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The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that increased dietary concentrations of a novel E. coli phytase (Smizyme) improve the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, dry matter (DM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and micro minerals in corn-soybean meal based diets fed to growing pigs. A total of 56 growing pigs (initial body weight: 13.6 ± 1.15 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 7 diets. Pigs were divided into 2 blocks with 28 pigs and 4 replicate pigs per diet in each block, for a total of 8 replicate pigs per diet. A positive control without phytase was formulated to contain 0.70% Ca and 0.33% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P. A negative control diet that was similar to the positive control diet with the exception that the concentration of Ca and STTD P were reduced to 0.50 and 0.16%, respectively, was formulated by removing the dicalcium phosphate and increasing the concentration of limestone. Five additional diets that were similar to the negative control diet, but contained 250, 500, 1000, 1500, or 2500 units of microbial phytase per kg were also used. The ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), Ca, P, sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in each diet were calculated. Data were analyzed using contrast statements. Data for ATTD and retention of P and Ca, were also analyzed using a single broken-line model. Results indicated that N retention and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of diets increased (linear, P

A 30-day experiment was conducted to determine the response of 50–85 kg pigs to standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca at 3 levels of STTD P. Fifteen corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated using a 3 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 1.4, 2.7, or 4.1 g/kg STTD P and 1.3, 2.5, 3.8, 5.0, or 6.3 g/kg STTD Ca. Ninety barrows (BW: 50.2 ± 2.1 kg) were allotted to 15 diets and 5 blocks in a randomized complete block design. At the conclusion of the experiment, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded. On d 31, pigs were euthanized and the right femur was removed. Data were analyzed using a response surface model. Results indicated interactions (P

Two types of microscopy were used to visualize the microstructure of ileal digesta from grower-pigs fed corn, wheat or SBM (soybean meal)-based diets. Digesta were incubated with a Bacillus spp. DFM (direct-fed microbial) and a protease. Microscopy images were taken before and after the incubations. A protein solubilization assay was performed to provide supporting quantitative data. The aim was to visualize differences between the undigested fractions of the different ingredients, and observe whether a protease and DFM combination could increase degradation of this fraction. Ileal digesta was obtained on d 5–7 from one pig fed diets based on corn, wheat or SBM from a study where eight ileal cannulated barrows (30 kg) were fed a total of 8 different diets for 7 d in an 8 × 8 Latin Square design. Digesta samples were incubated with no additive (control), DFM (3.3 × 105 cfu/g digesta), protease (11 U/g digesta), or DFM + protease. The supernatant and pellet were separated by centrifugation and used to observe internal and external microstructure and quantify protein solubilization. In images from confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it appeared that there were differences in nutrient structure of the ingredients and the digesta. Wheat and corn appeared to have many protein-starch interactions whilst SBM had mostly protein-fiber interactions. The microscopy indicated that the protease and DFM had a complementary effect in degrading the fiber-protein complexes in the SBM-based digesta, which was supported by an increase in protein solubilization with the additive combination compared to the control (1635 vs. 730 ng/μL; P = 0.02). This may be due to a complementary mode of action involving hydrolysis of proteins by protease giving increased access to fiber substrates for DFM secreted enzymes to act upon. However, the additives had no effect on protein solubilzation from wheat and corn-based digesta (wheat; 2022 vs. 1063 ng/μL; P = 0.44, corn; 1162 vs. 854 ng/μL; P = 0.73), and it is not possible to conclude the efficacy or mode of action of the additives in wheat and corn from qualitative microscopy images alone. The results illustrate key differences in the structures and undigested substrates of the ingredients, and mode of action for the combination of protease and DFM in SBM-based digesta, supporting previously published in vivo data. Further investigation is required to validate the in vitro efficacy and mode of action of the feed additives on wheat and corn-based digesta.

Fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy food waste were collected from supermarkets and enzymatically digested to generate food waste products, containing 90% smaller particles of food waste (SPFW) and 10% larger particles of food waste (LPFW). The objectives of this experiment were to determine the chemical composition of the enzymatically digested food waste products and to evaluate if these products may be used in diets for growing-finishing pigs. On average, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg dry matter (DM), whereas LPFW contained 289.8 g/kg DM. On a DM basis, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg crude protein, 365.8 g/kg crude fat, 4.8 g/kg Ca, and 3.3 g/kg P. Larger particle food waste contained 195.3 g/kg crude protein, 344.3 g/kg crude fat, 26.9 g/kg Ca, and 11.2 g/kg P. On a DM basis, total indispensable amino acids were 100.7 g/kg in SPFW and 79.9 g/kg in LPSF, whereas total dispensable amino acids were 117.6 g/kg in SPFW and 95.7 g/kg in LPSF, respectively. A relatively high variability was observed in concentrations of minerals and fiber among batches of LPFW than SPFW. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg initial body weight (BW)) were randomly allotted to one of 2 dietary treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). A 3-phase feeding program was used with day 0 to 28 as phase 1, d 28 to 53 as phase 2, and d 53 to 79 as phase 3. The 2 dietary treatments were a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and a liquid diet with the mixture of SPFW and LPFW (90:10, vol:vol). In phases 1 and 2, pigs were fed control or liquid diets, whereas all pigs were fed the control diet in phase 3. Compared with the control diet, pigs fed the liquid diet had lower (P

Plant proteins can serve as inexpensive and environmentally friendly meat-replacements. However, poor taste characteristics and relatively low nutritional value prevent their full acceptance as meat substitutes. Fermentation of food has been historically used to improve the quality of foods. In this work we describe the improvement in digestibility, nutritional value, physical properties, and organoleptic characteristics, of a pea and rice protein concentrate blend through fermentation with shiitake mushroom mycelium. Ileal digestibility pig studies show increases in the DIAAS for the shiitake fermented pea and rice protein blend turning the blend into an “excellent source” of protein for humans. The fermentation also increases the solubility of the protein blend and reduces the content of the antinutrient compounds phytates and protease inhibitor. Mass spectrometry and sensory analyses of fermented protein blend indicates that fermentation leads to a reduction in off-note compounds substantially improving its organoleptic performance.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that microbial phytase improves the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in bakery meal and that corn may be replaced by bakery meal in diets for weanling pigs without negative effects on growth performance. Two sources of bakery meal were used in experiment 1 and one of these sources was also used in experiment 2. In experiment 1, eighty weanling barrows (initial body weight: 14.25 ± 1.91 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 diets and 8 replicate pigs per diet. Two basal diets based on each source of bakery meal (i.e., bakery meal 1 and bakery meal 2) were formulated without addition of microbial phytase. Eight additional diets were formulated by adding 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 3,000 units of microbial phytase to each of the 2 basal diets. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces were collected quantitatively for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Results indicated that greater increases in apparent total tract digestibility and STTD of P were observed in bakery meal 1 compared with bakery meal 2 when phytase was added to diets (interaction, quadratic, P

