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Previous followership research has focused on relations between voters' personality and preferences for actual politicians' personality traits, but there is a lack of research on the relations between voters' personality and preferences for ideal political leadership styles. The aim of this research was to explore – during a presidential election – the relations between voters' HEXACO personality traits and their leadership preferences based on the circumplex leadership model. In a sample of 233 voters from Serbia, we investigated preference for presidential (charismatic, avoidant, autocratic, and democratic) leadership styles using a vignettes-based measure. The results revealed that a charismatic style (high communion and high agency) was – in line with our proposed functional principle – the most preferred style. Furthermore, HEXACO Emotionality and Honesty-Humility were most consistently related to preferred presidential leadership styles. Emotionality was positively related to a preference for a charismatic and democratic style and negatively to a preference for an autocratic style. Honesty-Humility was negatively related to a preference for an avoidant and autocratic style. We propose that the results for Emotionality may be explained by the need fulfillment principle, whereas the results for the remaining traits may be explained by the similarity principle.

The BFI-2 has been known to be suboptimal in assessing HEXACO Honesty-Humility (H). Recently, Denissen, Soto, Geenen, John, and van Aken (2022) attempted to improve the BFI-2's coverage of H by adding an Honesty facet to the Agreeableness scale. The present research was conducted to examine how well H variance is accounted for by this expanded BFI-2 Agreeableness scale. The results (N = 434) indicated that expanded BFI-2 Agreeableness did not noticeably improve the variance accounted for in HEXACO-60 Honesty-Humility, nor did it increase the prediction of H-related outcome variables. However, the BFI-2's coverage of H could be substantially enhanced by an ad hoc 3-facet H scale developed in this study, which defined a factor separate from the five defined by the original 15 BFI-2 facet scales.

The recent rise in controversial politicians has garnered substantial interest in the assessment of their personality. Observer ratings of politicians' personality, however, may suffer from evaluative and value-related biases. Evaluative biases are likely to differentially affect personality ratings of preferred and non-preferred politicians, whereas value-related biases are likely to affect ratings of honesty-humility and openness to experience of preferred politicians in line with the self-based heuristic or assumed similarity effect. In a stratified sample (final N = 203) of the Dutch population, respondents/voters provided self-ratings and observer ratings of the political leaders of the seven largest political parties on the HEXACO Simplified Personality Inventory (HEXACO-SPI). Findings showed evaluative biases on honesty-humility, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Furthermore, observer ratings of politicians were generally lower than self-ratings on honesty-humility and higher on extraversion, suggesting high perceived politicians' narcissism. Findings on the value-related bias showed that assumed similarity was higher for honesty-humility and openness to experience among politicians of a preferred party than among politicians of non-preferred parties. Additionally, assumed similarity effects were also present for emotionality among preferred politicians and for extraversion and conscientiousness among both preferred and non-preferred politicians, suggesting a self-based prototypicality effect.

Studies on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) often include check questions in personality inventories to ensure data quality. However, a subset of MTurk workers may give only meaningful responses to these checks while giving noncompliant responses to the other questions. We demonstrate in an analysis of five MTurk datasets using the statistical approach of Lee and Ashton (2018) that this selectively responsive subset can be detected on the HEXACO personality inventory. Our lower bound estimate is that at least 2% in each sample did not get caught with the check questions while giving noncompliant responses on the personality inventory. Overall, researchers who strive to remove noise due to noncompliant responding may benefit from complementing check questions with a statistical approach.

Vandalism, the intentional act to destruct or to deface a property not one's own, has received surprisingly little attention in psychological research so far. The present contribution addresses this gap and applies a basic personality perspective to vandalism. Here, we focused on one specific manifestation of vandalism, that is, destroying things for pleasure. In the present study (N = 221), we assessed individual differences in sadism, the dark triad of psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism as well as the HEXACO personality model. Multiple regression analyses revealed that individual differences in sadism predict vandalistic acts that are executed for pleasure. This relation was shown to be independent of the dark triad and the HEXACO dimensions. As such, the present contribution suggests that sadistic orientations might play a role in vandalistic acts that are executed for pleasure. Implications for research on sadism and vandalism are discussed.

