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This multimethod study investigated nursing staff’s perception of teamwork within blood and marrow transplant and immune cell therapy units. Higher teamwork scores (Nursing Teamwork Survey) were related to higher job satisfaction and teamwork satisfaction. Perceptions of adequate staffing corresponded with higher teamwork scores. Higher levels of education were related to Team Leadership and Backup subscales. Thematic analysis identified themes for presence (cohesiveness, helping without asking, shared goal of patient care) and absence of teamwork (not helping one another, negative impact on patient care, chaos, tension). Three themes emerged for improving teamwork: take initiative to help, communication, treat one another positively.

Positive and cohesive mother-father-child triadic interactions have substantial benefits for socio-emotional growth in early childhood. Nonetheless, the joint contributions of infant-mother and infant-father attachment relationships to triadic interaction quality are not well understood. The present study examined associations between attachment configurations with mother and father in infancy (i.e., double secure, double insecure, or discordant) and observed triadic interaction quality in early childhood, as well as the possible mediating role of children's preferences for one parent over the other during the triadic interaction. Infant-mother and infant-father attachment quality were assessed in laboratory procedures at one year of age in a predominantly White and middle-class sample (N = 67) of American families. Triadic family interaction quality and children's parental preferences were assessed from semi-structured observations at age 3. Results indicated that double secure families exhibited significantly better triadic interaction quality than both double insecure and discordant families, with no differences between the latter two groups. Children in discordant families were disproportionately likely to show a preference for one parent over the other. In turn, stronger parental preferences were related to less cohesive, less affectively positive, and more disengaged triadic interactions, and mediated links from attachment discordance to both lower cohesiveness and greater disengagement. Findings speak to the importance of incorporating observational assessments of dyadic and triadic family interactions involving both mothers and fathers to elucidate family system influences on early development.

The dependence of powder flowability on particle cohesion can often be captured by a dimensionless Bond number, however, whether the same is true for powder spreadability remains unclear. This paper thus presents a particle-scale study on the spreading of cohesive fine powders for additive manufacturing, focusing on the combined effect of particle size and surface cohesiveness. With an experimental validated model, detailed analysis revealed two competing mechanisms due to geometrical constraint and interparticle cohesion. For small particles that allows multiple particles across blade clearance, layer homogeneity is largely maintained before deteriorating sharply, while for large particles that forming a mono-layered packing structure, an optimum homogeneity can be obtained at a moderate level of particle cohesion. The efficacy of increasing blade clearance to improve layer quality was also evaluated. This study can help to identify a critical set of powder descriptors that defines spreading performance.

In group-living animals, behavioural contagion is associated with essential functions such as information acquisition and group cohesion. Studies have shown that several social factors (e.g. familiarity, dominance, the mother–offspring relationship) affect behavioural contagion. However, as previous research has focused mostly on play signals and yawning, it is unclear whether such social biases apply to all types of contagious behaviour. Using data from a group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, we investigated the social biases associated with the contagion of vigilance. Our findings revealed that vigilance exhibited by a given individual was more contagious to lower-ranked than to higher-ranked individuals. In addition, vigilance was more contagious to mothers from their offspring than vice versa. Thus, the susceptibility to vigilance exhibited by others varies according to the social status of each individual and the relationship between each pair of individuals. By contrast, we did not find any effects of kinship on vigilance contagion. This implies that familiarity bias, which is often reported to be associated with the contagion of yawning and play signals, does not influence vigilance contagion. Overall, our findings indicate that behavioural contagion does not occur with equal likelihood but is affected by the interplay between the type of behaviour and social structures.

Despite being a popular policy tool to promote household waste separation in local communities, role model strategies have been shown to achieve only mixed success so far. The reasons for their varied performance are not clearly understood. The present study aims to address this important issue by exploring how the influence of role models varies with the social, economic, and demographic features of local residential areas. Interrupted time series analyses of monthly observations of public participation in a large waste sorting program in Hangzhou, China have been conducted to test the theoretical propositions. The results show that role models increased the overall program participation level by 5.3%. This positive influence was greater in areas with stronger group cohesion, higher economic level, and a younger population. However, role models had a minimal effect among people with a low contribution predisposition. These findings demonstrate that the influence of role models on household recycling depends significantly on local contexts and personal idiosyncrasy, implying ways to improve the effectiveness of role model strategies in motivating residents’ sustainable behavior.

Community search in node-attributed network returns a subgraph that contains the query vertices, and can be used in a wide range of applications domain in real world. However, most existing works ignore the influence among nodes. This leads to inaccuracy in many scenarios which require communities with high expansibility. So a few recent studies have tried to consider the influence in community search. But they ignore the attributes cohesiveness of community. Therefore, this research proposes two influential community search algorithms by taking both the influence and node attributes into consideration. We propose a novel scoring function to check the cohesiveness of the community. Our method can find the attributed pkd-truss community by maximizing the attribute and influence relevance scoring function. In order to enable effective community search in large network, we develop a graph refining algorithm and pruning rule. So our methods can provide more personalized and effective subgraph searching for big data, which can enable many downstream applications such as recommendation of dating sites, setting up of social events and other e-commerce applications. The experimental work on four networks with ground-truth communities confirms that our methods can effectively find the personalized community and have better performance than existing approaches.

The establishment and maintenance of strong affiliative relationships is fundamental for group cohesion and crucial for overall individual well-being. Empathy is considered a critical process for promoting attachment and the long-term stability of social bonds. However, it is unclear how different modalities of social communication contribute to the development of empathy. Physical contact between individuals, such as gentle touching, is a highly salient form of social communication. Despite mounting evidence that touch may be crucial for promoting social bonds, the role of touch in the development of empathy is currently not well understood. Animal models have become a powerful tool for the experimental manipulation and examination of empathy related behaviors such as emotional contagion. Here, we use the Tube Co-Occupancy Test (TCOT) to promote voluntary physical contact between mice and examine whether social, physical contact promotes emotional contagion of pain between mice. We found that repeated exposure to TCOT promoted the development of emotional contagion between mice. However, preventing physical contact in the TCOT assay also prevented the development of emotional contagion of pain. These results demonstrate that voluntary physical contact is a critical component in the formation of social bonding and emotional contagion in mice.

