used either as a solution operator or an effective preconditioner for variable coefficient differential equations of first and second order in polar coordinates. Numerical experiments were conducted and we observed the performance of the inverse operator as expected.

Background Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis (non-LCH) that primarily affects infants and young children. It mostly occurs in the skin, while the brain is rarely affected. Multiple intracranial lesions, as found in this case, are even more scarce. Case We are reporting the case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with an imbalanced gait, ataxia, nystagmus, and right facial droop. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple intracranial lesions, while chest contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed irregular soft tissue density of the lesion, with uneven density, poorly defined border, and mild heterogeneous enhancement. Histopathologic examination of the resected intracranial lesion reported disseminated JXG. Subsequently, the patient received treatment of methylprednisolone and interferon-α. The three-month follow-up CT showed that the lesion within the chest was slightly reduced. Conclusion This case report aims to highlight the radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment of intracranial JXG and to provide some guidance for clinical management. Given the rarity of such cases and the lack of relevant studies, further research regarding to diagnosis and treatment is needed.

In this study, we applied the Holo-Hilbert spectral analysis (HHSA) method to analyze HRV in electrocardiography (ECG) signals. The HHSA intends to interpret the measured interbeat-interval (IBI) signal as the multiplication of an oscillatory signal (carrier wave) with a modulatory signal (envelope wave). Instantaneous frequency analysis (IFA) was adopted to calculate the frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies at each time point. The probability of FM-AM distribution across the whole measured IBI signal was accumulated and displayed on a Holo-Hilbert spectrum (HHS). Twenty healthy subjects were recruited in our ECG study. Each subject was requested to view two video clips, including one relaxing video clip and one horror video clip. We observed the very high-frequency (VHF) band was modulated by a ∼0.05 Hz AM frequency on the calculated HHS. The value of VHF power was significantly decreased (p

Tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), as one of typical transition metal dichalcogenides with the characteristics of strong nonlinear polarization and wide bandgap, has been widely used in such fields as biology and optoelectronics. With the magnetron sputtering technique, the saturable absorber (SA) is prepared by depositing WS 2 and Au film on the tapered fiber. The heat elimination and damage threshold can be improved for the WS 2 SA with evanescent field interaction. Besides, the Au film is deposited on the surface of the WS 2 film to improve their reliability and avoid being oxidized. The fabricated SA has a modulation depth of 14.79%. With this SA, we obtain a relatively stable mode-locked fiber laser with the pulse duration of 288 fs, the repetition rate of 41.4 MHz and the signal to noise ratio of 58 dB.

Endogenous hypochlorous acid (HOCl), an ROS of particular interest, is like a double-edged sword, which has dual influence on both the maintenance of normal physiological functions and the occurrence of many diseases. Methods to track minimal changes of biological HOCl in both multi-modes and real time are essential for precisely tracking this biomolecule with high oxidation activity. However, the methods are still limited due to the difficulty in combining the two functions into one. To resolve this issue, we herein introduced a small-sized fluorescence probe KSQT with two sites which are sensitive to HOCl at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations. With this novel design, our probe achieved real-time and distinct detection of both physiological and pathogenic concentrations of HOCl via turn-on and ratiometric responses in turn, which enables it to effectively avoid the fluorescence cross-talk through simultaneous use of multiple probes and to solve the problem of transmembrane trafficking of previous dual-mode HOCl probes with large size or high positive charges. Together with its marvelous response to HOCl, high biomembrane permeability and biocompatibility, the real-time and dual-mode fluorescence imaging of endogenous HOCl in living HepG2 cells and living zebrafish were accomplished.

We report a high power all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) mode-locked laser based on nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) technique using rod-type fiber with polarization maintaining (PM) characteristic. With 85 μm gain core diameter, 31 W of average power at repetition rates of 57.93 MHz, which corresponds to the pulse energy of 0.53 μJ, is demonstrated under a pump power of 93 W. The pulse duration of 124 fs after compressor is obtained at the central wavelength of 1033 nm as well as the measured power jitter of 0.3% over a period of 2 h.

