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A wave rotor is suitable for compact and efficient pressure-exchange between gas flows. This work measured the circumferential pressure distribution of the rotor/stator interfaces and utilized a CFD method to simulate the unsteady pressure waves. The experimental and CFD results showed some slopes in the circumferential pressure distributions, and the slopes indicated the traces of specific unsteady pressure waves. Such traces varied regularly if the rotational speed varied within a range from −11% to +11% off the baseline value, but they were seriously disturbed if the rotational speed varied by −45% from the baseline value. It verified that a pressure wave in a wave rotor tended to keep its pressure ratio and propagation velocity unchanged if the rotational speed varied by a small extent, and that the pressure wave could not keep its propagation patterns if the rotational speed varied by a large extent. Because of the pressure wave behaviors, the wave rotor demonstrated specific regulations of the rotational speed effects on its operational states.

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte population in the human circulatory system and are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils play a multifaceted role in intestinal inflammation, as they contribute to the elimination of invading pathogens. Recently, their role in epithelial restitution has been widely recognized; however, they are also associated with bystander tissue damage. The intestinal epithelium provides a physical barrier to prevent direct contact of luminal contents with subepithelial tissues, which is extremely important for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that transepithelial migration of neutrophils is closely related to disease symptoms and disruption of crypt architecture in inflammatory bowel disease and experimental colitis. There has been growing interest in how neutrophils interact with the epithelium under inflammatory conditions. Most studies focus on the effects of neutrophils on intestinal epithelial cells; however, the effects of intestinal epithelial cells on neutrophils during intestinal inflammation need to be well-established. Based on these data, we have summarized recent articles on the role of neutrophil-epithelial interactions in intestinal inflammation, particularly highlighting the epithelium-derived molecular regulators that mediate neutrophil recruitment, transepithelial migration, and detachment from the epithelium, as well as the functional consequences of their crosstalk. A better understanding of these molecular events may help develop novel therapeutic targets for mitigating the deleterious effects of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease.

In the epidemic situation of COVID-19, the construction of distance education and resource sharing platform becomes more and more urgent and important when there is a major public health emergency in the world. This paper comprehensively introduces the social needs, framework composition, main functions and expected objectives of the system, analyzes the existing main problems and development bottlenecks in combination with the teaching practice, and shares the experience of distance teaching through the actual applications. Among them, the At present, the two-level (University and College) public platforms shared by the teachers together with students in Sichuan University were highlighted, which would provide useful reference for relevant research and platform construction. Finally, some "pocket experiments" were successfully carried out at students home under the long-distance guidance of teachers, and information and communication technologies are expected to play more and more key role during the epidemic or other similar global public health emergencies in future.

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely used in extraction, synthesis, electrochemistry and other fields. Meanwhile, the environmental impact of ILs has been attracting a lot of attention, and eco-friendly treatment for ILs is becoming a necessary subject. In this study, photocatalytic degradations of benzothiazole ILs catalyzed by titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver-loaded titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) were studied for the first time. The degradation of benzothiazole hexafluorophosphate ([C4Bth]PF6) could reach more than 99% within 240 min with the catalysis of TiO2. To improve catalytic efficiency, Ag/TiO2 was synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The degradation of [C4Bth]PF6 could reach more than 99% within 120 min in the degradation catalyzed by Ag/TiO2. The photodegradation products of benzothiazole ILs are composed of inorganic substances or organic substances with simpler structures, which are easier to decompose and less toxic. The degradation system proposed by this study could provide a simple, green, safe, and economical method for the efficient treatment of benzothiazole ILs.