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate 3 increased-protein, reduced-fiber canola meals (CM) (CMA, CMB, and Test CM), 2 conventional CM (CCM), and 2 soybean meals (SBM). For determination of P bioavailability in CM and SBM, a P-deficient cornstarch-dextrose-SBM basal diet was fed as Diet 1. The latter basal diet was then supplemented with 0.05 and 0.10% P from KH2 PO4 or 12.5 and 25% of a CM or SBM. In addition, the effect of phytase enzyme on bioavailability of the P in CMA, Test CM, and one of the CCM was determined using P-deficient 45% CM-cornstarch-dextrose diets (0.11 to 0.15% non-phytate P), with a CM as the only source of dietary P. Additional diets contained 0.05 and 0.10% added P from KH2 PO4 or 125 to 500 units phytase added per kg of diet. Crossbred chicks (New Hampshire X Columbian) were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 21 d post hatch in all experiments, and bioavailability of P was estimated using the slope ratio method in which tibia ash was regressed on supplemental P intake. A linear increase in tibia ash was observed as the P level increased by the addition of KH2 PO4, CMA, CMB, or SBM. Based on the mean values of tibia ash in mg/tibia and tibia ash %, the mean bioavailabilities of P in the 3 increased-protein, reduced-fiber CM, 3 CCM, and 2 SBM relative to KH2 PO4 were 18, 15, and 39%, respectively. A linear increase in weight gain and tibia ash was observed with addition of KH2 PO4 or phytase to the P-deficient CM diets. It was estimated that 125 or 250 units/kg microbial phytase resulted in approximately 0.05 and 0.10% P being released from CM, respectively. In conclusion, the bioavailablity of the P in the new increased-protein, reduced-fiber CM was similar to that of CCM. Furthermore, phytase substantially and similarly increased the bioavailability of P in both types of CM.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that feed preference and growth performance will not differ if hybrid rye replaces some of the corn in diets for nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 40 barrows (9.2 ± 1.0 kg) were housed in 20 pens for eight days. Each pen had two identical feeders containing a corn-based diet or a diet in which 500 g/kg of the corn was substituted with hybrid rye, and feeder positions were switched daily. In experiment 2, 160 pigs (6.0 ± 0.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 40 pens and five treatments. Phase 1 diets were fed from day 1–7 (0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 g/kg rye), whereas phase 2 (0, 50, 110, 160, or 210 g/kg rye) and phase 3 (0, 150, 300, 450, or 600 g/kg rye) diets were fed from day 7–21 and day 21–34, respectively. Body weights were recorded at the start and end of each phase, fecal scores were recorded every other day, and blood samples were obtained from one pig per pen on day 21 and 34. Results of experiment 1 indicated that preference was greater (P

The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that calculated values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) and retention of Ca and P are not different between gestating sows and growing pigs. A total of 32 gestating sows (day of gestation = 40) and 32 castrates (body weight = 19.8 kg) were placed in metabolism crates. Two diets were formulated to contain 9.8 or 29.4 g/kg phytate. Diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, Ca carbonate, and dicalcium phosphate and the high-phytate diet also contained 400 g/kg full-fat rice bran. A Ca-free diet and a P-free diet were used to determine basal endogenous losses of Ca and P. Feces and urine were collected for 4 days after 4 days of adaptation. Results indicated that basal endogenous losses of Ca and P from gestating sows were greater (P

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA), concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of phosphorus (P) in high-oil corn is greater than in conventional corn. In experiment 1, 9 pigs (81.5 ± 5.9 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods for 9 replicates per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained conventional corn or high-oil corn as the only source of crude protein (CP) and AA were formulated. Results indicated that the CSID of CP and most AA was greater (P

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a novel Escherichia (E.) coli phytase on improving growth performance, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibility, and bone ash concentration of weanling pigs fed P-deficient corn-soybean meal based diets. Sixty weanling pigs with an initial body weight of 11.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 10 replicate pigs per treatment. The dietary treatments were: 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC), 3) NC + 250 phytase units (FTU)/kg diet, 4) NC + 500 FTU/kg diet, 5) NC + 1000 FTU/kg diet, and 6) NC + 2500 FTU/kg diet. Pigs were fed phase I diets during the initial 6 days and phase II diets from day 7–27. At the end of the experiment, all pigs were euthanized to collect the 3rd and 4th metacarpals from each front foot. Results indicated that in both phase I and II, pigs fed the NC diet had reduced (P E. coli phytase to the NC diet increased (linear and quadratic, P E. coli phytase inclusion increased in the diets. Pigs fed the PC diet had greater (P E. coli phytase linearly and quadratically increased (P E. coli phytase also increased (linear, P E. coli phytase for fat-free dried bone (g), bone ash weight (g), bone ash (g/kg), bone Ca (g and g/kg), bone P (g) or final BW, ADG, ADFI, or G:F during phase II or during the overall experimental period. In conclusion, adding up to 1000 FTU/kg of the novel E. coli phytase to P-deficient diets increased growth performance and P utilization in weanling pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in threonine biomass (Thr-BM) and 2 sources of tryptophan biomass (Trp-BM1 and Trp-BM2) were greater than in soybean meal (SBM). Twelve weanling barrows (11.08 ± 1.06 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. A nitrogen-free diet, a diet based on SBM, and a diet based on a combination of SBM and Thr-BM were formulated. Two additional diets were formulated based on a combination of SBM and the 2 sources of tryptophan biomass. The last diet was not related to this work. Diets were fed to pigs for 7 days, and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that concentrations of CP and AA were greater in biomass products than in SBM, and the AID of threonine was greater (P