The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) forms a major obstacle in brain tumor therapy by preventing the delivery of sufficient quantities of therapeutic drugs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in both normal development and diseases including cancer. Here, we elucidated the expression of lncRNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and defined its functional role in the regulation of BTB function as well as its possible molecular mechanisms. Our results proved that MALAT1 expression was up-regulated in brain microvessels of human glioma and glioma endothelial cells (GECs) which were obtained by co-culturing endothelial cells with glioma cells. Functionally, knockdown of MALAT1 resulted in an impairment and increased the permeability of BTB as well as decreased the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 in GECs. Further, there was reciprocal repression between MALAT1 and miR-140, and miR-140 mediated the effects that MALAT1 knockdown exerted. Mechanistic investigations defined that nuclear factor YA (NFYA), a CCAAT box-binding transcription factor, was a direct and functional downstream target of miR-140, which was involved in the MALAT1 knockdown induced regulation of BTB function. Furthermore, NFYA could up-regulate the promoter activities and bind to the promoters of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 in GECs. Taken together, we have demonstrated the fact that knockdown of MALAT1 resulted in the increased permeability of BTB, which might contribute to establishing potential therapeutic strategies for human gliomas.

Biological hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) with high activity, plays a crucial role in normal biochemical functions and abnormal pathological processes related to oxidative stress. However, “eco-friendly” tools to unambiguously monitor subtle changes of mitochondrial HOCl in vivo are limited. Herein, a novel mitochondria-specific and “eco-friendly” fluorescent probe (NM1) using triphenylphosphonium as the targeting group is designed for the detection of biological HOCl by a HOCl-promoted triazolopyridine formation strategy. This HOCl-promoted triazolopyridine formation reaction is fast and does not release additional substances except H2O. Therefore, NM1 is not only an “eco-friendly” HOCl probe, but also can target mitochondria to monitor biological HOCl in situ and in real time. Better still, our probe NM1 is capable to image endogenous HOCl in living HepG2 cells and zebrafish.

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has been regarded as an efficient way to design a brain computer interface (BCI). Most SSVEP-based BCIs utilize visual stimuli with flashing frequencies lower than 30 Hz, owing to their better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, the practical applications of low-frequency SSVEP-based BCI are limited, because low-frequency SSVEP usually incur uncomfortable visual experience and the risk of photosensitive epilepsy. In contrast, SSVEP-based BCIs using higher stimulation frequencies (>40 Hz) can induce flicker fusion effect for better visualization. In this study, we studied the feasibility of using iterative filtering - empirical mode decomposition (IF-EMD) to implement a BCI cursor system. EEG signals were recorded from dry EEG electrodes with impedance matching circuits. Three stimulation frequencies, designed at 47, 50, and 53 Hz, were chosen to induce high-frequency SSVEPs, in order to control the leftward, forward and rightward movements of the BCI cursor. Ten subjects were recruited, and each subject was requested to complete a control experiment and an application experiment. In the control experiment, subjects were requested to gaze at each flickering target for thirty seconds. In the application experiment, subjects were instructed to move a cursor to reach three targets on a PC screen. The mean accuracy (Acc), command transfer interval (CTI), and information transfer rate (ITR) in the control experiment were 90.7 ± 2.9%, 1.14 ± 0.07 s, and 54.94 ± 5.41 bits/min, respectively. In the application experiment, the mean execution time and CTI were 30.0 ± 4.69 s and 1.50 ± 0.31 s, respectively.

A carbon dioxide-dependent small-colony variant of Escherichia coli SH4888 was isolated from blood cultures of a patient with cholangitis. To date, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms leading to formation of carbon dioxide-dependent phenotypes in clinical isolates, but abnormalities in the carbonic anhydrase are thought to cause carbon dioxide autotrophy. In this study DNA sequence analysis of the carbonic anhydrase-encoding can locus in the carbon dioxide-dependent E. coli SH4888 revealed that the isolate had a 325-bp deletion spanning from the 3′-terminal region of can to the 3′-terminal region of hpt, which encodes a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. To confirm that the carbon dioxide-dependent SCV phenotype of E. coli SH4888 was due to the can mutation, we performed a complementation test with a plasmid carrying an intact can that restored the normal phenotype. However, E. coli SH4888 had increased virulence compared to the can-complemented E. coli SH4888 in a murine infection model. In conclusion, these data confirm that impaired carbonic anhydrase function can cause a carbon dioxide-dependent SCV phenotype in E. coli SH4888 and provides a fitness advantage in terms of infection.

