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Consumers are increasingly concerned about pollution and are, at least in part, making their purchases accordingly. In this paper, we consider a supply chain where demand depends on the manufacturer’s environmental reputation, an asset that can only be built over time. We assume that this reputation depends on information emanating from the manufacturer itself about its environmental actions and on its objective environmental record when compared to an industry standard. In this paper, we look at the impact of consumers’ environmental concern on the strategies and outcomes of a supply chain. As the retailer has a direct influence on sales through its pricing policy, it seem more realistic to take a supply chain perspective instead of a single-firm one. Therefore, the contractual arrangement in the supply chain becomes a relevant issue. We model the supply chain as a two-player dynamic game and characterize and compare the equilibrium strategies and outcomes under wholesale-price and revenue-sharing contracts. We analyze the impact of the sharing parameter, the industry pollution standard and consumers’ degree of environmental sensitivity on the results, and in particular, on the region in the parameter space where a revenue-sharing contract is Pareto improving with respect to a wholesale-price contract. Also, we examine whether it is in the best interest of the retailer to behave myopically when setting its price.

Economical and efficient non-noble metal catalysts should be developed practically, instead of commercial Pt/C for fuel cells. In this paper, manganese, nitrogen co-doped porous carbon (Mn–N–C) was synthesized to catalyze oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through the one-step carbonization of ZIF-8 in the Mn-containing (MnCl2) atmosphere. During the carbonization process, MnCl2 gas was captured with ZIF-8 and then transformed into uniform Mn–N active sites distributed in the porous carbon materials. The Mn–N–C catalyst exhibited plentiful porous structures, large specific surface areas, high graphitization and conductivity, which contributed to the transfer and transport of charge and exposed more active sites. The Mn–N–C catalyst exhibited superior catalytic ability in alkaline and acidic solutions. Half-wave potential of the Mn–N–C could reach 0.88 and 0.73 V in 0.1 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4, respectively. In addition, the Mn–N–C catalyst showed a prominent stability after the stability test of 18,000 s. Excellent electrochemical performance and endurance make the Mn–N–C expect to be an effective ORR catalyst to build high-performance fuel cells.

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are the main reaction processes in metal-air batteries, fuel cells, and water electrolysis devices. It is of great significance to develop highly efficient and low-cost bifunctional catalysts for these two reactions. In this study a rapid deflagration method was reported by using Vulcan XC/72 carbon black, sublimated sulfur, potassium nitrate, urea and ammonium nitrate as raw materials to fast synthesize N and S co-doped and oxygen-functionalized carbon materials (D-NSOCs) in one step. The prepared D-NSOCs electrocatalyst exhibits excellent ORR and OER bifunctional catalytic reactivity with a small potential gap (ΔE) of 0.77 V between the corresponding potential when the OER current density reaches 10 mA cm−2 (Ej = 10) and the half-wave potential (E1/2), which is slightly better than 0.78 V for the commercial Pt/C + IrO2. This deflagration method is generally applicable to other carbon materials. It can dope nitrogen and sulfur elements into carbon materials and realize the functionalization of oxygen on the surface of carbon materials.

A Mn coordinated with N atoms aligned hierarchical porous carbon catalyst is prepared through an inorganic metal salt sublimation doping strategy. Gelatin is served as a carbon source and N source, Ca2+ is acted as templates to establish aligned porous structure during carbonization. MnCl2 sublimates into gas to serve as Mn source after reaching the melting point. This method can effectively avoid the agglomeration of Mn atoms, which is beneficial to form Mn-Nx active sites. The prepared optimal catalyst exhibits a large specific surface area with an aligned hierarchical porous structure. XAFs result demonstrates that Mn coordinates with N atoms to form Mn-Nx configuration in the carbon structure. Notably, it exhibits outstanding catalytic ORR performance with a positive half-wave potential (0.86 V vs. RHE) and excellent durability, superior to Pt/C (20 wt%) catalyst under alkaline medium. Meanwhile, enhanced catalytic ORR performance and stability in an acidic medium are also achieved.