Background Our objective was to examine the influence of silence on team action in the operating room. Methods We conducted a constructed grounded theory study with semi-structured interviews with 25 interprofessional surgical team members. Using a framework of silence as communication and performance, transcripts were iteratively team-coded to develop themes and a conceptual model. Results OR silence is expressed verbally and nonverbally. Two contexts of silence were identified: homogenous as collective action, and disparate, as disengagement. Complex and dynamic, two primary themes emerged, Power that often shuts down communication, and Focus during critical moments. Five additional sub-themes included critical moments, respect, self-reflection, personal preference, and, bad mood. Conclusion OR silence is not an absence of communication and requires a response. Whether homogenous through cohesiveness, or desperate as a solitary act, OR silence is a call to action. Examining silence as a part discourse has important implications on surgical team function.

Public acceptance is critical to the successful implementation of renewable energy policy. Most of the literature on public acceptance within the community framework has focused on the tension between neighboring communities or the conflict between state planning processes and the needs of local communities. The community, in these cases, is often categorized as a unified and homogeneous unit of measurement. This emphasis on aggregate numbers at the regional and national levels rather than the community level conceals the inequalities that are likely to lurk beneath the surface and therefore hinder the renewable transformation. In an effort to understand the nuances of renewable energy conflict within a community and its effect on public acceptance, this article examines the acceptance of the establishment of renewable energy projects on a kibbutz and a moshav – two cooperative forms of rural settlement in Israel. Our findings suggest that policymakers interested in promoting renewable energy should also pay attention to inner community dynamics in order to foster bridge building initiatives and community cohesiveness. If the priority is to maintain the cohesion of an existing community, policymakers should first seek fairness and respect social acceptance. In both cases, religion was found to act as a strong pacifying factor shaping both community cohesion and community acceptance. In addition, it was found that a deep split within the community renders the introduction of monetary incentives inconsequential.

This study explores and tests the role of top-level supportive leadership on both individual and group members in hospitality and tourism firms, examining the trickle-down model of top-level supportive leadership through not only middle-level supportive leadership, but group cohesion and also moderation of top-level supportive leadership on both middle-level supportive leadership–service quality and group cohesion–service quality relationships, which extend and enrich the trickle-down model of leadership. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to assess a sample of 2009 employee–supervisor pairs across 112 departments in 35 Chinese hospitality and tourism firms. The results suggest that top-level supportive leadership relates positively to employees’ service quality, which trickles down through middle-level supportive leadership, excepting group cohesion; top-level supportive leadership strengthens the positive effect of middle-level supportive leadership on employee service quality, triggering positive effects of group cohesion.

Recent studies have shown that agricultural legacies can have a lasting effect on cultural formation. However, to date, the literature has not examined how the agricultural origins of culture affect individual preferences for modern technology. This paper addresses this gap by investigating how the agricultural origins of individualist and collectivist cultures have affected individual attitudes towards contemporary science and technology, at the subnational level. Its results suggest that societies that have historically cultivated low labor-intensive crops, which demand individualistic behavior, have developed favorable attitudes towards technology. Conversely, societies that cultivated labor-intensive crops, which required intense cooperation and cohesiveness among farming communities, developed collectivist norms, which in turn led to their exhibiting a lower affinity to, and preference for, technology. This study’s findings advance our understanding of how the diversity of agricultural legacies can explain subnational differences in individual’s attitudes towards modern scientific progress.

In mammals, allogrooming is prominent in forming and maintaining social and cooperative relationships. Yet an animal's social time is constrained, which may limit its access to a large number of partners. Dunbar (1993, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16 (4), 681–694) proposed that human polyadic conversations, which allow access to several social partners simultaneously, evolved as a form of social grooming to circumvent this time constraint. In nonhuman primates, polyadic grooming (PG), in contrast to dyadic grooming, may similarly be a time-efficient way to maintain weak social relationships with many partners which can be important for group level cooperation. It remains unknown whether PG is used to fulfil specific cooperative needs by accessing numerous weakly bonded partners and increasing the number of partners accessed per unit of time. We compared the use and effect of PG between chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, which are highly territorial and collaborative (especially males), and bonobos, Pan paniscus, which are less territorial and collaborative and in which females are the main co-operators. We carried out focal grooming observations in one bonobo and two chimpanzee communities in the wild. As predicted, chimpanzees engaged in more PG than bonobos. Surprisingly, males engaged in PG more than females in both species. While chimpanzees accessed more partners per minute of grooming than bonobos via dyadic grooming, PG increased the number of partners accessed per minute only in bonobos. Finally, chimpanzees primarily used PG with individuals who were close in rank and frequent grooming partners, whereas bonobos used PG with individuals who were distant in rank, close party associates and frequent grooming partners. We suggest that bonobo males use PG to enhance conspecific social tolerance and mate choice. The overall higher rate of PG in chimpanzees suggests that between-group competition may promote polyadic affiliation, which possibly reinforces group cohesion and coordination. © 2020 The Authors

Background Decades after the AACN (2004) position statement regarding the clinical doctorate, the DNP, shows ongoing dialogue without professional consensus regarding the two terminal degrees. The lack of understanding and confusion surrounding the two doctoral degrees in nursing subsequently projects a negative image about the profession; suggesting a lack of cohesiveness; promotes an environment of distrust, thereby creating confusion for the public about the nursing profession. Purpose The purpose of this qualitative research was to develop a substantive theory about the perceptions and the attitudes of doctoral nurses regarding their roles. Method An adapted approach of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology was used. Sampling was purposive, snowball, and theoretical. Theoretical sampling with an expert group validated concepts, themes, and categories. Results The main categories of advancing, collaborating, transforming, and stewarding emerged from the data. The basic social process of Following the Path identified and explained the meaning ascribed by DNP and PhD nurses about their doctoral roles. Conclusions The theoretical framework provides information about the DNP and PhD nurse. The findings support evidence the nursing profession is moving forward towards self-definition. Acceptance and need for the doctoral roles were identified. Understanding the perspectives of the doctoral nurses in the profession has identified forward movement in practice and cohesion of the nursing discipline.