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) from Cu hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio (G:F) when fed to pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 6 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed diets with increasing concentrations of extracted fat by adding 20, 40, or 60 g/kg choice white grease (CWG) to a diet based on corn, soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which contained no CWG. Two additional diets were formulated by adding 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to the diet without added CWG and to the diet with 20 g/kg added CWG. Diets were fed for 4 weeks. Results indicated that supplementation of diets with either CWG or Cu hydroxychloride improved (P

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time heat is applied will affect standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. One source of SBM was divided into 9 batches and used in 2 experiments. One batch was not autoclaved and considered the control. Two batches were autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min and 6 batches were autoclaved at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In Exp. 1, a corn-based diet and 9 diets based on corn and each source of SBM were fed to 20 barrows (43.6 kg) that were used in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square design. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 days after 7 days of adaptation. In Exp. 2, nine cornstarch-based diets included 400 g/kg of each of the 9 sources of SBM. An N-free diet was also used. Ten growing barrows (36.8 kg) with a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that the ATTD of GE, and the DE and ME, the SID of crude protein (CP) and all AA were less (P

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of extrusion on energy and nutrient digestibility in cereal grains fed to growing pigs. One source of yellow dent corn, one source of hard red winter wheat, and one source of sorghum were ground to approximately 300 microns and each source of grain was divided into 2 batches. One batch of each grain was extruded, whereas the other batch was used without further processing. In Exp. 1, 7 diets were formulated to determine ileal starch and amino acid (AA) digestibility in the grains. Three diets contained the non-extruded grains and 3 diets contained the extruded grains. The last diet was an N-free diet that was used to determine basal endogenous losses of AA from the pigs. Seven growing barrows (initial body weight = 14.2 ± 0.9 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square. Each experimental period lasted 7 days with the initial 5 days being the adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7. Results indicated that extruded grains had greater (P

An experiment was conducted to compare the nutritional composition and the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal (SBM) from the leading soybean producing countries in the world when fed to growing pigs. Five sources of SBM from Argentina, China, and the United States, and 4 sources from Brazil and India were used. A basal diet based on maize and 23 diets based on maize and each source of SBM were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 25.0 ± 1.7 kg) were allotted to a 24 × 7 Youden square design with 24 diets and 7 periods of 14 days. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for total but separate collection of feces and urine. The coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of gross energy (GE) and concentrations of DE and ME in each diet were calculated using the direct procedure and the DE and ME in each source of SBM were then calculated by difference. Results indicated that there was a tendency (P

Particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion are feed processing technologies used to improve nutrient digestibility and achieve maximum pig growth performance. Particle size reduction may improve the digestibility of energy and nutrients. Digestibility of gross energy may be improved when the particle size is reduced in lupins, corn, soybean meal (SBM), field peas, barley, wheat, and sorghum. Reducing particle size in corn, sorghum, and wheat may also improve growth performance due to increased digestibility of nutrients. Particle size reduction may also reduce the production of short-chain fatty acids and improve dressing percentage. It has, however, been demonstrated that particle size reduction may result in development of ulcers and gastric keratinization. Pelleting is a hydrothermal technique that may improve palatability, reduce feed wastage, and modify structures of starch. Pelleting may improve the digestibility of gross energy in diets containing corn, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), sorghum, barley, wheat, and SBM. Digestibility of amino acids and pig growth performance may also be increased in diets containing corn, SBM, and DDGS. Extrusion may improve the digestibility of nutrients from diets containing peas, SBM, barley, corn, DDGS, sorghum, wheat, wheat bran, and potato starch. Growth performance was improved in weanling and growing-finishing pigs upon extrusion of diets containing chickpeas, wheat, or barley. However, extrusion of ingredients resulted in inconsistent effects on growth performance. Thus, more research is needed to address the impact of feed processing technologies on different diets. Optimum temperature and pressure for pelleting and extrusion of feed ingredients must also be addressed to maximize the beneficial effect of thermal treatments.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research were to use the growing pig as a model to determine the amino acid (AA) digestibility and protein quality by the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for brown rice concentrate (BRPC), pea protein concentrate (PPC), two rapeseed protein isolates (RSP-1 and RSP-2), soy protein isolate (SPI), and whey protein isolate (WPI). METHODS: Seven ileal cannulated barrows (36.5 ± 1.6 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 diets and seven 7-d periods, with ileal digesta collected on d 6 and 7. Each protein ingredient was included in a diet as the only AA containing source, and a nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. The DIAAS were calculated for children from 6 months to 3 years and for persons > 3 years according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS in a completely randomized design with the pig as the experimental unit. RESULTS: The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, and Phe was greater (P 3 years, RSP-2 and WPI had DIAAS greater than 100, i.e., 110 and 117, respectively. For both reference patterns, the DIAAS for RSP-2 and WPI was greater (P 3 years, and RSP-2 is an excellent quality plant protein for children from 6 months to 3 years and persons >3 years. In contrast, protein concentrates from cereal grains and some plant proteins, i.e., BRPC and PPC, respectively, are lower quality proteins, but soy based plant protein isolates, i.e., SPI, may be considered good quality proteins for children from 6 months to 3 years and persons >3 years. FUNDING SOURCES: DSM animal nutrition and health.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research were to determine the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) for raw and roasted American pistachio nuts in growing pigs, and to assess the effect of roasting on these measures of protein quality. METHODS: Twelve ileal cannulated barrows (body weight: 60.9 ± 3.2 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2-period switch-back design with 3 diets and 4 replicate pigs per period. Roasted pistachio nuts and raw pistachio nuts (American cultivated pistachio nuts) were each added to a single diet as the only protein source, and the third diet was a nitrogen-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. Experimental periods were 9 d with the initial 5 d for adaptation to the diets. On d 6 and 7, fecal samples were collected, and on d 8 and 9, ileal digesta samples were collected for 9 h each day. The PDCAAS and DIAAS were calculated according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. RESULTS: The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AA, except Arg and Phe, was less (P

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in threonine and valine biomass products are not different from those in fish meal. Two threonine biomass products (i.e., Thr-BM1 and Thr-BM2) and 1 valine biomass product (Val-BM) were obtained from the production of crystalline l -threonine and l -valine. The biomass products consist of the fermentation biomass that is left after the crystalline amino acids have been harvested at the end of fermentation. Forty weanling barrows (11.25 ± 0.65 kg) were placed individually in metabolism crates and allotted to a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicate pigs per diet. A bakery meal-based diet consisting of 973.5 g/kg bakery meal was formulated. Four additional diets containing a mixture of bakery meal and Thr-BM1, Thr-BM2, Val-BM, or fish meal were also formulated. Feces and urine samples were collected for 5 days after a 5-day adaptation period. Results indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy was less (P

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch and gross energy (GE), the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA), the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in corn ground to 4 different particle sizes (i.e., 865, 677, 485, and 339 µm). In Experiment 1, 10 growing barrows (initial body weight: 29.2±1.4 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods in each square. One lot of corn was divided into 4 batches that were ground to the specified particle sizes and each batch was used in one diet that contained 965.5 g/kg corn (as-fed basis) as the only source of starch, GE, and AA. Results indicated that the AID of starch and GE was increased (linear, P