With the serious intensification of energy shortage and greenhouse effect, people begin to look for the sustainable energy sources to replace fossil energy sources. Herein, self-supporting expanded graphite sheet (SSEGS) was developed as an ideal catalyst support through electrochemically intercalating flexible graphite sheet in alkaline solution. Electroless deposition was employed to synthesize Ni–Cu–P alloy on SSEGS and then an amorphous NiFe hydroxide/Ni–Cu–P/SSEGS (NiFe–OH/Ni–Cu–P/SSEGS) composite catalyst was further constructed through electrodeposition. Benefitting from the unique structural advantage of SSEGS and the synergistic effect between two amorphous Ni-based materials (Ni–Cu–P alloy and NiFe–OH), the resulting electrode exhibited superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance in 1 M KOH. For H2 evolution reaction and O2 evolution reaction, the NiFe–OH/Ni–Cu–P/SSEGS composite catalyst could reach 10 mA cm−2 at low overpotentials of 75 and 240 mV, respectively. Remarkably, the two-electrode system driven by NiFe–OH/Ni–Cu–P/SSEGS as the anode and cathode could afford 10 mA cm−2 at a low cell voltage of 1.56 V vs. RHE. And after the 12 h stability test, the cell voltage at 10 mA cm−2 increased by only 7 mV, indicating that the two-electrode system had excellent stability. The preparation of NiFe–OH/Ni–Cu–P/SSEGS material with superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance has a significance influence to the development and expansion of hydrogen production technology.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and the most common malignant tumor, the long-term survival of which has stagnated in the past several decades. Pileostegia tomentella Hand. Mazz is a traditional Chinese medicine called "Zhongliuteng" (ZLT) in the pharmacopeia, which has been proved to possess a potent anti-tumor effect on various cancers. In this study, the effects of ZLT N-butanol extraction (ZLTN) and ZLT ethyl acetate extraction (ZLTE) on the viability of non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines H1299 and A549 were evaluated. Here, we firstly reported that ZLTE significantly inhibited H1299 cells growth without affecting the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, ZLTE induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the expression cleaved-PARP and decreased pro-caspase-3, pro-caspase-7, pro-caspase-8, and pro-caspase-9. Moreover, ZLTE increased the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H1299 cells to lead to apoptosis, which was reversed by N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Taken together, our results revealed that ZLTE induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via ROS generation, suggesting that ZLTE is a promising herbal medicine for the treatment of NSCLC.

Mediator complex subunit 16 (MED16) is a component of the mediator complex and functions as a coactivator in transcriptional events at almost all RNA polymerase II–dependent genes. In this study, we report that the expression of MED16 is markedly decreased in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tumors compared with normal thyroid tissues. In vitro, MED16 overexpression in PTC cells significantly inhibited cell migration, enhanced sodium/iodide symporter expression and iodine uptake, and decreased resistance to radioactive (131)I (RAI). Conversely, PTC cells in which MED16 had been further knocked down (MED16(KD)) exhibited enhanced cell migration, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and RAI resistance, accompanied by decreased sodium/iodide symporter levels. Moreover, cell signaling through transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) was highly activated after the MED16 knockdown. Similar results were obtained in MED12(KD) PTC cells, and a co-immunoprecipitation experiment verified interactions between MED16 and MED12 and between MED16 and TGF-βR2. Of note, the application of LY2157299, a potent inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, significantly attenuated MED16(KD)-induced RAI resistance both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MED16 reduction in PTC contributes to tumor progression and RAI resistance via the activation of the TGF-β pathway.

A hybrid meshless method is constructed in this paper for the solution of the second order hyperbolic telegraph equation in two space dimensions with Dirichlet or mixed boundary conditions. The temporal derivatives of the physical quantity included in the telegraph equation are approximated into the finite difference formulae by using the Houbolt method. Based on these formulae, the original telegraph problem is then transformed into the modified Helmholtz equation which is efficiently simulated with the generalized finite difference method. The developed hybrid scheme is mathematically simple and truly meshless. We finally provide three numerical examples including one case with a complicated domain, and all numerical results illustrate the good performance of the developed hybrid meshless scheme.