Introduction Substance-induced psychosis (SIP), including alcohol-induced psychotic disorder (AIPD) and substance-induced psychotic disorder (SIPD), is gradually increasing in importance in clinical practice. However, few studies have investigated the epidemiology and progression time from transient to permanent psychiatric disorders for AIPD and SIPD patients. Methods We utilized the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to investigate the incidence and prevalence of AIPD and SIPD in Taiwan and determined the timing of AIPD or SIPD followed by the development of persistent psychotic conditions. Results The average incidence and prevalence were 1.97 and 2.94 per 100,000 person-years for AIPD, 3.09 and 5.67 per 100,000 person-years for SIPD in Taiwan. Moreover, 10.9% to 24.3% of subjects with either AIPD or SIPD had a change in diagnosis to either schizophrenia or affective disorder, and ~ 50% of patients had a psychotic or affective transformation in their first year after AIPD and SIPD diagnoses. The mean progression time of psychotic or affective transformation was 1.9 to 2.7 years. Conclusions SIP is a predictive factor for persistent psychotic and affective transformation, and a three-year follow-up may be an optimal clinical practice to prevent psychotic or affective transformation in 60% of patients.

Fault Management System (FMS) is one of the main functions in Distribution Automation System (DAS); however, the conventional FMS cannot be used in distribution systems with Distributed Generators (DGs) due to the lack of directional function. The directional fault detection device is expensive due to the expensive directional module used. In a wide-ranging distribution system, the investment cost will be very high if the fault detecting devices are expensive. Therefore, the design and implementation of a cost-effective FMS for distribution system with DGs is necessary. A Multi-Level Fault-Current Indicator (MLFCI) having a plurality of reed switches used to detect different current levels is proposed in this paper. The hardware prototype is designed and implemented. An algorithm used to locate fault based on the different fault current levels is derived. A MLFCI-based FMS for distribution systems with DGs is then realized. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed MLFCI. Simulation results are then used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed MLFCI-based FMS for distribution systems with DGs.

The relationship between local development patterns and highway networks is complicated, as suggested by studies using various analytical methods. The spatial effects of each hierarchical highway network on local development patterns remains unclear. This study combines space syntax and the hierarchical linear model (HLM) within the research framework in a case study of Taiwan. The former is employed to model the topological accessibility of multilevel highway networks, and the latter is applied to handle the hierarchical relationship between multilevel highway networks and local development patterns. Results indicate a high R -squared ( R 2 = 0.803) value, and statistically significant cross-level interactions are observed. The results show the different spatial effects of various highway networks on the scale of local development patterns, and confirm consideration of highway networks with classification in the research design. The implications of the findings may be appropriate for substantive planning and future research approaches.

Blue to near infrared quantum cutting luminescence has been achieved in the Ho 3 + /Yb 3 + co-doped Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics upon the 449 nm excitation. Based on the steady and the dynamic emission spectra and the energy level diagrams of Ho 3 + and Yb 3 + , the energy transfer between Ho 3 + and Yb 3 + was proposed to be first via the Ho 3 + : 5 F 4 , 5 S 2 + Yb 3 + : 2 F 7/2 → Ho 3 + : 5 I 6 + Yb 3 + : 2 F 5/2 cross relaxation, then followed by the efficient energy transfer from Yb 3 + : 2 F 5/2 to Ho 3 + : 5 I 6 , and further the enhanced Ho 3 + : 5 I 6 → 5 I 8 transition emitting at 1206 nm.

In several researches, it has been demonstrated that charged particles can induce more complex DNA damages. These complex damages have higher ability to cause the cell death or cell carcinogenesis. For this reason, clarifying the DNA repair mechanism after charged particle irradiation plays an important role in the development of charged particle therapy and space exploration. Unfortunately, the detail spatiotemporal kinetic of DNA damage repair is still unclear. In this study, we used γ-H2AX protein to investigate the spatiotemporal kinetics of DNA double strand breaks in alpha-particle irradiated HeLa cells. The result shows that the intensity of γ-H2AX foci increased gradually, and reached to its maximum at 30 min after irradiation. A good linear relationship can be observed between foci intensity and radiation dose. After 30 min, the γ-H2AX foci intensity was decreased with time passed, but remained a large portion (∼50%) at 48 h passed. The data show that the dissolution rate of γ-H2AX foci agreed with two components DNA repairing model. These results suggest that charged particles can induce more complex DNA damages and causing the retardation of DNA repair.