Monocytes are highly plastic immune cells that modulate antitumor immunity. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate tumor monocyte functions is critical for developing effective immunotherapies. Here, we determine that endogenous cancer cell-derived type I interferons (IFNs) control monocyte functional polarization. Guided by single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human and mouse tumors, we devise a strategy to distinguish and separate immunostimulatory from immunosuppressive tumor monocytes by surface CD88 and Sca-1 expression. Leveraging this approach, we show that cGAS-STING-regulated cancer cell-derived IFNs polarize immunostimulatory monocytes associated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response in mice. We also demonstrate that immunosuppressive monocytes convert into immunostimulatory monocytes upon cancer cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING activation. Consistently, we find that human cancer cells can produce type I IFNs that polarize monocytes, and our immunostimulatory monocyte gene signature is enriched in patient tumors that respond to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our work exposes a role for cancer cell-derived IFNs in licensing monocyte functions that influence immunotherapy outcomes.

A mild and efficient cyclization procedure for the synthesis of (E)-8′-arylidene-5′,6′,7′,8′-tetrahydrospiro[oxindole-3,4′-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridin] derivatives was achieved via one-pot three-component condensation of isatins, malononitrile and (E)-3-arylidene-1-methylpiperidin-4-ones using piperidine as an efficient catalyst and ethanol as an environmentally benign solvent. The in vitro antitumor activity of these compounds was evaluated in human cervical carcinoma cell line (Hela), human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and human breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). Keywords: Piperidine, Spiro[oxindole-3,4′-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridin], Multicomponent reactions, Anticancer

Genistein (GS), an isoflavone compound found in soybean, plays a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear. Herein, binding ability between GS and GRP78 was predicted by molecular docking, and the effect of GS in vivo and vitro were further studied. In this study, the effects of GS on learning and memory ability, changes of hippocampal neurons and ultrastructure of hippocampal CA3 region in AD rats were investigated. Besides, the protein or mRNA levels of the related proteins were detected. The results showed GS could effectively improve the learning and the memory ability, reduce the damage of hippocampal neurons, and decrease the protein or mRNA expression levels of GRP78, CHOP, Caspase-12, Cle-Caspase-9, Cle-Caspase-3, PERK, and p-PERK. Taken together, our data reveal GS has a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway, which may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.

Favourable moisture conditions in the soil enhance the phosphorus (P) movement capacity (i.e. the distance P diffuses from where it was placed) and P bioavailability. This study examined whether point placement of fertiliser sources with reduced P movement capacity in a sandy loam would limit the growth and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under flooded conditions. A field incubation experiment showed that the extracted P concentration of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) close to the P placement site was higher than that of diammonium phosphate (DAP), while the opposite was found when the P diffusion distance was greater than about 2 cm from the P placement site, indicating that DAP-P moved farther than MCP-P. Another field experiment with two fertiliser sources and three placement treatments (broadcasting [BC], point placements of fertiliser 3 cm [P3] or 12 cm [P12] distant from rice plants at the same soil depth) were conducted over 2 years. Compared with BC, P3 placement significantly increased rice yield, and nitrogen (N) and P uptake, regardless of the P source; the rice yield of the P12 treatment following MCP application was 7.3% lower than that of BC, but not with DAP application. For the P3 and P12 placement locations, DAP significantly increased nutrient uptake compared with MCP by stimulating root proliferation. Regardless of the P source, point application of P fertiliser significantly decreased the dissolved inorganic P content in floodwater below levels obtained by BC application. Hence, optimal combinations of fertiliser sources and placement locations should achieve multiple benefits through increased crop yield, better nutrient uptake, and reduced P losses.