Board interlock networks are known to exhibit concentration of influence by a small group of elites. In this paper, we study a policy intervention aiming to curb this influence. We analyze the evolution of Indian board interlocking network from 2008 to 2016, a period that covers pre- and post-enactment of government regulation ( Companies Act, 2013 ) limiting the number of directorships held by a single director. We utilize this enactment as an exogenous shock to analyze its effects on architecture of the network. To quantify the changes in cohesiveness, we extract the core-periphery structure in terms of the k -cores of the network and study its evolution over the years. Impacts of the regulation are strikingly demonstrated by fracture of the innermost core of the pre-regulation period into two new cores in the post-regulation period. At the macroscopic level, we find substantial changes in the degree distribution as the network became more egalitarian in terms of connectivity from an erstwhile highly unequal degree distribution. While the actual degree and coreness of companies had undergone substantial changes, we find that relative ranks in terms of degree or coreness of individual companies were very persistent. Empirically, we find that the same social and economic factors that determine the degree/coreness of a company before and after the regulation. We conclude that the regulation reduced concentration of elite control through changes in the core-periphery organization and degree distribution, while mobility of the companies across the network was low and stable throughout the entire period.

There is increasing evidence that animal personality can affect many aspects of an individual's behaviour, life history and fitness. However, there have been few studies about the link between personality and social organization in the context of wild mammals in their own natural environments. This article reports on ecologically relevant data, linking experimental data from the wild to long-term social association data in a socially and cognitively complex mammal species (bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus). Here, I used behavioural data to describe personality differences between bottlenose dolphins and social network analysis to assess the relationship between personality and social structure. First, I measured the reaction of photo-identified individuals over time and across contexts as a trade-off between a novelty-seeking behaviour (boldness) and a novelty-averse behaviour (shyness). Second, I applied social network analysis to understand the link between the observed shy–bold continuum and social organization, while controlling for other factors that could contribute to affiliation. This study presents for the first time consistent individual differences in behavioural response to novelty, as a proxy for the shy–bold continuum, in wild bottlenose dolphins. Bold individuals had a central role in the social network with stronger associations than shy individuals, suggesting that bold individuals may play an important role in group cohesion, group stability and the spread of information through the network. Together, these findings provide insights into how a social network is structured by personality in wild bottlenose dolphins, with potential fitness consequences. Furthermore, this study provides additional evidence of the existence of social personalities in nonhuman animals and contributes to the understanding of the role of personality in determining the extent to which mammals associate with others.

Scientific research is typically focused on experimentation, production of data, and manuscript preparation in a field with immense pressure to succeed. In the face of such pressures, there are many benefits to paying attention to the people behind the research. Here, Professor Ye Zhou describes his efforts for group cohesion and the power of a lab slogan.

North Americas’ population today constitutes more people of diverse backgrounds than ever before. Consequently, nurses are faced with caring for patients that they may or may not have prior knowledge of patients’ cultures, values, practices, attitudes, and behaviours. Therefore, better preparing future nurses is of utmost importance. Educators of undergraduate nursing programs have an opportunity to reassess current student learning experiences and refocus on respecting and valuing the individuality of student learning within diverse classrooms. Being knowledgeable of potential barriers and challenges for students can support efforts for accommodation. The objective of this manuscript is to highlight various teaching strategies for educators to promote communication, build confidence and develop cohesiveness within classrooms, hence, enriching the learning environment. As a result, classroom inclusivity leads to cultural humility in nursing students, enhanced quality of client care, improved nursing practice, and reduced health disparities amongst diverse populations.

Objectives Collegiate student-athletes often engage in health-risk behaviors such as alcohol misuse and hazing, but the literature in this domain lacks evidence pertaining to how peers shape attitudes towards such behaviors. We investigated how peer acceptance and social cohesion relate to attitudes towards alcohol use, marijuana use, drinking and driving, playing through a concussion, performance enhancing substance use, and hazing. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Participants were 387 NCAA athletes from 23 intact teams. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the extent that health-risk attitudes clustered within teams and enabled us to disentangle individual-level and group-level effects of peer acceptance and social cohesion. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients revealed that health-risk attitudes clustered within teams. At the individual-level, student-athletes who perceived higher levels of peer acceptance, relative to teammates, held riskier attitudes towards alcohol use, playing through a concussion, and hazing. Meanwhile, those who perceived higher levels of social cohesion relative to teammates held less risky attitudes towards playing through a concussion. At the group-level, teams with greater peer acceptance held less risky attitudes towards playing through a concussion, whereas teams with greater social cohesion held riskier attitudes toward playing through a concussion. Conclusions These data indicated that health-risk behaviors may cluster within teams, and that peer acceptance and cohesiveness are differentially associated with attitudes toward risky behavior. Given that peer influence is a multilevel phenomenon, it is prudent that prevention efforts leverage social processes within teams, while reducing pressures to engage in risky behaviors.

In the real world, people organize and participate in many group activities. Group recommendation that finds out preferable items for a group of users is a challenging problem since it is difficult to properly aggregate diverse preferences among the members. Group cohesion denotes proportion of group members who actively participate in various activities relevant to group’s objectives. In a strongly cohesive group, most members actively participate in group decision, while many of group members in a weakly cohesive group are bystanders who just follow the other member’s decision. Since group cohesion is an important factor in group recommendation, the concept of group cohesion needs to be properly reflected to the recommendation model. We present a new approach about group recommendation that appropriately captures group cohesion. A hybrid model that considers content information and rating data simultaneously is also proposed to alleviate a well-known data sparsity problem in group recommendation. We use a heterogeneous information network (HIN) that can contain rich information about entities and relationships from which additional content information can be extracted. Then, this information is properly incorporated to the group recommendation model. Experimental results on the real datasets show that our proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods and improves recommendation performances significantly.

Traditional methods of crowd evacuation simulation mainly focus on improving crowd evacuation efficiency while many assumptions reduce the visual realism of crowd evacuation. The data-driven method is an effective way to enhance the visual realism of crowd simulation whose main idea is to approach the trajectories of crowd movements and social attributes in real video as much as possible. However, the existing work lacks consideration of variable scenarios and dynamic movements which decreases the visual realism of crowd simulation. To address this problem, we present a reinforcement learning based data-driven crowd evacuation (RL-DCE) framework. In the proposed framework, a data-driven crowd evacuation (DCE) model is established first. The model extracts the dynamic characteristics (such as the position and the velocity) from videos to quantify the cohesiveness which is one of the most important social attributes of crowds. Then, we propose a cohesiveness based K-means (C-K-means) algorithm to group the crowd and merge the individual’s trajectories according to the groups. Second, a hierarchical path planning mechanism is proposed. In this mechanism, the top-layer employs the Q-learning algorithm (which is one of the reinforcement learning algorithms) to train the control policy using the obtained grouping trajectories. The Q-learning algorithm allows individuals to learn the main observed features of crowd motion (e.g., cohesiveness) and demonstrate robustness with respect to dynamic environment. The bottom-layer is mainly in charge of obtaining individual paths and using the reciprocal velocity obstacles (RVO) model to avoid collision. Finally, we implement a crowd simulation system based on the DCE model in dynamic environments. The experimental results show that the proposed method can simulate the crowd evacuation more realistically in the dynamic environment.