The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of the Dark Triad (psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism) over HEXACO traits in explanation of two functions of aggression – reactive and proactive aggression. Given the mixed results about gender differences in adult aggression, the relations between aggression and dark and basic personality traits were analyzed separately by gender. A Reactive–Proactive Questionnaire, the Short Dark Triad, and the HEXACO–60 personality inventory were administered on a sample of 632 participants from the general population (49.9% female). Results showed that, while psychopathy highly predicted proactive aggression in males, in females Machiavellianism and HEXACO traits also had a significant contribution. In the case of reactive aggression, psychopathy and Machiavellianism had significant effects, but Agreeableness emerged as the most important predictor, in both males and females. Besides Agreeableness, Emotionality also had a significant effect on reactive aggression, but only among females. The results highlight the importance of a broader personality constellation in explanation of aggression, especially female aggression.

The aim of the present study was to explore the subtypes of offenders based on psychopathic traits in a sample of 127 adult homicide offenders (n = 40.3% convicted of murder, n = 32.6% convicted of aggravated murder, n = 27.1% convicted of attempted murder). A two-step cluster analysis of the four factors of psychopathy yielded three clusters, which were then compared on the general dimensions of personality defined by the HEXACO model, intelligence, sadism and psychopathology variables conceptualized by the MMPI-202. Cluster 1 was characterized by moderate scores on psychopathy factors, Agreeableness and aggressiveness. Cluster 2 was a psychopathic-like group with the highest scores on psychopathy factors, sadism, aggressiveness and paranoia, and with the lowest scores on Emotionality and Agreeableness. Cluster 3 was a non-psychopathic group with the lowest scores on psychopathy factors and aggressiveness, and with the highest scores on Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility. There were no significant differences between the clusters on intelligence, Openness to experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and a number of psychopathological variables, including depression and anxiety. Present findings did not provide support for the distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy. The current study further contributes to the person-oriented research of psychopathy by emphasizing the differences between the individuals with high, moderate and low psychopathic traits.

The concept of Light Triad composed of Faith in Humanity, Humanism, and Kantianism, which describes loving and beneficent orientation towards others has been recently proposed as an antithesis to the Dark Triad concept of malevolent personality. Previous studies have shown these three traits are relatively distinct, that the Light Triad is largely irreducible to both the Dark Triad and basic personality traits, and that this construct predicts various growth-oriented and self-transcending outcomes. Two studies presented here aim to cross-validate the structural composition of this novel construct, test its irreducibility to the broader models of dark traits (Dark Tetrad) and personality (HEXACO + psychoticism), and examine its incremental value beyond dark traits in the prediction of social worldviews, militant extremist mindset, and conspiracism. Study 1 corroborated previous findings of three correlated yet distinct light traits that are related but not reducible to the Dark Tetrad. Study 2 has shown that the Light Triad is reducible to broad personality domains no more than the dark traits are, although the light traits, in contrast to the dark ones, proved to be poor predictors of adverse socio-psychological “outcomes”. Measurement and conceptual issues and limitations of the Light Triad are discussed.

Research on authoritarianism is increasingly focusing on distinctions among its three facets: authoritarian aggression, authoritarian submission, and conventionalism. We use convenience samples from the U.S. (N = 187) and Denmark (N = 226) to explore the HEXACO personality correlates of the authoritarian facets. As expected, Openness was the most pronounced (negative) predictor of the full-scale authoritarianism and its three facets, and results with Conscientiousness were not significant but were consistent with the modest (positive) associations typically reported. Most important was the predictable differences in the relations the facets had with Honesty-Humility, which was more positively related to conventionalism than authoritarian aggression in the U.S. sample, but not in the Danish sample. Interestingly, the U.S. sample scored significantly higher in authoritarianism and its facets than the Danish sample. We offer a tentative account concerning the desirability of authoritarian beliefs in the two national contexts.

Our study applies a person-centered approach to the HEXACO model of personality using latent profile analysis (LPA). While the traditional variable-centered approach assumes that the relations among variables within a population are homogenous, the person-centered approach identifies subgroups within samples that have similar scores on several variables of interest, in this case, the six factors of personality. Data from two independent samples were collected at a large North American university. The results of LPA revealed five distinct and interpretable profiles that replicated and were found to be consistent across both samples. We discuss how our findings attest to the meaningfulness of personality profiles, and suggest additional ways in which a person-centered approach might be applied in personality research.