and ethnopharmacological relevance: Matrine (MT), a type of alkaloid extracted from the Sophora family of traditional Chinese medicine, has been documented to exert a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-fibrosis, and cardiovascular protection. Sophora flavescens Aiton is a traditional Chinese medicine that is bitter and cold. Additionally, it also exhibits the effects of clearing heat, eliminating dampness, expelling insects, and promoting urination. Malignant tumors are the most important medical issue and are also the second leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous natural substances have recently been revealed to have potent anticancer properties, and several have been used in clinical trials.To summarize the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of MT, we compiled this review by combining a huge body of relevant literature and our previous research.As demonstrated, we grouped the pharmacological effects of MT via a PubMed search. Further, we described the mechanism and current pharmacological research on MT's antitumor activity.Additionally, extensive research has demonstrated that MT possesses superior antitumor properties, including accelerating cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell growth and proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting cancer metastasis and invasion, inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing autophagy, reversing multidrug resistance and inhibiting cell differentiation, thus indicating its significant potential for cancer treatment and prognosis.This article summarizes current advances in research on the anticancer properties of MT and its molecular mechanism, to provide references for future research.

Functionalized magnetic ionic liquids ([C2TMG][TEMPO-OSO3], [C3TMG] [TEMPO-OSO3], [C4TMG][TEMPO-OSO3]) and K3PO4 were used as phase forming compounds of aqueous two-phase system at three temperatures (278.15 K, 298.15 K and 318.15 K). The effects of temperature and magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) species on the binodal curves were investigated. Three classical empirical equations were used for the correlations of the binodal curves. They have shown satisfactory performances in data fitting. An increase of the two-phase separation ability was observed when the temperature decreased. Additionally, all these three MILs have preferable phase forming ability as well as wide range of two-phase area in the binodal curve for our systems. This is strongly expected in practical applications. Furthermore, tie line data were experimentally acquired for the three MILs at 298.15 K. Three empirical formulas including Othmer–Tobias, Bancroft equations as well as an equation derived from binodal theory were used to fit the tie-line data with successful correlation. These aqueous two-phase equilibrium data should be useful in the areas of separation, purification and analysis.

Here, a new three-dimensional (3D) multi-shell Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO/ZnSe (FSZ-ZnSe) photocatalyst with a type II heterostructure was successfully produced by a convenient synthetic route. The amount of ZnSe particles can be regulated by varying the reactant concentration, and five kinds of FSZ-ZnSe samples (FSZ-ZnSe0, FSZ-ZnSe1, FSZ-ZnSe2, FSZ-ZnSe3 and FSZ-ZnSe4) were obtained. The photocatalytic performances of all as-prepared samples under UV and visible light irradiation were evaluated by the photocatalytic elimination of rhodamine B (RhB) aqueous solution. No matter which light source was used, the FSZ-ZnSe3 sample exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in comparison with other samples, benefiting from the sensitization of a proper amount of ZnSe particles, which not only facilitated the separation of photo-induced carriers but also extended the light absorption. Moreover, compared to visible light radiation, the FSZ-ZnSe3 sample under UV light showed remarkably enhanced degradation efficiency toward RhB base on the Z-scheme type transfer of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. The Z-scheme mechanism was confirmed using radical trapping experiments and hydroxyl radical ( OH) formation determination study. Meanwhile, the FSZ-ZnSe3 sample exhibited excellent magnetic response and high stability during the recycling photocatalytic experiments.

The designed synthesis of advanced ZnO heterostructures in a simple and mild way is of great significance, for the purpose of improving their photocatalytic performance and large-scale applications. Herein, a magnetic hierarchical microsphere Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO@Au (FSZA) was successfully synthesized by multistep chemical methods, in which magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 as core for the growth of ZnO nanorod-layer using microwave-assisted approach, followed by the functionalization of Au nanoparticles (NPs). Four FSZA microspheres (FSZA1, FSZA2, FSZA3, FSZA4) were controlled prepared by adjusting the concentration of the Au precursor for comparison. The as-prepared products were characterized SEM, TEM, XRD, VSM, N2-sorption, photocurrent and XPS techniques. The results revealed that the as-synthesized microspheres have a good monodispersity, uniform core-shell structure and high magnetization. The photocatalytic test indicated the FSZA3 product possessed the best activity among all tested products, and the photodegradation rate of rhodamine B (RhB) reached 93.54% after UV irradiation of 80 min. The enhanced activity of FSZA3 was ascribed two major contributions, which were the larger specific surface area and the improved separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers. The decomposition mechanism was discussed in detail. Additionally, such integrated FSZA3 photocatalyst was easily recovered by a magnet, which was reused at least five times without any appreciable reduction in photocatalytic efficiency.