This study explored, using a longitudinal design, the contribution of teachers' and peers' behaviors to achievement goals in a sample of Romanian adolescents. The study also investigated whether self-efficacy would explain these links. A sample of 329 high school students (Mage = 17.34 years, 59.9% girls) filled in questionnaires regarding their teachers' supportive/fair and their peers' cooperation/cohesiveness behaviors at Time 1. The adolescents' self-efficacy was measured 12 months later at Time 2, and then achievement goals were assessed 4 months later, at Time 3. Results showed that the teachers' support/equity and peers' cooperation/cohesiveness were related to achievement goals, although when controlling for each other, none of these factors had a unique and direct contribution to the participants' achievement goals. The findings suggested that self-efficacy explained the associations between the teachers' support/equity behaviors, rather than peers' cooperation/cohesiveness, and achievement goals. Specifically, adolescents experiencing greater teacher supportive and equity behaviors perceived themselves as having better abilities to accomplish specific tasks, and in turn, showed greater mastery approach and performance approach goals, as well as lower performance approach goals. Our study highlights the importance of self-efficacy as a mechanism explaining relations between the perception of teachers' behaviors and adolescents' achievement goals.

Although purely economic (conventional) reasons play a significant role in the development and performance of (agricultural) cooperatives; so do other (non-conventional) factors. A comprehensive assessment of co-operatives therefore requires an examination of non-conventional factors, in addition to the conventional factors. Three such non-conventional factors identified in the literature are 1) commitment, 2) heterogeneity and 3) social capital. Commitment is important for agricultural co-operatives because one pre-requisite for successful agricultural co-operatives is that farmer-members are willing to supply the co-operative with raw products, capital and managerial inputs. In this research affective, continuance, normative and other aspects of member commitment are examined. Heterogeneity is an important source of concern for co-operatives due to its impact on cohesiveness and collective decision making. This study used characteristics associated with the farmer-member and the farm-business to examine heterogeneity. It has been suggested that the social capital paradigm is the common denominator for all explanations and theories on co-operative formation and development. A modified version of the six dimensions’ framework used by the World Bank to assess social capital was used in this study. Based on this theoretical underpinning, a Three Dimensional Conceptual Framework, that encapsulates commitment, heterogeneity and social capital is developed and described.

The goal of the present research was to assess individuals' aspect-based career preference cohesiveness. Cohesive preferences are well-defined and focused, and high preference cohesiveness facilitates career decision-making. Career aspects are factors individuals consider during career decision making, such as what major to choose (e.g., length of courses or programs, using analytical skills), what college to attend (e.g., prestige, scholarships), and what job to choose after graduation (e.g., prospects of advancement, income, teamwork, need to travel). There are three facets to individuals' aspect-based career preferences: the relative importance of the aspects (e.g., work environment), the optimal within-aspect level (e.g., working ‘only indoors’), and the individual's willingness to compromise on additional within-aspect levels (e.g., ‘mostly indoors’). Considering these facets, Study 1a operationalized three preference cohesiveness indicators – differentiation among the aspects, consistency between pairs of related aspects, and coherence among different facets of the same aspect – and developed an overall indicator for assessing preference cohesiveness. These indicators were tested on the career preferences of 246 young adults deliberating about their future career. In Study 1b, the hypothesized positive association between individuals' career preference cohesiveness and their career decision status was supported. Study 2 validated the proposed indicators of preference cohesiveness using the expert judgments of 20 career counselors and 81 graduate students in psychology and counseling. The theoretical and practical implications for career counseling are discussed.

People living with HIV (PLHIV) are likely to encounter existential conflicts, while stigma is a major stressor leading to poorer psychological well-being and social isolation. Aside from medical treatment, diverse psychotherapeutic approaches that guide PLHIV to reconstruct a meaningful life are needed. This paper reports on the process and efficacy of an eight-session, existential expressive arts group therapy program developed for PLHIV in Hong Kong. Eight HIV-positive male participants were recruited and completed the therapy. Using an existential-phenomenological framework, the therapy aimed to facilitate participants to make existential meaning from a creative process, which in turn help them overcome challenges and enhance their well-being in the domains of physical health, psychological health and social relationships. A mixed-methods study design was employed. Qualitative data were obtained through clinical observation by the therapist intern, participants’ written reflection, and semi-structured interviews with the participants. Quality of life, affects, and group cohesion were measured by self-report questionnaires. The results showed that most participants found a way to make existential meaning and benefited from increased quality of life and creativity. They displayed significant improvement in the physical health domain of the quality of life (Z = −1.980, p = .048, r = 0.50) and positive affect (Z = −2.103, p = .035, r = 0.53). The findings contribute to the field of HIV care using an integrated arts approach.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) conduct selective, bidirectional transport across the nuclear envelope. The NPC passageway is lined by intrinsically disordered proteins that contain hydrophobic phenylalanine-glycine (FG) motifs, known as FG nucleoporins (FG nups), that play the key role in the NPC transport mechanism. Cohesive interactions among the FG nups, which arise from the combination of hydrophobic, electrostatic, and other forces, have been hypothesized to control the morphology of the assemblies of FG nups in the NPC, as well as their permeability with respect to the transport proteins. However, the role of FG nup cohesiveness is still vigorously debated. Using coarse-grained polymer theory and numerical simulations, we study the effects of cohesiveness on the selective permeability of in vitro FG nup assemblies in different geometries that have served as proxies for the morphological and transport properties of the NPC. We show that in high-density FG nup assemblies, increase in cohesiveness leads to the decrease in their permeability, in accordance with the accepted view. On the other hand, the permeability of low-density assemblies is a nonmonotonic function of the cohesiveness, and a moderate increase in cohesiveness can enhance permeability. The density- and cohesiveness-dependent effects on permeability are explained by considering the free-energy cost associated with penetrating the FG nup assemblies. We discuss the implications of these findings for the organization and function of the NPC.