With the increasing issues of the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the development of clean energy has become an urgent task. Herein, self-supporting graphene (SSG) that could serve as the three-dimensional catalyst support is developed by electrochemically intercalating the flexible graphite paper (FGP) in 1 M KOH. Then, the Ni-base alloy is deposited on the SSG by electroless plating. The resulting electrode (Ni–Cu–P/SSG) exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalytic performance in 1 M KOH. The Ni–Cu–P/SSG catalyst just requires the overpotentials of 75 and 219 mV to reach 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. Besides, the Ni–Cu–P/SSG still maintains superior HER catalytic activity after the stability test of 12 h. The Ni–Cu–P/SSG composite catalyst with high catalytic activity, remarkable stability and facile preparation method has a significant influence on the extension of renewable energy preparation and application.

With the rapid trend of motorization in metropolis, building a harmonious urban transportation system to ease traffic pressure is a common issue faced by many countries in urban development process. Since urban form has a significant impact on urban transportation, how to build a mutually reinforcing relationship between urban form and urban traffic modes has attracted many interests. As the outcome of urban development, urban agglomeration changes the demographic structure of employment and industry, which prompts the urban morphology changes. Thus, the travel demand becomes increasingly diversified and complicated which bring forth new challenges to urban transportation supply. Similarly, the urban transport will also influence the travel cost, accessibility, therefore affect urban function, land use intensity, population density, and other characteristics of land use in urban morphology. This study will summarize the experiences of urban development and explore the impact of urban form on the urban traffic mode. Great Tokyo Area, as the largest mega-region and urban agglomeration economy in the world so far ( Parilla and Trujillo, 2014 ), has experienced a rapid growth in the twentieth century. As a typical eastern Asia region, Tokyo area has been facing challenges of high population density and traffic pressure, thus undergo massive urban transformation and rapid traffic mode development. The study provides a historical review perspective on great Tokyo area using a large set of data on economic factors, population, land use policies and urban traffic modes. How the urban form transformation interacted with development of traffic mode is investigated and divided to different evolving phases. The associations between urban form and traffic mode are studied in each phase accordingly.

The preparation of low-cost, high-efficiency and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is highly anticipated but remains a challenge. Herein, a novel strategy of CaCl2 solution inducing gelatin crosslinking and acting as aligned pore template was put forward for preparation of Fe-N doped aligned hierarchical porous carbon. Furthermore, the microtopography and length of aligned pore can be controlled by adding NaCl solution. The prepared catalyst exhibited short-range aligned honeycomb hierarchical porous structure with large specific surface area and highly homogeneous distribution of Fe-Nx active sites (Fe-NHHPC-900). Notably, in addition to excellent durability in the alkaline electrolyte, Fe-NHHPC-900 possessed excellent ORR performance with positive half-wave potential of 0.86 V, superior to commercial Pt/C catalysts. As electrode materials of supercapacitors, Fe-NHHPC-900 also displayed a high specific capacitance, excellent rate performance and excellent stability. This work also proved that the unique aligned porous structure can effectively optimize catalyst activity and improve supercapacitor performance.

The strongly strategic support of cooperative solutions for a class of dynamic games played over an event tree is considered. The concept of S-adapted subgame-perfect strong e -Nash equilibrium is proposed. The trigger strategy profile, being constructed for the deviation of coalitions, is proven to be an S-adapted subgame-perfect strong e -Nash equilibrium under some sufficient condition. An example of pollution control game with stochastic absorption is given.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a crucial therapeutic target for multiple human diseases comprising type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity because it is a seminal part of a negative regulator in both insulin and leptin signaling pathways. PTP1B inhibitors increase insulin receptor sensitivity and have the ability to cure insulin resistance-related diseases. However, the few PTP1B inhibitors that entered the clinic (Ertiprotafib, ISIS-113715, Trodusquemine, and JTT-551) were discontinued due to side effects or low selectivity. Molecules with broad chemical diversity extracted from natural products have been reported to be potent PTP1B inhibitors with few side effects. This article summarizes the recent PTP1B inhibitors extracted from natural products, clarifying the current research progress, and providing new options for designing new and effective PTP1B inhibitors.