The application of guanidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) is a newly emerging area in the fields of extraction desulfurization. Herein, four novel pentaalkylguanidinium-based magnetic room temperature ionic liquids (MRTILs) [CnTMG][FeCl3Br] (n = 2, 4, 6, 8) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, Raman and HRMS (ESI) spectra. The physical properties including thermal stability, density, viscosity, conductivity and magnetic properties were determined and revealed that the MRTILs were liquids at room temperature and have good thermal stability (Td > 250 °C), high magnetic susceptibility (>3.8 × 105 emu·g−1) and low viscosities (

In this work, a planar In0.53Ga0.47As/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) working in both front- and back-illumination modes is fabricated for a comparative study. The great differences in the electrical and spectral performances between the two operating approaches can be originated from the PIN junction in the InP cap layer with high electric field, which plays the role of short-wavelength photoelectric conversion before the InP multiplication layer punches through under front-illumination.

Purpose This study evaluates the growth in the green performance of 35 Chinese airlines from 2010 to 2018. This study analyzes whether factor market distortion affects technology change and green growth in China's aviation industry and proposes corresponding policy suggestions. Design/methodology A Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) productivity index and its decomposition are used to evaluate the green growth and technology change of thirty-five Chinese airlines from 2010 to 2018. Additionally, to overcome the endogeneity problems, the system generalized method of moments is used to test the effect of factor market distortions on the green growth of Chinese airlines. Findings The GML index reveals that although total CO 2 emissions continue to increase, the growth in the green performance of Chinese airlines is positive. The regression results show that factor distortion has a negative impact on airlines’ technology change and impedes airlines’ green performance. The scale of airlines, ownership, and R&D intensity of airlines could have heterogeneous effects on the relationship between factor distortion and airlines’ green growth. Originality/value Factor market distortion is the most important factor influencing the green performance of airlines. Rectifying factor market distortion can be regarded as another impetus to promote the green growth of airlines.

Despite ionic liquids (IL) have widely investigated for various applications as green solvents, their toxic effects have attracted great attention. A new series of tropine-amino acid ([BuTr][AA]) ILs were presented and characterized. Their physico-chemical properties including density, conductivity and pH, critical micelle concentrations of IL solutions were investigated in this work. Lipase activity assay was carried out to study the tolerance of [BuTr][AA] ILs to enzyme and to compare with imidazolium bromide salt ionic liquid ([Bmim]Br). It was found that the biocompatibility of most [BuTr][AA] ILs to lipase was better than [Bmim]Br. The effect of [BuTr][AA] ILs on enzyme activity was highly dependent on IL concentrations, pH and type of anion. To understand the interactions of ILs and lipase, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, fluorescence, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetric measurements and the molecular docking method were used to further explain the lipase activity assay.

Net primary productivity, which reflects vegetation's carbon sequestration capacity, should not be ignored in the process of low-carbon development. To explore the paths of achieving low-carbon development goals from the perspective of carbon sequestration, this study takes net primary productivity as the study object and uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition model to analyze the influences of urbanization and land utilization change on net primary productivity in China. The results show that urbanization is the driving factor of the net primary productivity increase, and land utilization change is the main determinant of its decrease. This study argues that making reasonable land utilization planning is essential to reduce the net primary productivity loss caused by land utilization changes in the process of urbanization.