Prior whistleblowing research documents various relationships between certain individual characteristics and the intention to report workplace irregularities (whistleblow). However, auditors are trained to work in teams and to make decisions in consultation with the group. We study the extent to which an individual auditor’s ethical judgment may be affected by the strength of group cohesiveness in the audit team. Our research extends prior studies on whistleblowing in the auditing context by examining the moderating effect of group cohesion on the relationship between several individual characteristics and whistleblowing intentions. Results based on survey data of 54 audit teams comprising 226 external auditors indicate significant relationships between nearly all individual characteristics (attitudes, perceived behavioral control, independence commitment and personal responsibility for reporting, and personal cost of reporting) and whistleblowing intentions. However, we find no significant relationship between desired moral approbation and whistleblowing intentions. Further, we find the presence of strong group cohesion reduces the tendency of whistle-blowing intentions of individuals with strong individual characteristics. Though further research is warranted, our study suggests the need for audit firms to assess both group cohesiveness and individual characteristics when assembling audit teams.

The support team's cohesiveness has an important role to play in a soccer match, which is to be fun. However, the support team became frightening, worrying because the actions of some supporters ignored cohesiveness. The supporting cohesion role is an inherent part of the entertainment side of a soccer match. The purpose of this study is to describe the dynamics of organizing Aremania cohesiveness. The research questions are as follows: 1) what aspects of Aremania cohesiveness are regulated, 2) the extent to which Aremania cohesiveness has been regulated, 3)how to strengthen Aremania cohesiveness is regulated. The qualitative approach chosen in this study, the type of research model, the study of phenomenology. Data collection was carried out using participant observation and in-depth structured interviews. Data validity test uses data triangulation which is divided into three namely technique, time and source. Field data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The research location is Bandungrejosari Subdistrict, Sukun Regency, Malang City. The results of the study, the cohesiveness of Aremania governed aspects of personality, interpersonal aspects and aspects of group performance. Aremania consistently transmits social cohesiveness, within groups, communities and regions. Cohesiveness through personality composition, interpersonal cohesiveness and the performance of the Aremania group. Aremana's individual diversity forms a personality composition within the team's cohesiveness and group performance. This encourages the emergence of community cohesion and group cohesiveness to work towards cohesiveness performance.

Peer victimization is the frequency in which a child is a recipient of aggressive acts from their peers over time; further, two main subtypes of peer victimization have been organized as physical or non-physical. A majority of past studies focused on physical forms of peer victimization, however more recent studies are examining the non-physical forms of peer victimization also referred to as indirect, social, and relational victimization. For cohesiveness, throughout this article relational victimization will be utilized to describe when a child has been a recipient of peer relational aggression. Relational victimization can be direct or indirect, overt or covert and is defined as peer treatment in which the manipulation of interpersonal relationships primarily serves as the agent of harm. This article will focus on identifying the various characteristics of relational aggression and the prevalence of relational victimization in middle to late childhood, when children are 6 to 12 years old. Relational victimization will be examined through a socially derived theoretical framework in order to highlight the correlation between relational victimization and developing psychopathology.

Governments rely on a variety of forms of coercion to aggregate distributed information relevant to governmental objectives from the prosecution of regime stability threats to terrorism or epidemics. To do so, they exploit the existing social structure, as reliable information will often come from friends and acquaintances. Civil liberties, in turn, restrict the government’s ability to exercise such coercion. We present an equilibrium theory of the joint determination of social structure and civil liberties. The depth of civil liberties shapes citizens’ decisions on how intensely and with whom to socialize. Features of the social structure such as its cohesiveness and the extent of segregation, in turn, shape the government’s willingness to enforce civil liberties protections such as search and seizure restrictions, standards of proof, and equal treatment under the law. We show that the relationship between civil liberties and social structure is mediated by a commitment problem by the government, and that this commitment problem is in turn mediated by the strength of civil society. We also show that segregation and unequal treatment sustain each other, characterize when unequal treatment against a minority or a majority can be sustained, and how equilibrium social cohesiveness and civil liberties respond to the arrival of widespread surveillance technologies, shocks to collective perceptions about the likelihood of threats or the importance of privacy, or to community norms such as codes of silence.

We address two aspects of board dynamics — group-think and teamwork — that both arise from increased director overlap. Overlap captures the extent of common service by board directors. Greater overlap can lead to excessive cohesiveness of the group and thus group-think, where the desire for consensus overrides critical thinking. Alternatively, greater overlap can promote better teamwork through lower coordination and communication costs. We find that director overlap negatively affects firm value in dynamic firms, which stand to lose more from group-think, and positively affects firm value in complex firms, which have higher coordination costs and hence benefit from better teamwork.

Objectives With an overarching aim of investigating the importance of group perceptions on factors believed to underpin the quantity and quality of athletic practice, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between perceptions of group cohesion and elite youth soccer players' basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-regulation over a one-year period. Design Prospective study design involving data collection at two time-points over a one-year period. Method A total of 332 elite youth soccer players selected at Norwegian regional U14 (N = 154) and U 13 (N = 178) levels completed questionnaires measuring perceptions of club-team cohesion, and individual needs satisfaction, and self-regulation at baseline and one-year follow-up. Results While perceptions of task cohesion remained consistent over the study period, social cohesion, needs satisfaction, and self-regulation decreased. Controlling for baseline values, structural equation modelling revealed social cohesion at time 2 to be positively associated with needs satisfaction at time 2, but not self-regulation. Task cohesion at time 1 was negatively associated with self-regulation at time 2, yet no association was found for needs satisfaction. Conclusions The findings indicate a beneficial role of social cohesion in maintaining or increasing elite youth soccer players' needs satisfaction, and although explanations for the negative association between task cohesion and self-regulation can be gleaned from the literature, this relationship requires further investigation.