The current study was conducted to determine the possibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) in finisher pig diet completely with hydrolyzed feather meal (FM) with blood by supplementing with appropriate amino acids (AA) based on standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA in FM. Corn– SBM, positive control (POS) diets were formulated to contain 6.6 and 5.2 g true ileal digestible (TID) Lys/kg to satisfy the requirements during the finisher-1 and finisher-2 phases, respectively. Corn–FM negative control (NEG) diets were formulated to be iso-N and iso-caloric to the POS diets. The NEG diets were supplemented with Lys and Trp to alleviate AA deficiencies based on TID AA values in FM reported by the NRC in 1998 (NRC). In addition, the NEG diets were supplemented with Lys and Trp to alleviate AA deficiencies based on the determined SID AA in FM (SID). When pigs weighed 50.072.9 kg, 32 gilts and 32 castrated males (2 gilts or 2 castrated males/pen) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 finisher-1 diets with 4 gilt pens and 4 castrated male pens/diet, and they were switched to finisher-2 diets when the average pen weight reached 79.07 2.0 kg. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study. At the end of the finisher-2 phase (107.773.3 kg), blood samples were collected to determine serum metabolite profile and pigs were slaughtered to assess carcass characteristics. Pigs fed the POS diets ended to have greater overall average daily feed intake (ADFI; P ¼ 0.083) and had greater total Lys intake (P ¼ 0.029) than those fed the SID diets, which may have resulted in a tendency for slightly greater average daily gain (ADG; P ¼ 0.094) in pigs fed the POS diets. However, there was no difference in the efficiency of feed or Lys utilization. Pigs fed the SID diets tended to have greater gain:feed (G:F;P ¼ 0.057) and had greater gain:total Lys intake (Po0.001) than those fed the NRC diets. Pigs fed the POS diets tended to have greater ADFI (P ¼ 0.079) and had greater ADG (Po0.001) and G:F (Po0.001) than those fed the NEG diets, but, as expected, they had lower gain:total Lys intake (Po0.001) mostly because of the increased total Lys intake (Po0.001). Serum glucose was not affected by dietary treatments. Pigs fed the POS diets had greater urea-N (P ¼ 0.003) and lower cholesterol (P ¼ 0.002) than those fed the SID diets. As expected, pigs fed the NEG diet had reduced total protein (Po0.001) and increased urea-N (P ¼ 0.001), triglyceride (Po0.001), and cholesterol (Po0.001) compared with those fed the POS diets. Pigs fed the POS diets had greater fat-free lean gain

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of high protein soybean meal (SBM-HP), low oligosaccharide soybean meal (SBM-LO), and conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV) fed to weanling pigs. The three soybean meals (SBM) contained 549, 536 and 475 g/kg crude protein, respectively. In Exp. 1, the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of amino acids (AA) in the 3 ingredients was measured using eight barrows (initial body weight: 14.3 ± 1.23 kg) that were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with four periods (seven days per period) and four diets per square. Three diets contained SBM-HP, SBM-LO, or SBM-CV as the sole source of AA. The fourth diet was a N-free diet that was used to determine basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Results indicated that the CISD for all AA was not different among the three varieties of SBM. In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the three sources of SBM were determined using 24 barrows (initial body weight: 11.9 ± 1.24 kg) that were placed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to four diets. A corn-based diet and three diets containing corn and one of the three sources of SBM were formulated. No differences were observed for DE (18.20, 17.92, 18.27, and 17.15 MJ/kg dry matter) and ME (17.31, 16.93, 17.76, and 16.96 MJ/kg dry matter) among SBM-HP, SBM-LO, SBM-CV, and corn. In Exp. 3, a total of 120 weanling barrows (initial body weight: 6.76 ± 2.49 kg) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments with ten pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Three diets containing each source of SBM were formulated based on the values for CISD of AA and ME that were calculated in the previous two experiments. No differences were observed during the entire experimental period for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gain:feed. Results indicate that the greater concentration of digestible AA in SBM-HP and SBM-LO compared with SBM-CV are effectively utilized by weanling pigs, which implies that the nutritional values of SBM-HP and SBM-LO are greater than that of SBM-CV.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), high protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG), and field peas fed to weanling pigs. Twelve weanling barrows (initial body weight: 10.3 ± 0.9 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods in each square. Five diets were formulated using corn, SBM, CGM, HP DDG, or field peas as the sole source of protein and AA. An N-free diet used to calculate basal endogenous losses was also formulated. The CSID of all indispensable AA were greater (P