Terpinen-4-ol in natural Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in physiological activities. Selectively removing of 1,8-cineole and the monoterpenes such as γ-terpinene from TTO is necessary for TTO comfort and safety. In this study, the density functional theory (DFT) was employed to estimate the interaction energies between ILs and terpinen-4-ol for preliminarily screening ionic liquid type of extraction agents. It was found hexalkylguanidinium ionic liquids (ILs) [diBTMG]Br exhibited good extraction distribution coefficient of terpinen-4-ol (2.54) and higher extraction selectivity of terpinen-4-ol (6.9 to 1,8-cineole and 9 to γ-terpinene, respectively). The single extraction yield of terpinen-4-ol by the IL could reach to 90%. After the extraction, subsequent twice extractions with n-hexane and water can realize satisfactorily recovery and reuse of all extraction agents. The deterpenation of TTO has advantages of lower energy consumption, safety, environmentally friendly and less cost. It would provide an alternative strategy for the practical deterpenation production of essential oil with ionic liquids.

Background Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a first-line treatment for unexplained infertility (UI). There was a compelling need for the improvement of pregnancy rate in females with UI. Objective To explore the pregnancy predictors in cases of UI undergoing IUI. Method A total of 212 couples who underwent 446 IUI cycles were involved the study. Different factors were grouped to explore the influencing factors of IUI for UI. Result Female age and somking affected pregnancy outcomes. As the number of treatment cycles increased, the pregnancy rate increased. The BMI, treatment regimens, type of infertility, endometrium, and timing insemination have no significant prognostic value. Conclusion Apart from the number of treatment cycles, somking, and female age, no other factors had prognostic value. More studies and samples are necessary to evaluate whether other factors affect conception.

A simple synthetic approach based on solvothermal technique and hydrogenation was developed for preparation of TiO 2 nanocrystals with different morphologies such as elongated rhombic, dog-bone, oval and core-shell structured oval. The effect of oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OM) as two capping surfactants on the growth of TiO 2 nanocrystals was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were characterized by various techniques including TEM, XRD, UV–vis absorption, Raman, XPS, BET, PL and photocurrent measurement. In photodegradation of RhB under simulated solar irradiation, the oval-shaped TiO 2 nanocrystals with core-shell structure (co-TiO 2 ) was superior to other TiO 2 nanocrystals in catalytic activity. Moreover, the co-TiO 2 nanocrystals exhibited well recyclability during multiple photocatalytic tests. These excellent properties of co-TiO 2 were attributed to its special structure, including lattice-disordered surface layer and well-crystallized lattice core, and narrow band gap (2.67 eV).

Climate change has brought more low temperature events and posed an increasing risk to the global wheat production. In order to evaluate the effects of low temperature at jointing and booting stages on wheat grain yield and its components, two years of environment-controlled phytotron experiments were carried out with two wheat cultivars under different low temperature levels and durations. Low temperature level and its interaction with low temperature duration had negative effects on the observed grain yield in two cultivars. Moreover, wheat yield was more sensitive to low temperature at booting than at jointing stages. Compared with the control treatment (T min /T max /T mean of 6 °C/16 °C/11 °C, T1), 4.6%–56.4% and 3.1%–44.6% decreases of grain yield per plant (YPP) were observed under low temperature at jointing in Yangmai16 (spring wheat) and Xumai30 (semi-winter wheat), and 13.9%–85.2% and 3.2%–85.9% decreases under low temperature at booting in Yangmai16 and Xumai30, respectively. The spike number per plant (SNPP) and grain number per spike (GNPS) were more sensitive to low temperature at jointing and booting stages than 1000-grain weight (TGW). Furthermore, significant negative linear relationships were observed between the accumulated cold degree days (ACDD) and YPP, SNPP, GNPS and TGW in both cultivars. The contribution of GNPS to the variation of YPP was greater than SNPP and TGW at the mild low temperature level (T min /T max /T mean of −2 °C/8 °C/3 °C, T3) in both cultivars. However, at the extreme low temperature level (T min /T max /T mean of −6 °C/4 °C/−1 °C, T5), the major variation of YPP was caused by SNPP of Yangmai16 and GNPS of Xumai30. In general, the decreased YPP under low temperature condition was mainly from the decreased grain number per plant (GNPP = SNPP × GNPS) in both cultivars and treatment stages, thus maintaining a high GNPP is very important for compensating the yield losses caused by low temperature at jointing and booting stages.