Introduction This manuscript highlights initial activities from a 5-year project to build a community coalition focused on the promotion of family, school, and community connectedness; academic investment; and social and emotional well-being among black male youth and their families, as well as the prevention and reduction of risk behaviors. Project activities were planned according to the step-by-step coalition-based prevention system, Communities That Care. Methods During Year 1 (2013/2014), semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 community members (parents, school administrators and teachers, and community leaders and volunteers) to evaluate readiness to adopt Communities That Care. Participants were asked to (1) define community; (2) identify community strengths; (3) recommend methods to strengthen community relationships; (4) envision ideal coalition functions; (5) identify current community resources; (6) recommend prevention targets and methods; (7) identify potential barriers to coalition participation; and (8) assess overall community readiness to adopt Communities That Care. Analyses were conducted in Year 3 (2015/2016). Results Participants expressed eagerness and readiness to adopt Communities That Care. They identified community strengths and local resources that could contribute to coalition success, as well as potential barriers to participation and group cohesion that if left unaddressed could diminish coalition impact. Participants believed that links between multiple environments (home, school, community) should be strengthened in order to promote the well-being of youth. They envisioned the Communities That Care coalition as a task force of community members with varying talents invested in youth across their entire life course. Conclusions Community members’ insights may be used to guide implementation of Communities That Care by this coalition and others. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled African American Men's Health: Research, Practice, and Policy Implications, which is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.

Despite physical and mental stressors in space capsule environments, almost all astronauts cope successfully with the demands of their careers (Suedfeld, Brcic, & Legkaia, 2009; Suedfeld, Brcic, Johnson, & Gushin, 2015). This study assessed astronauts' and cosmonauts' use of humor as a strategy for coping with the stressors encountered in training and in space. The Humor Coping Scale (HCS) was devised to assess five categories of humor: Affiliative (designed to enhance interpersonal cohesiveness and liking), Enhancing (expression of a humorous outlook on life), Aggressive (tendency to express critical or sarcastic humor that may have negative impact on others), Self-defeating (excessive use of self-disparaging humor), and Problem-oriented (humor used to cope with specific stressful events). We used thematic content analysis to identify the above-mentioned five categories of humor in retrospective narratives (memoirs, debriefs, interviews, etc.) of two samples of spacefarers. Sample One consisted of an international group of 46 active astronauts and cosmonauts, while Sample Two consisted of 20 retired long-duration male cosmonauts. Results for Sample One showed that astronauts employed Coping humor more in long-duration flights than short-duration flights. Astronauts who flew as members of the national majority in a crew mentioned Aggressive humor more frequently than did national minority astronauts; cosmonauts mentioned less Affiliative humor than astronauts from NASA or other space agencies. Retired cosmonauts when describing their active space career mentioned Positive and Coping humor more than during other career phases. In addition, the use of Self-defeating humor increased significantly throughout their careers with most mentions occurring after retirement. Additional results, implications, and comparisons of both samples will be further discussed.

The extent to which Payments for Environmental/Ecosystem Services (PES) programs help to promote collective stewardship of common property resources (CPRs) has been gaining attention among scholars and practitioners. One of the main concerns related to collective arrangements is that a crowding-out effect is likely to emerge when the external intervention dominates over self-determination and self-esteem of PES participants. By contrast, when participants perceive the intervention to be supportive of existing efforts, it “crowds in” intrinsic motivation. We test this contested hypothesis using prefectural data from Japan's Census of Agriculture and Forestry. In order to set up a viable quasi-experimental policy evaluation, we employ a propensity score matching approach. Our empirical result suggests that financial incentives can have a positive causal effect on collective stewardship of CPRs. This means that the potential crowding-out effect, if any, is not so profound as to expunge additional extrinsic motivation provided by the government's direct payments. Another important finding is that pre-existing social cohesiveness at the community level serves as a facilitator for PES participation. It should be noted, however, that the degree of cohesiveness in rural communities is largely a byproduct of historical experience that lies outside the immediate control of the government.

In order to increase investor participation in capital markets and, consequently, minimize the total cost of trading, it is important to identify which political and social attributes most significantly impact trading and adverse selection costs. We examine the effect of the components of the political risk rating compiled by International Country Risk Guide on the equity trading costs of non-U.S. stocks listed on the NYSE in 2011. While the results show a significant effect of political and social attributes on trading costs, they also indicate that this effect is generally not significant on adverse selection costs in periods of extreme price movements. Our analysis allows investors to make a more informed assessment of political risks associated with democratic stability, economic development, government effectiveness, civic cohesiveness and international integration.

Gieseler fluidity characterization is an important method to evaluate the fluidity of coal which highly influences the cohesive properties of coke formation. A concept of fluidity-temperature area SlgF instead of maximum fluidity lgMF was put forward to be used as the index of Gieseler fluidity characterization. Thirty-five coal samples were tested by Gieseler characterization and the sensitivity for identifying coal cohesiveness by SlgF and lgMF were compared. It was found that SlgF has a more sensitive resolution of coal fluidity than lgMF and it could give a correct result for judging coal cohesiveness in accordance with the comprehensive cohesiveness in most cases, especially for coals having almost same lgMF values.

Host-country nationals' (HCNs') attitudes and behaviors toward expatriates are critical for expatriate success. Thus, this study systematically reviews the existing literature on the antecedents and consequences of HCNs' attitudes and behaviors toward expatriates. It is revealed that HCN personality, the perceived compensation gap between expatriates and HCNs, social categorization, HCNs' previous contact with expatriates, expatriate justice, task cohesiveness, interpersonal affect, and interpersonal relationships (guanxi) directly or indirectly predict HCNs' attitudes and behaviors toward expatriates. The attitudes and behaviors of HCNs toward expatriates are significantly related to expatriate adjustment and performance. This review indicates that the extant research on HCNs' attitudes and behaviors toward expatriates is limited, and the findings of past studies are often contradictory. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are discussed.

Cognitive stimulation has been shown to be rewarding and capable of eliciting positive emotions in several species. In contrast to the abundant learning and exploration opportunities available in nature, captive environments can be under-stimulating—with the potential to induce anhedonia and reduce welfare. Zebrafish are now a popular scientific model, in part because of their high cognitive function and sensitivity to environmental manipulations, yet little is known regarding their response to free-choice opportunities to explore. To begin to understand the effect that cognitive enrichment may have on zebrafish behaviour, we housed zebrafish within six tanks (10 fish/110 L tank) for nine months and then removed a divider to expose 10 cm of additional novel tank space. We measured free-choice exploratory behaviour (latency and number of inspections), as well as anxiety/fear (bottom-dwelling) and social behaviour (agonistic behaviour, group cohesion and coordination). We collected video data on each of four days: the day before (baseline), the day of, the day after, and two weeks after divider removal. Using multilevel models, we found that after the divider was removed, zebrafish moved into the novel space on average within 9.7 ± 7.6 s (mean ± SD), and the number of inspections increased on each day observed (p 0.73), indicating that the manipulation was not likely to have induced a negative emotional response. Furthermore, the opportunity to explore altered social behaviour: reducing agonistic behaviour (p = 0.02), and increasing shoal cohesion (p = 0.04) and coordination (p = 0.04) for up to a day relative to baseline. In light of the fact that their natural habitats would normally include such information-gain opportunities, these results indicate that free-choice exploration may be beneficial for zebrafish welfare. This study thus adds to the growing body of literature on the role cognitive stimulation plays in welfare and indicates that zebrafish are good candidates for further cognitive enrichment research.