Currently, the global spread of COVID-19 is taking a heavy toll on the lives of the global population. There is an urgent need to improve and strengthen the coordination of vaccine supply chains in response to this severe pandemic. In this study, we consider a closed-loop vaccine supply chain based on a combination of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies and model the supply chain as a two-player dynamic game with inventory level as the dynamic equation of the system. The study focuses on the applicability and effectiveness of the two technologies in the vaccine supply chain and provides management insights. The impact of the application of the technologies on environmental performance is also considered in the model. We also examine factors such as the number of people vaccinated, positive and side effects of vaccines, vaccine decay rate, revenue-sharing/cost-sharing ratio, and commission ratio. The results are as follows: the correlation between the difficulty in obtaining certified vaccines and the profit of a vaccine manufacturer is not monotonous; the vaccine manufacturer is more sensitive to changes in the vaccine attenuation rate. The study's major conclusions are as follows: First, the vaccine supply chain should estimate the level of consumers' difficulty in obtaining a certified vaccine source and the magnitude of the production planning and demand forecasting error terms before adopting the two technologies. Second, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is meaningful in the vaccine supply chain when the error terms satisfy a particular interval condition.

Due to the high price and low reserve of platinum (Pt) base precious catalysts, and non-noble metal catalysts are unable to catch up with the overpotential of Pt-based electrocatalysts, more and more attention has been paid to study low-noble metal catalysts. In this work, we report a highly active and steady electrocatalyst with ruthenium and cobalt bimetal encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon material derived of ZIF-67. ZIF-67 was firstly calcined under vacuum to form nitrogen-doped carbon containing the cobalt particles, and then made Ru atoms partly replaced some Co atoms to prepare the ruthenium and cobalt bimetal catalyst. The electrocatalyst is prepared with low loading Ru (3.5 wt%) and has an excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic performance in acidic and alkaline medium. It displays the overpotential of only 23 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline solution, which even exceeds commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst. Besides, the current density of the electrocatalyst is only reduced by less than 10% after continuous operation of 10,000 s, indicating excellent durability.

A simple method similar to frying was used to pyrolysis of renewable biomass carbon milk powder in NaCl/Na2CO3 molten salt at 700 °C under the air atmosphere to prepare nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon. This preparation method displayed a simple preparation process with the low requirements for equipment and low-cost raw materials. The prepared optimal nitrogen-doped porous carbon material exhibited a hierarchical porous with macropores, mesopores, and micropores and had a high specific surface area of 1095 m2 g−1. As supercapacitors electrodes, The prepared optimal sample displayed a high specific capacitance of 391.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and an excellent rate performance. It also exhibited excellent cycle stability (only loss of 4.4% capacitance) at 4 A g−1 over 5000 cycles. Moreover, In a symmetrical two-electrode system of 1 M Na2SO4, the assembled supercapacitor displayed a high energy density of 33.0 Wh kg−1 at 0.25 A g−1, maintained a high energy density of 22.3 Wh kg−1 at 20 A g−1 and exhibited excellent stability at 5 A g−1 over 5000 cycles. The assembled symmetrical PVA/Na2SO4 solid supercapacitor can successfully light up the light emitting diode (LED). This work provided a sample and low consumption way to prepare N doped hierarchical porous carbon electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.

In this paper, we prove the stochastic homogenization of certain nonconvex Hamilton–Jacobi equations. The nonconvex Hamiltonians, which are generally uneven and inseparable, are generated by a sequence of quasiconvex Hamiltonians and a sequence of quasiconcave Hamiltonians through the min-max formula. We provide a monotonicity assumption on the contact values between those stably paired Hamiltonians so as to guarantee the stochastic homogenization.

Developing metal-free catalysts possessing high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity and splendid stability has become one of the most attractive topics in contemporary society. In this study, Triarrhena sacchariflora panicles were hydrothermally treated in KOH aqueous solution. The KOH activation was simplified. After carbonization and nitrogen doping process, the N-doped carbon material was obtained. The material presents a 3D interconnected hierarchical porous structure and an excellent ORR catalytic activity (E1/2 = 0.83 V), along with a high stability (6% loss of current density after 10,000 s) in alkaline media. Compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst (20 wt%), the catalyst exhibits a similar ORR catalytic activity and much higher stability in alkaline media. Taking this method can not only dispose of the biowaste well but also reduce the amount of KOH compared with the traditional KOH activation method, resulting in low cost and little environmental pollution.

We are grateful to editor Jan S. Hesthaven, and two anonymous reviewers for improving the initial manuscript. We thank D. Keyes and D. Peter's supporting for the High-Performance Computing facilities. The research reported in this publication was in part supported by funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). For computer time, this research used the resources of the Information Technology Division and Extreme Computing Research Center (ECRC) at KAUST.