Prior research using economic games has shown that personality drives cooperation in social dilemmas. In this study, we tested the generalizability of these findings in a real-life social dilemma during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely stockpiling in the presence of low versus high resource scarcity. Honesty-Humility was negatively related to stockpiling intentions and justifiability of stockpiling. Moreover, we found a positive albeit weaker effect of Emotionality on stockpiling intentions. Victim Sensitivity was mostly positively associated with stockpiling intentions. None of the personality traits interacted with resource scarcity to predict stockpiling. Our findings replicate established associations between personality and cooperation in a real-life social dilemma, and suggest that the characteristics of interdependent situations during a pandemic additionally afford the expression of Emotionality.

CPAP is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), though low adherence rates limit its benefits. Previous research has linked personality to a range of health behaviours including CPAP adherence. In keeping with these findings it was hypothesised that CPAP adherence would be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with emotionality. The present study also tested for an interaction between conscientiousness and emotionality as well as investigating the relationship between personality facets and adherence. Participants were 110 adults, diagnosed with OSA. After approximately one month's treatment, average nightly usage for the previous week was downloaded from the CPAP device. Participants also completed the HEXACO Personality Inventory – revised. Contrary to expectation, there was no significant relationship between CPAP adherence and conscientiousness or emotionality and no significant interaction. However, the diligence facet of conscientiousness showed a significant positive correlation with CPAP adherence (r = .23, p < .05). Unanticipated negative correlations were also found between CPAP adherence and agreeableness and two of its facets: gentleness (r = –.33, p < .01) and patience (r = –.22, p < .05). The results provide support for an association between CPAP adherence and personality. It is recommended that future research focus on facet level measurement, in particular the personality facets associated with conscientiousness and agreeableness., Psychology; Clinical research; Continuous positive airway pressure; Adherence; Personality; HEXACO; Obstructive sleep apnea

The paper presents data collected using measures of personality, Islamic religiosity, psychological well-being, unethical behavior, and dark triad traits. The sample consists 277 Bruneian Malay Muslim university students. The participants were sampled at a public university in Brunei. Through cooperation with faculty members, a link to the online questionnaire was posted on the learning management system platform. The targeted population was informed they were invited to participate voluntarily, and all information would be confidential. Completed questionnaires were submitted by 171 females and 106 males. The age ranged between 18 and 30 years old (M = 19.62, SD = 1.65). This data article presented the demographic characteristics of participants, followed by descriptive statistics of the measures concerning primarily personality and Islamic religiosity, followed by brief measures of psychological nature specifically psychological well-being, unethical behavior, and dark triad traits. Reliability and correlation details of measures were also provided. The comprehensive data, as detailed out in this paper, has various potential for further research and analyses by researchers who are interested in the measures and data presented.

Alternative analytic methods may help resolve the dimensionality of personality and the content of those dimensions. Here we tested the structure of personality using spectral clustering and conventional factor analysis. Study 1 analysed responses from 20,993 subjects taking the 300-item IPIP NEO personality questionnaire. For factor analysis, a five-factor solution recovered the FFM domains while the six-factor solution yielded only a small and hard to interpret sixth factor. By contrast, spectral clustering analysis yielded six-cluster solutions congruent with the HEXACO model. Study 2 analysed data from 1,128 subjects taking the 100-item HEXACO-PI-R. Unambiguous support was found for a six-cluster solution. The psychological content of the 6 clusters and their relationship to the FFM domains is discussed.

This study examined the relationship between personality traits and political attitudes in a study of college-students (N = 1389) and an MTurk sample (N = 281) from America. The association between openness and political liberalism was replicated using two different measures of openness. Narcissism, extraversion, psychopathy, contentiousness, and honesty were associated with political conservatism. Machiavellianism was associated with low rates of political liberalism. This study has the potential to inform the conversation about the utility of personality traits to understand political attitudes.