Education for patriotism, that is, love of and loyalty to a shared homeland, can be an educational solution for restoration and cohesiveness, and for the construction of social solidarity between and within groups of Israeli citizens.In this article I examine the degree to which prevailing education for patriotism in Israel reflects education in families in non-Zionist groups, and if this education has the ability to create the necessary connection and solidarity.I show that formal and informal education for patriotism contradicts the education characteristic in the homes of the Israeli-Arab students. Therefore, they do not have the ability to build a bridge of solidarity.In the conclusion, I offer a general outline for a new Israeli reflection on the concept of an inclusive civil patriotism and education for patriotism that attempts to change a typical patriotic language from an oppositional language into a language of solidarity and inclusiveness.

This paper explores absorptive capacity metaroutines in a financial organization that experienced a large-scale misappropriation episode. We selected an instrumental case and collected individual semi-structured interviews, on-site nonparticipant observations, and documents to better understand the combination of absorptive capacity in organizational contexts. Findings revealed that the magnitude of organizational disruptions and time constraints influenced absorptive capacity metaroutines. The magnitude of organizational disruptions related to the intensity of required change for innovation adoption and the persistence of outcomes, while time constraints influenced the degree of involvement and cohesiveness of organizational members. In addition, findings showed that the combination of absorptive capacity metaroutines experienced asymmetries and had incremental and cumulative features. This work extends current theorizations of absorptive capacity conceptualized from a micro-foundation perspective as a collection of external and internal metaroutines and provides a means to start understanding potential factors that influence the combination of absorptive capacity metaroutines. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.

How does servant leaders' unique ability to place each follower's needs above their own influence relationships between followers and impact their collective performance? In a study that integrates principles of servant leadership with the social comparison theoretical framework, we tested a group-level model to examine how servant leadership induces low perceived differentiation in leader-member relationship quality (perceived LMX differentiation) within a group, which strengthens team cohesion and in turn positively influences team task performance and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (service OCB). Our sample comprised 229 employees nested in 67 work teams. Structural equation modeling results indicate that servant leadership significantly predicts low perceived LMX differentiation; perceived LMX differentiation is strongly related to team cohesion such that the lower the perceived differentiation, the stronger the team's cohesiveness. And, team cohesion is also strongly related to both the team's task performance and service OCB. Perceived LMX differentiation and team cohesion mediate the effect of servant leadership on both team task performance and service OCB.

Mining the community structure is an important subject in the area of social network analysis, and detecting the hidden communities within the social networks will help to better understand the topological properties of the real-life networks. Meanwhile, community detection will be also helpful to monitor the public opinion, identify the opinion leaders and perform the personalized recommendation. In comparison with the simplex user ties or contents, considering the trust features from multiple users will provide a more comprehensive account of the linking relationship between users. To this end, we propose a novel non-overlapping community detection algorithm, which is based on the trust mechanism, to recognize the community structure in this paper. At first, we propose several definitions with regard to trust relationship between users to depict the trust strength, which includes the direct, indirect and mutual trust, and then the specific trust calculation method is provided to quantitatively describe the extent of trust. Secondly, starting from the trust relationship, we integrate the edge fitness and community fitness into the non-overlapping community detection and propose a novel trust-based algorithm to comprehensively leverage the trust among nodes to further mine the communities within the networks. Finally, to deeply analyze the analyze the performance, we take use of Lesmis and Gemo data sets to carry out extensive experiments, and the results show that, compared with other classical algorithms, the community based on the newly proposed algorithm features the higher trust cohesion on the condition that the structural cohesiveness of social network is fully satisfied. The current methods will be of significance to deeply understand and effectively find out the communities within realistic networks.

Empirical evidence suggests that both autonomy and interdependence are important considerations in team design. But how do interdependence and autonomy affect team cohesiveness, an important antecedent of team performance? The results of this multi-year study with software development projects show that task interdependence and task autonomy have both synergistic and antagonistic impacts on team cohesiveness. At high levels of outcome (goal) interdependence, task autonomy and task interdependence have a synergistic impact on team cohesion, while at low levels of outcome interdependence, task autonomy and task interdependence have an antagonistic impact on team cohesion. Further, taylorist teams showed lower cohesiveness compared to agile teams.

Background Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) is a critical area to optimize to reduce the escalation of antimicrobial resistance. This article explores the ways by which interpersonal relationships influence SAP decision making. Methods Twenty surgeons and anesthetists participated in in-depth semistructured interviews on SAP prescribing. Results were analyzed using the framework approach. Results Analysis revealed 3 ways by which interpersonal relationships influence SAP: relationship dynamics between the surgeon and the anesthetist determine appropriateness of SAP, particularly operative risk ownership; perceived hierarchies within, and between, surgical and anesthetist specialties influence antibiotic prescribing decisions; and surgical distance from the antimicrobial stewardship team, which influences use of antimicrobial stewardship principles. Conclusions Interventions to optimize SAP are more likely to be effective in enacting sustained change if they consider the interpersonal and social contexts, including issues of familiarity and cohesiveness, hierarchical patterns, and sense of place within a team. Significant relational dynamics in SAP decision making are centered around risk; that is, personal/reputational risk to different professional groups and ownership of risk for individual patient outcomes. Risk must therefore be considered for sustainable SAP optimization interventions.