Background Alzheimer's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in the elderly. Hypothesis/Purpose In our study, we aimed to find the best potential small molecule for AD treatment. Study design We used many models in Discovery Studio 2016 to find new potential inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), including pharmacophore model, virtual screening model, molecular docking model, de novo evolution model. Methods Ligand-based pharmacophore models were used to identify the critical chemical features of BChE inhibitors using the module of 3D QSAR Pharmacophore Generation in Discovery Studio 2016. The best pharmacophore model was then validated by cost analysis, Fischer's randomization method, 3D-QSAR Method of the training set and test set. The compounds that match the best pharmacophore model with the predicted activity Result After virtual screening, 35 compounds filtered by Lipinski's rule of five and ADMET analysis were subjected to molecular docking and then the number were narrowed down on 10 compounds based on -CDOCKER_ENERGY. Finally, we obtained and modified the best potential candidate ENA739155. Conclusion Ultimately, ENA739155_Evo with -CDOCKER_ENERGY of 47.12, estimate activity of 0.012, fit value of 10.02 could be further subjected to drug development and forwarded as better alternatives to the current batch of medicines used for the treatment of AD.

A compact high energy co-doped Tm:Ho:YAG Q-switched laser side-pumped by the 785 nm quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser diodes (LDs) at room temperature is demonstrated. Up to 130 mJ output energy at 2.1 μ m has been generated, operating at 5 Hz repetition rate with a pulse duration of 73.7 ns. The average beam quality factor of M 2 is measured to be ∼ 3.5. This laser has a simple design and compact structure, which is very suitable for many applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output energy for LDs pumped single rod Tm:Ho:YAG laser.

Cancer is a long-known incurable disease, and the medical use of cisplatin has been a significant discovery. However, the side-effects of cisplatin necessitate the development of new and improved drug. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the photoactivatable Pt(IV) compounds Pt[(X1)(X2)(Y1)(Y2)(N3)2], which have a completely novel mechanism of action. Pt(IV) can efficiently overcome the side-effects of cisplatin and other drugs. Here, we have demonstrated, summarized and discussed the effects and mechanism of these compounds. Compared to the relevant articles in the literature, we have provided a more detailed introduction and a made comprehensive classification of these compounds. We believe that our results can effectively provide a reference for the development of these drugs.

At present, the application of doped graphene have been widely studied in supercapacitor, but the preparation of co-doped graphene electrode materials for high rate performance supercapacitor is still a challenge. In this work, we reported an effective method to prepare S/N co-doped graphene (SNG-H) through a self-generated high gas pressure by heating graphene with (NH4)2SO4 and melamine in a sealed vacuum copper tube under 600 °C. During heating treatment, the self-generated high gas pressure was formed by pyrolysis of the precursors in a sealed space. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy result showed that N and S atomic percentage of SNG-H were 6.22 at% and 2.82 at% which higher than that doped method using inert gas. This result indicated that the self-generated high gas pressure by pyrolysis of the precursors in a sealed space promoted the incorporation of heteroatoms into the lattice of graphene. Meanwhile, this method avoided the resources consumption of using inert gas (N2 and Ar) and effectively reduced gas pollution emissions. As the supercapacitor electrode material, the specific capacitance of SNG-H electrode material reached 264.3 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and showed excellent rate capability at 200 mV s−1 in a three-electrode system. SNG-H also exhibited high capacitance performance, excellent rate capability (82% capacitance retention from 1 to 20 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (95%) after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1 in a symmetric two-electrode system. SNG-H was prepared through a self-generated high gas pressure in a sealed vacuum copper tube under 600 °C. This method improved the content of doped heteroatoms in SNG-H and enhanced the supercapacitor rate performance of SNG-H as an electrode material.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. Substrate-specific Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a vital role in the AD treatment. Flavonoids with AChE inhibitory activities and low toxicity are used to developing new anti-AD agents. In this study, the best 3D QSAR pharmacophore model Hypo1 was generated by HypoGen program in Discovery Studio2016 based on the training set of flavonoids. We performed a virtual screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Druglike and MiniMaybridge databases using Hypo1. From docking analyses, we got the top 10 AChE inhibitors which were further evaluated by 8 different scoring functions. De Novo Evolution designed the top 10 derivatives, and three potential AChE inhibitor candidates were obtained eventually.