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have received more attentions in green extraction and separation process as a kind of novel environment-friendly solvent, and their application in the field of natural products needs to be extended. In this paper, a new method of the sequential extraction for stilbene glycoside and anthraquinones from Polygonum multiflorum was developed for the first time and different ionic liquids was used and compared. It was found two benzothiazolium ILs including [BBth][Br] and [HBth][p-TSA] had good selectivity and high efficiency. In addition, the important extraction conditions were also investigated and optimized. Compared with the traditional acid/alcohol-water extraction process, the extraction assisted by ionic liquid not only can obtain higher yield in shorter time, but also can realize the selective extraction for two different kinds of constituents with less consumption. Furthermore, the recovery of target compounds and recycling of ionic liquid were also studied and it was found that solvent extraction combined with cation-exchange resin had the ideal recovery performance.

In this paper, five novel cholinium-based organic magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were synthesized. The carbon chain links to the nitrogen atom from cationic nucleus. The MILs were comprehensively identified by FT-IR, HPLC, UV–Vis, 1H NMR and ESI-MS. The MILs have interesting performance to form aqueous two-phase system and can respond to the external magnetic field after the formation of aqueous two-phase system, which can assists magnetically phase separation. The magnetic susceptibility of the MILs was measured at 298 K. Other physical properties such as conductivities, acidity and density were measured in range of 278.15 K to 323.15 K for further application investigation. Satisfactory results were obtained after the data of physical properties were correlated. Based on the measurements and correlations above, some discussions were carried out, including the ion association and ion diffusion, the influences of MILs carbon chain and temperature on the molar conductivity, the influences of the cation size on the molar volume, acidity variation of the MILs.

In this paper, a risk explicit interval two-stage programming (REITSP) model was proposed for supporting the regional electricity generation expansion with renewable portfolio standard (RPS) constraint. It could effectively tackle multiple uncertainties expressed as interval numbers. But unlike the traditional interval two-stage programming model, the proposed REITSP model could provide an explicit trade-off information between system cost and risk for decision makers with different risk preferences. It could minimize the total system cost, as well as the decision risk according to the aspiration risk level of decision maker. The developed REITSP model was applied to the case study in Guangdong Province, China for its long-term electricity system planning. Crisp solutions under different aspiration risk levels for varying RPS targets were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that according to the current available renewable energy and affordable construction speed, the maximum RPS target for Guangzhou Province during 2016–2025 should be 17%. Higher RPS level would promote the renewable energy generation, especially solar power; meanwhile, it would reduce the CO2 emission and the imported electricity, but with greater investment cost. The obtained results and trade-off information would be valuable for the optimal long-term electricity system expansion planning when facing future uncertain situation.

Teleost fish continues to grow their eyes throughout life with the body size. In Astatotilapia burtoni, the fish retina increases by adding new retinal cells at the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) and in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Cell proliferation at both sites exhibits a daily rhythm in number of dividing cells. To understand how this diurnal rhythm of new cell production is controlled in retinal progenitor cells, we studied the transcription pattern of clock genes in retina, including clock1a, clock1b, bmal1a (brain and muscle ARNT-Like), and per1b (period1b). We found that these genes have a strong diurnal rhythmic transcription during light-dark cycles but not in constant darkness. An oscillation in pcna transcription was also observed during light-dark cycles, but again not in constant darkness. Our results also indicate an association between Clock proteins and the upstream region of pcna (proliferating cellular nuclear antigen) gene. A luciferase reporter assay conducted in an inducible clock knockdown cell line further demonstrated that the mutation on predicted E-Boxes in pcna promoter region significantly attenuated the transcriptional activation induced by Clock protein. These results suggested that the diurnal rhythmic expression of clock genes in A. burtoni retina could be light dependent and might contribute to the daily regulation of the proliferation of the retina progenitors through key components of cell cycle machinery, for instance, pcna.