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of heat damage on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in canola meal fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations to predict the concentration of SID AA from the nutrient composition of canola meal. Ten growing pigs (initial body weight: 26.5 ± 0.7 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods in each square. One batch of canola meal was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130 °C for 20, 30, or 45 min. Four diets were formulated with canola meal being the only source of AA and CP in each diet. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA in the pigs. The AID of CP and all AA was reduced (quadratic, P r 2 = 0.96). Likewise, the concentrations of SID AA for most AA may be predicted from the nutrient composition of canola meal. In conclusion, heat damage reduces both the concentration and the digestibility of AA in canola meal. Regression equations developed in this experiment may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in canola meal.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate if adjustments in diet formulations either based on total analysed amino acids or standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids may be used to eliminate negative effects of including heat-damaged soybean meal (SBM) or heat-damaged corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, four corn–SBM diets were formulated. Diet 1 contained non-autoclaved SBM (315 g/kg), and this diet was formulated on the basis of analysed amino acid concentrations and using SID values from the AminoDat® 4.0 database. Diet 2 was similar to Diet 1 in terms of ingredient composition, except that the non-autoclaved SBM was replaced by autoclaved SBM at 1 : 1 (weight basis). Diet 3 was formulated using autoclaved SBM and amino acid inclusions in the diet were adjusted on the basis of analysed total amino acid concentrations in the autoclaved SBM and published SID values for non-autoclaved SBM (AminoDat® 4.0). Diet 4 also contained autoclaved SBM, but the formulation of this diet was adjusted on the basis of analysed amino acids in the autoclaved SBM and SID values that were adjusted according to the degree of heat damage in this source of SBM. Pigs (160; initial BW: 10.4 kg) were allotted to the four treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed to pigs for 21 days. The gain to feed ratio (G : F) was greater (P

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding schedule on dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and amino acid (AA) digestibility by growing pigs. Six growing castrates (initial body weight: 40.5 ± 2.25 kg) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three animals and three periods in each square. A maize–soybean meal based diet (181 g CP/kg) was formulated and fed to the pigs in three different feeding schedules; i.e. , one meal per day, two meals per day, or free access to feed. Pigs fed one or two meals per day were allotted a daily amount of feed equivalent to three times the maintenance energy requirement. Fecal and ileal samples were collected from all pigs in each period. The coefficients of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) for DM, GE, CP, and AA were calculated as were the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM and GE. Results of the experiment showed that there were no differences in the CIAD for DM, GE, or for any of the AA among the three feeding schedules. In contrast, pigs given free access to the diet had lower (P versus 14.83 MJ/kg and 15.13 MJ/kg). It is concluded that the feeding schedule does not influence the CIAD for DM, GE, CP, or AA by pigs. Therefore, any of the three feeding schedules that were used in the current experiment may be used in experiments aimed at measuring CIAD in pigs. However, if the CTTAD of DM and GE are measured, it is recommended that pigs are given free access to feed.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the amino acid (AA) digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilization of three maize hybrids, i.e. high oil (HO), waxy (WX), and high lysine (HL) as compared to isogenic high oil (IHO), isogenic waxy (IWX), and a yellow dent (YD1) maize variety near-isogenic to HL. One yellow dent maize of unrelated genetics (YD2) was included as an additional control and to serve as a common treatment for cross-square comparison. In exp. 1, four castrates (initial BW: 52.8±1.7 kg) were equipped with T-cannulas in the distal ileum and used in two consecutive 4×4 Latin squares to determine AA digestibility. In exp. 2, eight castrates (initial BW: 19.11±0.49 kg) were arranged in two 4×4 Latin squares and used in a N balance experiment. Diets consisted of 966.2 g test maize/kg and 33.8 g vitamins, minerals, and salt/kg. In exp.1, apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (CAID) for HO and WX were not different ( P >0.05) compared to their respective isogenic maize or YD2. High lysine maize had lower ( P P P P >0.05) compared to their genetically similar maize. Nitrogen absorbed and DM digestibility were higher ( P P >0.05) for WX compared to YD 2 and greater ( P >0.05) for HO and HL compared to YD 2. In conclusion, AA CAID and CTID, were similar for HO and WX maize compared to their isogenic maize, however, AA CAID and CTID for HL maize was lower than its near-isogenic maize. Nitrogen utilization for HO, WX, and HL were similar to that of their respective genetically similar maize.