Type 1 fimbriae are filamentous structures on Escherichia coli. These structures are important adherence factors. Because binding to the host cells is the first step of infection, type 1 fimbria is an important virulence factor of pathogenic E. coli. Expression of type 1 fimbria is regulated by a phase variation in which each individual bacterium can alternate between fimbriated (phase-ON) and nonfimbriated (phase-OFF) states. The phase variation is regulated by the flipping of the 314-bp fimS fragment, which contains the promoter driving the expression of the genes required for the synthesis of type 1 fimbria. Thus, the bacterial proteins able to interact with fimS are likely to be involved in regulating the expression of type 1 fimbria. To identify novel type 1 fimbria-regulating factors, we used an E. coli K12 proteome chip to screen for the bacterial factors able to interact with a 602-bp DNA fragment containing fimS and its adjacent regions. The Spr protein was identified by the proteome chip-based screening and further confirmed to be able to interact with fimS by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Deletion of spr in the neonatal meningitis E. coli strain RS218 significantly increased the ratio of the bacterial colonies that contained the type 1 fimbria phase-ON cells on agar plates. In addition, Spr interfered with the interactions of fimS with the site-specific recombinases, FimB and FimE, which are responsible for mediating the flipping of fimS. These results suggest that Spr is involved in the regulation of type 1 fimbria expression through direct interaction with the invertible element fimS. These findings facilitate our understanding of the regulation of type 1 fimbria.

During the economic restructuring that has transformed rising Asian cities over the past half-century, retail activities have contributed gradually to urban economic growth. Previous research reveals that retail patterns have been affected not only by zoning regulations but also by urban network structures, which are often conceptualized in an overly simplified manner. As a result, this study proposes a retail spatial integrated model (RSIM) that focuses on the relationship between retail patterns and urban network structures and makes comparisons between the effectiveness of these network structures using a case study in Taipei, Taiwan. In generating the RSIM, this study uses space syntax methodology to analyze multiple network structures, including the street configuration, bus network and metro network. According to the results of this study, the RSIM has a better explanatory capacity than a general model that contains a single network structure. Overall, this study finds that both street configuration and public transportation networks influence retail patterns.

This paper presents a direct Poisson solver based on an error minimized Chebyshev pseudospectral penalty formulation for problems defined on rectangular domains. In this study the penalty parameters are determined analytically such that the discrete L"2 error is minimized. Numerical experiments are conducted and the results show that the penalty scheme computes numerical solutions with better accuracy, compared to the traditional approach with boundary conditions enforced strongly.

The paper reports the use of La 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 co-doping as a composite sintering aid for the fabrication of Tm:Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics. Two groups of experiments were conducted for investigating the influences of composite sintering aids on the microstructures and the optical properties of Tm:Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics in contrast to single La 3+ and single Zr 4+ doped Tm:Y 2 O 3 . Samples with composite sintering aids could realize fine microstructures and good optical properties at relatively low sintering temperatures. Grain sizes around 10 μm and transmittances close to theoretical value at wavelength of 2 μm were achieved for the 9 at.% La 3+ , 3 at.% Zr 4+ co-doped samples sintered at 1500–1600 °C. The influences of the composite sintering aids on the emission intensities and the phonon energies of Tm:Y 2 O 3 ceramics were also investigated.

Pr3+, Yb3+ co-doped Y2O3 transparent ceramics have been prepared by the solid state reaction and vacuum sintering. Down-conversion near infrared emission has been demonstrated upon a 482 nm excitation. The energy of the 482 nm blue photon was first absorbed by Pr3+ and then delivered to Yb3+. Possible energy transfer mechanisms from Pr3+ to Yb3+ have been discussed. Under the 482 nm excitation, the Pr4+–Yb2+ charge transfer state would not seriously influence the energy transfer process. The dominant one should be either the cooperative down-conversion or the two-step photon emission. The efficient down-conversion near infrared emission has potential application in enhancing the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells.

RE/Yb co-doped Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics (RE=Er, Ho, Pr, Tm) were fabricated and characterized from the point of up-conversion luminescence. All the samples exhibit high transparence not only in near-infrared band (NIR) band but also in visible region, which ensures the output of the up-conversion luminescence. Under 980 nm excitation, green and red emissions were observed in Er, Yb:Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramic, while green emission was detected in Ho, Yb and Pr, Yb co-doped Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics. In Tm, Yb co-doped Y 2 O 3 ceramic, very intense blue up-conversion luminescence was detected. The dependence of up-conversion emission intensity on the pumping power was measured for each RE/Yb co-doped Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramic, and the up-conversion mechanism was discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the energy transfer efficiency was calculated.

Tb 3 Al 5 O 12 transparent ceramics have been prepared by solid state reaction and vacuum sintering. The optical quality and the microstructure of the samples were investigated. The sample sintered at 1650 °C possessed relatively good optical transparency from 400 nm to 1600 nm. The Verdet constant measured at 632.8 nm of the quasi-pore-free Tb 3 Al 5 O 12 transparent ceramic was −172.72 rad T −1 m −1 , which was close to the counterpart of Tb 3 Al 5 O 12 single crystal. The thermal conductivity of the sample was also measured. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Tb 3 Al 5 O 12 transparent ceramic with relatively good optical quality and magneto-optical property has been reported.