As automobile cabin thermal environment is complex and continually varies during its travel on road, a dynamical thermal load model based on response factor method has been presented in this paper. To shorten the calculating time, a fast-response thermal load calculation scheme has been proposed which has optimized iterative error, and the calculating time can be finally reduced to 0.95 s when time step is 50 s. To validate the reliability of this model, several tests have been carried out under ambient conditions. The tests results show that the interior temperature error is within 5% between simulated value and experimental data. Also the simulated conduction thermal load gained through cabin panels except bottom panel closely follows the heat conduction measured by HFM-215 which both value fluctuate around 900 W. In addition, detailed analysis on how to reduce the thermal conduction load is put forward in this paper, which shows that cutting down thermal conductivity of envelopes will be the most effective method among thickness, thermal conductivity and special heat capacity of envelopes. Meanwhile, the influences of solar altitude to solar radiation thermal load, vehicle velocity to interior panel temperature, glazing transmissivity to solar radiation thermal load and total thermal load during the process of driving for a whole day have also been analyzed in detail in this paper.

A new, recyclable solid-liquid resolution system was developed based on tropin ionic liquids [CnDTr][L-Pro]2 for the enantiomeric resolution of racemic phenylalanine and other α-substituted carboxylic acids including tryptophan, tyrosine, benzene glycine and mandelic acid. With racemic phenylalanine as resolution model, effect factors were investigated for better resolution conditions. On the conditions, some efficient resolution were achieved, for instance the e.e. (98%) and product yield (76%) in solid phase for phenylalanine, and the e.e. 99.71% in solid phase for tryptophan. Chiral product was verified with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectrum, thermal gravity analysis (TG), elemental analysis (EA) and chiral HPLC. Further, the resolution mechanism was studied with computer molecular dynamic simulations and UV–vis. The resolution was closely related to the formation of complexes (L-Phe-Cu(Ⅱ)-L-pro-) and the spatial configuration of D/L-Phe. The system is characteristic of high resolution, no organic solvent, easy isolation of solid-liquid and recycle of all chemical materials as much as possible.

Functionalized magnetic ionic liquids (MILs)([C2TMG][TEMPO-OSO3], [C3TMG][TEMPO-OSO3], [C4TMG][TEMPO-OSO3]) and three inorganic salts (K2HPO4/K2CO3/Na2CO3) were used to form aqueous two-phase system at 298.15 K. Three classical experienced equations were applied for the correlations of the binodal curves. All of them demonstrated satisfactory performance in data association. The binodal curves were investigated in detail. Both K2HPO4 and K2CO3 was excellent phase forming salts for all the three MILs. Both of them can meet the need of practical applications. There is a narrow biphasic region for the MIL + Na2CO3 + water system because of a relatively low solubility of salt in water. Additionally, tie-line data were experimentally obtained for the three MILs with K2HPO4 or K2CO3 at 298.15 K. Three empirical formulas including Othmer-Tobias equation, Bancroft equation together with another equation derived from binodal theory were used to fit the tie-line data. Consequently, Othmer-Tobias has shown ideal correlation performance and the reliability of our experimental tie-line data can be ensured. Hopefully, these aqueous two-phase equilibrium data should be useful in the areas of chemical separation, purification and analysis.