Network dynamics can reveal information about the adaptive function of social behaviour and the extent to which social relationships can flexibly respond to extrinsic pressures. Changes in social networks occur following changes to the social and physical environment. By contrast, we have limited understanding of whether changes in social networks precede major group events. Permanent evictions can be important determinants of gene flow and population structure and are a clear example of an event that might be preceded by social network dynamics. Here we examined the social networks of a group of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, in the 2 years leading up to the eviction of 22% of adult females, which are the philopatric sex. We found that females engaged in the same amount of aggression and grooming in the 2 years leading up to the eviction but that there were clear changes in their choice of social partners. Females that would eventually be evicted received more aggression from lower-ranking females as the eviction approached. Evicted females also became more discriminating in their grooming relationships in the year nearer the split, showing a greater preference for one another and becoming more cliquish. Put simply, the females that would later be evicted continued to travel with the rest of the group as the eviction approached but were less likely to interact with other group members in an affiliative manner. These results have potential implications for understanding group cohesion and the balance between cooperation and competition that mediates social groups.

Disastrous situations, either natural or man-made, have claimed countless lives. In a planning context, this triggers the need for an evacuation situation that involves the emergency route planning (ERP) problem. ERP emphasizes the effectiveness of the evacuation plan to mitigate risk and ensure crowd safety. Reviews on previous ERP works have elicited a plethora of approaches, such as decision support, exact, heuristic, and meta-heuristic approaches. However, previous works on ERP focused on either crowd modeling techniques or routing approaches, but not both. This elicits the need to bridge modeling and routing approaches by means of a dynamic concept. To capture this dynamism concept, group cohesiveness and flexible routing approaches have been proposed, namely as an integrated evacuation planning with dynamism (iEvaP+). Group cohesiveness is utilized by considering group structure and intra-group compliance. Meanwhile, an artificial immune system (AIS) algorithm is adopted as the route optimizer. The iEvaP+ approach is applied to three case studies in order to identify the impact of crowd dynamism in the ERP problem. The result indicates that dynamism has direct influence on the evacuation plan performance. Besides the group cohesiveness, the properties of the evacuation network (such as exit) are also important in mitigating risks and crowd survivability.

Nonconscious behavioural mimicry, acting similarly to one's social partner, is thought to be a core component of group cohesion and coordination. However, the mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon are poorly understood. Understanding why behaviour is mimicked in some contexts but not in others is an important step in developing hypotheses about how and why some behaviours spread between social partners. Here we examine mimicry of routine vigilance during grazing episodes in a population of free-ranging bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, rams. Results indicate that vigilance bouts are more likely to be mimicked when neighbouring rams are in closer proximity, more familiar with one another and posturally aligned. Additionally, older rams are more likely than young rams to mimic the vigilance bouts of others, and mimicry occurs more often when the initiating ram is lower ranking than the mimicking ram. We interpret these findings within the framework of biases in attentiveness to particular individuals as a possible mechanism leading to the occurrence of behavioural mimicry.

For social foragers, movement as a group could increase foraging efficiency through collective discovery of high-quality food sources. This would require an efficient mechanism for transferring information about food quality between individuals. Conversely, the constraints of foraging as a cohesive group could decrease efficiency; grouping may persist to serve other functions such as protection from predators. To test what drives cohesion in herbivores, we manipulated patch shape and within-patch pattern of food quality and quantified the effects on group level diet selection by a social herbivore, the fallow deer, Dama dama. We arranged feeders containing fodder in lines or blocks, and manipulated the pattern of food quality within patches by adding tannin, a plant secondary compound that decreases palatability. We quantified the relative consumption of low- and high-tannin food to compare diet selectivity at the group level between patch treatments. If group foraging evolved to increase foraging efficiency, altering the spatial arrangement of food should not affect diet selectivity because information about food location and quality is shared. We found, however, that the herd expressed different levels of selectivity between both patch shapes and food quality patterns. Deer selected better diets in blocks than lines. In lines, the herd selected better diets when quality varied between alternate feeders rather than between the two halves of the patch, suggesting a reliance on personal rather than group information. Deer consumed the most at patch centres in all treatments except in blocks with high-tannin centres, but diet selection was poorer in the latter compared to blocks with low-tannin centres. Aggregation at the centre of patches appears to have restricted exploitation of the best food. Predation pressure and/or resource variability may have favoured the evolution of a foraging strategy that prioritizes social cohesion over effective diet selection.

In group-living animals, the structure of social interactions among group members can have important consequences for individual fitness. Changes in resource abundance can influence social interactions with an expected weakening of social ties during times of resource scarcity. Although human activity and infrastructure often impose a disturbance on animal populations, they can also be a source of reliable resources that are relatively easy to access. We evaluated whether the social networks differed between four spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta, clans experiencing contrasting levels of human activity and infrastructure in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. The clan living in an area of high human activity and infrastructure had a less dense social network than the other clans, and the clan living in an area with limited human activity and infrastructure had shorter path lengths than the other clans, suggesting that it had more closely associated individuals. Our results did not support substantial differences between clans in the relative social network positions of animals from different age and rank classes. Contrary to our expectations, we suggest that anthropogenic resources may have weakened the social cohesiveness within spotted hyaena clans. We also argue that our study supports previous suggestions that there may be individual variation within broader classes of rank, age and sex in the position of individual animals in social networks.

Group living is widespread in the animal kingdom and recent studies into the mechanisms underlying group cohesion and behavioural synchrony have highlighted the importance of between-individual behavioural differences (‘animal personality’). In group-living animals, social conformity occurs when animals compromise their own behaviour to the level of a certain behaviour displayed by another individual or a group, and the degree to which individuals conform can depend upon interindividual differences in behavioural types. Social conformity can increase group cohesion and ultimately predator avoidance and/or resource acquisition for group-living individuals. However, it remains unclear whether similar conformity effects exist in solitary species, many of which form temporary aggregations and, if so, whether changes in behaviour in the presence of conspecifics are dependent on individuals' personalities in solitary contexts. We studied the effects of social context (i.e. the presence of a conspecific) on behaviour in solitary shore crabs, using automated video tracking. Individuals differed consistently in their activity levels within and across contexts and were significantly more active in solitary than dyadic contexts. No differences in activity between same- and opposite-sex dyads were found. Crabs' activity levels were more similar when tested together than when tested alone, indicating a social conformity effect. Furthermore, more active behavioural types decreased their activity to a greater extent when paired with a conspecific. The sex composition of the dyad had no effect on changes in activity. Overall, our findings suggest that social conformity is moderated by individual behavioural differences in a solitary organism. It is often presumed that, over evolutionary time, the social structure of animal populations has important consequences for the evolution of personalities and vice versa. We suggest that studying solitary or facultatively social organisms may allow researchers to tease out causality between personality differences and socioecological dynamics.