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4-Quinolyl isothiocyanates were synthesized in a regiospecific fashion from the corresponding 4-chloroquinolines and silver thiocyanate in refluxing toluene. The products were isolated in quantitative yield and high purity (>95%) by simple filtration and concentration. Reactivity and mechanism of the reaction are discussed. The new approach would provide a new mean which had been lacking for the synthesis of functionalized 4-quinolinyl isothiocyanate.

The solid-phase synthesis of a dipeptide derived 2-amino-3-oxohexahydroindolizino[8,7-b]indole-5-carboxylate system (IBTM) is described. The IBTM moiety is formed via a solid-phase mediated Pictet–Spengler reaction of N-terminal tryptophan and the 4-{N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)-3-methylbutyl]amino}benzyl (Dmab) ester of Fmoc protected aspartic acid β-aldehyde followed by γ-lactamization. This synthesis allows the regio- and stereoselective incorporation of a dipeptide surrogate of type II′ β-turns. The procedure is easily adaptable to combinatorial synthesis and a 576-member library was synthesized.

Tissue Polypeptide Specific-Antigen (TPS), a marker of cell proliferation, was evaluated in 258 patients, 216 with breast carcinoma and 42 with benign breast disease. TPS was measured pre-operatively in 98 patients and correlated with stage of disease showing a progression from Stage I through to Stage IV disease. TPS increased with increasing tumour size, however, TPS levels did not correlate with the number of involved lymph nodes. TPS was measured during follow-up in 118 patients, 64 had no evidence of recurrence, 23 had evidence of loco-regional recurrence and 31 had evidence of metastatic disease. TPS levels were significantly elevated in all categories of recurrence and were highest in patients with disseminated disease. Patients with elevated TPS during follow-up were more likely to experience disease progression on further follow-up. This preliminary study demonstrates that this marker may be useful as an index of tumour burden and deserves further evaluation in a large population to determine whether it can aid in the identification and follow-up of patients with recurrent disease.

errors up to 1 cm in the anterior direction. The resulting DVHs of the two methods were highly similar. When using IMRT for the three cases, robust optimization resulted in less homogeneity in the nominal scenario and more homogeneity in the shifted scenario than the virtual bolus method. For VMAT, robust optimization resulted in more homogeneous plans for all cases and scenarios. Mean dose statistics over the three patient cases are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Mean dose statistics over the three patient cases for the robust optimization method and the virtual bolus method in the nominal scenario and with the patient shifted 1 cm anteriorly (in parentheses). The homogeneity index (HI) is defined as (D2-D98)/D50 and denotes the mean dose.

Crystal structure defect concentration from measurement of excess electric resistance in gold wires subjected to high hydrostatic pressure

The neurogenic bladder provides many challenging problems in its treatment. Causation, proper urologic evaluation, and treatment of neurogenic bladder are discussed with emphasis on surgical techniques, such as relieving distal obstruction, alternative measures of urinary diversion, and the use of vesical stimulators. Preservation of renal function is the prime objective of all modes of therapy.

Vacancy relaxations in bcc crystals using energy dependence on radial displacements from defect of nearest neighbor sets, discussing crystal size and shape

1. 1. A fluorometric assay for serum xanthine oxidase activity that could be used as a back-up to current tests in the differential diagnosis of acute liver damage is described. 2. 2. High levels of serum xanthine oxidase activity were found in acute liver damage. Values were low in other liver or non-liver diseases.