Most past research has focused mainly on the personality of the victims of bullying and not on the personality of workplace bullies. Some researchers have suggested that bullies and their victims may share bully-typifying personality traits. The aims of this study were to find out what characterizes the personalities of workplace bullies and their victims, and to investigate the relationship between the Dark Triad, HEXACO and workplace bullying. We tested three hypotheses. H1: Machiavellianism and Psychopathy, but not Narcissism, predict the use of bullying tactics (i.e., bullying perpetration). H2: (Low) Honesty-Humility, (low) Agreeableness and (high) Extraversion predict the use of bullying tactics. H3: Honesty-Humility moderates the association between Machiavellianism and the use of bullying tactics. Employees in southwestern Sweden (N = 172; 99 women) across various occupations and organizations were surveyed. Negative Acts Questionnaire-Perpetrators (NAQ-P) and Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) were used to assess the use of bullying tactics and victimization. NAQ-P was correlated with NAQ-R (r = .27), indicating some overlap between the use of bullying tactics and victimization. NAQ-P was correlated with Machiavellianism (.60), Psychopathy (.58), Narcissism (.54), Agreeableness (-.34), Honesty-Humility (-.29) and Extraversion (.28). The results of linear regressions confirmed H1, but only partially confirmed H2: Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, (low) Agreeableness and (high) Extraversion explained 32%, 25%, 27% and 19%, respectively, of the variation in the NAQ-P. Replicating past research, NAQ-R was correlated with Neuroticism (.27), Extraversion (-.22), Openness (-.19) and Conscientiousness (-.16). Neuroticism explained 25% and (low) Extraversion 17% of the variation in the NAQ-R. Confirming H3, Honesty-Humility moderated the relationship between the NAQ-P and Machiavellianism. We conclude that bullies, but not their victims, are callous, manipulative, extravert and disagreeable, and that dishonest Machiavellians are the biggest bullies of all. In practice, the victims of workplace bullying need strong and supportive leadership to protect them from bullies with exploitative and manipulative personality profiles., Quality of life; Occupational health; Pathology; Diagnostics; Psychology; Workplace bullying, The bullied and the bully, Dark Triad, HEXACO, NAQ-R, NAQ-P, SD3, MiniIPIP-6.

Across different experiments we show that individual differences in Honesty-Humility predict exploitation in economic games, and that this relation is moderated by situational power. Power was manipulated by comparing games in which allocators either had absolute power (dictator game), intermediate (delta game), or shared power (ultimatum game) over joint outcomes. We developed the power-exploitation affordances hypothesis that predicts that allocators with lower Honesty-Humility act more exploitative when they have absolute power than when their power is intermediate or shared. Additionally, we also tested these predictions for the actual earnings in these games. The results were generally supportive of our main hypotheses. Our findings contribute to understanding situational and personality effects on how individuals behave in positions of power (e.g., leaders).

In this paper, the relationships between the HEXACO personality model and socio-political attitudes were investigated. It was hypothesized that the relationship between Honesty–Humility and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and that between Openness and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) were moderated by interest in politics. Three hundred and forty-four individuals participated in the study. Results showed that Honesty–Humility affected SDO and Openness affected RWA more strongly among individuals with a higher level of interest in politics. Facet-level analyses revealed that Humility and Experiential Openness were uniquely connected to ideology. These effects were also moderated by interest in politics.

Aim: The purpose of the study was two-fold: first, to compare the NEO-PI and HEXACO personality inventories and to determine the major dimensions of personality, and next, to explore for any sex differences on the personality dimensions. Method: Using a stratified random sampling procedure, 613 students (270 males and 343 females) out of a total of 12221 university students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years were recruited for the study. The short forms of the NEO-PI (60 items) and the HEXACO (100 items) were administered. The data obtained were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multivariate analyses of variance. Results: Findings revealed high reliability scores for all the subscales of both instruments. Significant positive correlations between the extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness scales of the two inventories were obtained (p

Prosocial behavior covers the broad range of actions intended to benefit others rather than oneself. Research related to dispositional determinants of prosocial behavior showed that the best predictor of prosocial behavior is personality trait Honesty-Humility (HH) represented in the HEXACO model. The low pole of the HH was found to be essentially identical to the common core of the Dark Triad (DT ; i.e. Machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism and psychopathy), which has been linked to callousness, exploitation and manipulation, as well as antisocial behavior. Given the substantial overlap between the HH and the DT traits, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosocial tendencies and the “good” and the “bad” traits, comparing their contributions in predicting prosociality. Data was collected within a larger on-line survey on 689 students from various universities in Croatia (552 female and 137 male), and all variables were assessed via self-report measures (Prosocial Personality Battery, HEXACO-60, and Short Dark Triad). Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the “bad” traits explain prosociality above and beyond the “good” traits as well as the whole HEXACO model, emphasizing the importance of the DT in the personality space.