Background Tyrosinase plays a key role in the formation of skin melanin. The excessive accumulation of skin melanin will cause the serious aesthetic problems for human beings. Hypothesis/purpose To find the potent tyrosinase inhibitors using computational simulation from TCM Database@Taiwan. Study design Inhibitors of tyrosinase have been thought as potential drugs for the decrease of melanin synthesis in the process of pigmentation. To develop new tyrosinase inhibitors, we performed a virtual screening from Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Druglike Databases using the best 3D QSAR pharmacophore model as a 3D search query. Methods A total of 109 compounds were obtained after filtering by Lipinski's rule of five. Finally, 148 compounds (22 from training set, 17 from test set, 109 from TCM and Druglike databases) were selected for further docking studies. De Novo Evolution designed the top 10 candidates from the docking results. Results Hypo1 was selected as the best quantitative pharmacophore model, because Hypo1 has characters of the highest cost difference (353.773), the lowest RMS (1.985), the lowest Error (121.440), and the best correlation coefficient (0.933). By the analysis of interaction amino acids in the top 10 hits including two controls, HIS42, HIS60, HIS204, HIS208, ARG209 and VAL218 are identified as the key binding site residues, ARG209 and VAL218 are the critical residues for the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase. This finding is consistent with the results from literatures. Conclusion De Novo Evolution study suggested Tyrosinase_1*_Evo_4, Tyrosinase_23*_Evo_7, magnolone.cdx_15_Evo_4, compound_2.cdx_2_Evo_2, Compound_B_Evo_5, Compound_C_Evo_9, Compound_D_Evo_6 and malabaricone_C.cdx_3_Evo_10 as the potential tyrosinase inhibitor candidates. De Novo Evolution study also suggested compound_2.cdx_2_Evo_2 as the most potential tyrosinase inhibitor candidate. A total of ten novel leading compounds were identified to have the favorable interaction with tyrosinase by the docking analyses.

The effect of dust deposition on a point-focus Fresnel lens is experimentally analyzed using a novel outdoor solar flux test system. The solar flux maps of the concentration region of the Fresnel lens are obtained. A detailed mathematical heat transfer model of the thermocouple is developed to calculate the solar flux density at a given spot temperature. The solar flux intensity and shape, spot temperature, dust deposition density, and imaging distance are analyzed. The flux spot exhibits an ellipsoidal Gaussian distribution. As the dust density increases from 0 g/m2 to 5 g/m2, the peak flux exhibits a decrease of 57.4%, and the spot temperature decreases from 307 °C to 98.1 °C. An average optical loss of 16.69% is obtained for each 1 g/m2 increase in the dust density. Error sources and estimates of the system are analyzed. The experimental measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical values. The deviation is within 8.33%, and the maximum deviation is 18.39 kW/m2.

The progress in the development of 3D self-supporting electrocatalysts is of great significance for the practical application of water electrolysis. In this work, a self-supporting transition metal phosphate was prepared, in which nickel–cobalt phosphate (NixCo1-x(PO3)2) nanoparticles wrapped in nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) were supported on partially phosphatized foamed nickel (P-NF). The particles of ZIF-67-derived Co-N co-doped carbon were fixed on NF by electroplating Ni. The following phosphating led to the NixCo1-x(PO3)2 particles wrapped in NC loading on P-NF (NiCoPO@NC/P-NF-e). The NixCo1-x(PO3)2 nanoparticles could effectively afford active sites and exhibited preeminent catalytic activity. Also, NC could improve the electrical conductivity of the sample, accelerate the transfer and transport of charge and prevent the corrosion of electrolyte to NixCo1-x(PO3)2 particles. The NiCoPO@NC/P-NF-e catalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic performances for oxygen evolution reaction in 1 M KOH and wide-pH hydrogen evolution reaction. A voltage of 1.50 V was required to reach 10 mA cm−2 for water splitting. Besides, the NiCoPO@NC/P-NF-e catalyst showed superior durability for electrolysis of water. The work completed in this study provides a potential methodology for preparing 3D self-supporting phosphate catalysts.