Herein, the dislocation defects of an aluminum nitride (AlN) template heteroepitaxially grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition are exposed by phosphoric acid etching. The effect of dislocation-related V-shaped pits preparation on the strain of AlN epilayer is intensively studied. The results show that the dislocation defect etching leads to a strain gradient elongating along the growth direction of AlN and alleviates its initial tensile strain. Through a secondary epitaxy on the dislocation-etched AlN, it further reveals that the strain evolves into compressive strain state accompanied by surface cracking inhibition. It provides an effective way of stress regulation by dislocation-related etching and can be developed as a mask-free lateral epitaxial growth technique for high-performance AlN template preparation.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the improved effect of chiral-handed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ch-MSNs) on drug delivery. The Ch-MSNs (Ch-D-MSN and Ch-L-MSN) were successfully prepared by grafting molecular functional groups and verified by infrared spectrometer (IR). TEM and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis results show that Ch-D-MSN and Ch-L-MSN were regular spheres with hidden pore channels. Nimesulide (NMS) was chosen as a model drug to study the drug loading properties of the carrier. In vitro drug release studies showed that both Ch-D-MSN and Ch-L-MSN significantly improved NMS dissolution compared to NMS. Besides, NMS loaded carriers exerted different chiral recognition functions in the chiral environment in vitro. The results of anti-inflammation pharmacodynamics further demonstrated that Ch-L-MSN can trigger chiral biological environment and improve the efficacy.

Waste plastic such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be seen everywhere and has become one of the largest sources of household waste. PET is difficult to be degraded naturally and so its glycolysis has been attracted extensive attention. A new catalyzed glycolysis of PET was developed with new catalysts, tropine and tropine-zinc acetate complex. Conversion 100% of waste PET and product yield 82.3% of BHET was obtained in conditions (190℃, EG:PET = 5:1, catalyst:PET = 1:20). The influence of PET particle size on the glycolysis was discussed. It found that smaller particle size could speed up remarkably reaction rate but had little effect on the conversion or yield. Recovery of tropine-zinc acetate complex was tested and the catalytic efficiency was maintained at 70% after five times. In view of the spectrum characteristic and appearance, the complex was most likely to be formed with coordination rather than with hydrogen bond, so it may be called coordination complex of natural alkaloids and metal-salt (CCNAM). Further, the mechanism of catalytic glycolysis was studied and may be attributed to hydrogen bond, coordination bond and electrostatic interactions. It demonstrates that the composite catalyst of tropine and zinc acetate can apparently improve the reaction rate and product selectivity, which may provide a strategy for developing new green catalysts for glycolysis.

Millions of tons of collagen-rich bovine bone are produced as byproducts of the consumption of beef. Hydrolyzing bovine bone collagen (BBC) is an effective measure for both increasing its added value and protecting the environment. In this study, a kind of recombinant bacterial collagenase mining from Bacillus cereus was successfully performed and applied to hydrolyze BBC to collagen-soluble peptides (CPP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the processing conditions of antioxidant CPP, attaining a distinguished ABTS free radical scavenging activity of 99.21 ± 0.35% while keeping DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power at high levels under the optimal condition. Furthermore, we identified five new antioxidant peptides by LC-MS/MS with typical collagen repeated Gly-Xaa-Yaa sequence units within the CPP. These results suggest that our recombinant collagenase is a powerful tool for degrading collagen and the CPP are promising candidates for antioxidant and related functional food applications.

Mother liquor sugar (MLS) is a by-product of industrial production of steviol glycosides and composed of rebaudioside A (RA), stevioside (St), rebaudioside C (RC), some flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. This study developed an efficient method to recovery RA from MLS based on the effect of some inorganic salts to the solubilities of components in MLS. RA could be concentrated by K2CO3 salting-out from 20% (wt%) to more than 60% (wt%) with 56.8% of recovery yield, and the mass ratio of RA to St (RA/St) was increased from to 0.47 to 4.18 in 10 min. The mechanism of the selective salting-out was primarily explored. Comparing with present methods such as two-stage crystallization method and macroporous resin adsorption, this method exhibited remarkable advantages of high recovery, shorter recovery time, simple operation and free of organic solvent. It could provide an alternative treatment for MLS and similar mother liquors.