Y2O3 transparent ceramics with different Nd concentration (0.1–7.0at%) were fabricated using ZrO2 as additive. All the samples exhibit high transparency over a broad spectral region. The elements (Y, O and Nd) are uniformly distributed in the ceramic body, and the average grain size increases with Nd content. Based on the absorption spectrum, the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters are calculated (Ω2=4.364×10−20 cm2, Ω4=3.609×10−20 cm2 and Ω6=2.919×10−20 cm2). The absorption coefficients increase linearly with Nd3+ doping concentration. The absorption cross-section at 804 nm and stimulated emission cross-section at 1078 nm are calculated to be 1.54×10−20 and 7.24×10−20 cm2, respectively. All the emission bands exhibit the highest emission intensities with 1.0at% Nd3+ ion content, while the lifetime decreases dramatically from 321.5 μs (0.1at% Nd) to 17.9 μs (7.0at% Nd). According to the emission spectra and measured lifetime, the optimum doping concentration of Nd3+ ion in Y2O3 transparent ceramic might be around 1.0at%.

Yb doped (Y 0.97 Zr 0.03 ) 2 O 3 transparent ceramics were fabricated by solid state reaction and vacuum sintering. The microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of Y 2 O 3 ceramic, as well as the effect of Yb doping concentration on these properties were investigated in detail. The lattice parameter and unit cell volume decrease with the increasing of Yb content, whereas thermal expansive coefficient increases. With Yb content increasing from 0 to 8 at.%, the mean grain size increases from 15.82 μm to 26.54 μm, and the thermal conductivity at room temperature (RT) decreases from 11.97 to 6.39 W/m/K. The microhardness decreases with Yb content, and the microhardness and fracture toughness of (Y 0.97 Zr 0.03 ) 2 O 3 transparent ceramic is 11.11 GPa and 1.29 MPa m 1/2 , respectively.

A-plane gallium nitride (GaN) layers were grown on gamma-LiAlO2 (3 0 2) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The structural properties of the layers were characterized by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The structural and optical properties of a-plane GaN films are studied. The growth conditions with V/III ratios of 143 and 300 mbar may help produce a-GaN film with high quality and in a more isotropic shape. The polarization ratio of the near band emission of sample A (81.13%) was higher than sample B (54.65%), due to the improved crystallinity.

Tm3+/Er3+/Yb3+ triply doped Y2O3 transparent ceramics were fabricated by solid state reaction and characterized from the point of view of white light upconversion luminescence. All the samples exhibited high transparency not only in near-infrared band but also in visible region. Strong red (Er3+: 4F9/2 → 4I15/2), green (Er3+: 2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2) and blue (Tm3+: 1G4 → 3H6) upconversion emissions have been observed under 980 nm excitation at room temperature. By varying the concentration of Er3+ ion, various colors of upconversion luminescence (pure blue, bluish green, pure green and yellowish green), including white light with CIE-X = 0.295 and CIE-Y = 0.312, can be easily achieved.

Transmission of antimicrobial drug resistance from resistant bacteria to non-resistant strains is an important public health issue. In this study, we have examined the possibility of multiple resistance gene transfer between Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the natural setting. Bacteria isolated from calves concurrently shedding E. coli and Salmonella showed similar antimicrobial drug resistance patterns as measured by a broth dilution method. However, microarray analysis of the antibiotic resistance at the gene level revealed several differences in resistance gene profile. Resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from different farms were closer than the profile of E. coli and Salmonella isolated from the same farm. This shows that the chance of multiple resistance gene transfers between these species is unlikely.

Single crystalline wurtzite a-plane GaN films were deposited on (3 0 2) LiAlO2 (LAO) substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) results and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns in cross section indicated that the crystallographic orientation between LAO and wurtzite GaN was: [3 0 2]LAO parallel to [ 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ] GaN , [ 2 ¯ 0 3 ] LAO parallel to [ 1 1 ¯ 0 0 ] GaN and [0 1 0]LAO parallel to [0 0 0 1]GaN, the mismatches were −4.43%, −2.86% and −0.31%, respectively. When the incident beam parallel (or perpendicular) to the [0 0 0 1] direction of GaN, the FWHM values of ω-scans reached the minimum (or maximum). The a-GaN film was found to have steps along [ 10 1 ¯ 0 ] direction and strips coalesced parallel to [0 0 0 1] direction. The PL intensity of the emission peak around 364 nm reduced a lot when the polarization changed from E⊥c to E||c.