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Green chilies (variety SHP4884) blanched at 90 °C and 70 °C, for 3 min were solar dried with and without phase change material (PCM), under natural (NC) and forced convection (FC) conditions. Effect of solar drying with and without PCM on color, bioactive compounds and level of aflatoxins in chili were compared. PCM reduced solar drying time by 17-20% in NC and by 35–38% in FC, as compared to that without PCM. It also improved average drying rate to 0.40–0.51 kg/kg-h from 0.40–0.44 kg/kg-h. Effective diffusivity was 31.85–39.58% higher during NC and 51.27–53.2% higher in FC, during drying with PCM than that without PCM. It helped in maximum retention of green color with ΔE value 0.47 ± 0.03 in NC solar drying compared to other trials. PCM assisted solar drying of chili blanched at 70 °C in FC exhibited better retention of total phenols (2.43 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoids (0.68 ± 0.16 mg CE/g DW), antioxidant activity (83.72 ± 4.30% RSA, 5.67 ± 0.30 mg TEAC/g DW in FRAP), ascorbic acid (196.71 ± 1.25 mg/ 100 g) and total carotenoids (1.40 ± 0.37 mg/g). PCM restricted Aflatoxin B1 below 0.25 ppb in solar dried chili; however it varied between 4.05 and 6.85 ppb when PCM was not used.

This work studied pineapple-mint juice drying by spray drying. The effect of 0, 3, and 15% of maltodextrin addition in the solution fed in the spray dryer was evaluated. The results showed that it is possible to dry pineapple-mint juice without a carrier agent. A two-level full factorial design of experiments was applied to quantify the effect of spray drying conditions (including the addition of 3% maltodextrin on pineapple-mint juice) on powder physicochemical properties. The estimated effects demonstrated that all variables have affected responses (except powder solubility). Interested in investigating pineapple-mint drying without maltodextrin, the two-level factorial design was further expanded to a central composite design, and additional experiments were realized, resulting in preservation of the natural green color of pineapple-mint juice, and a yield of 35%. The results suggest that mint may help in pineapple-mint juice drying.

Aim: Urbanized environments may stimulate unhealthy food choices and stress. Several theories explain that exposure to green nature can counter these stress effects. Since we spend most time indoors, integrating nature in the interior could be a promising health promotion tool. Hence, we tested whether the beneficial effect of nature for stress recovery is also present in indoor settings via the use of plants or green colors, and whether it is applicable on eating behavior as a new outcome. Methods: The 92 participants (18-30y, 16% men) were divided into four groups. Each viewed a 6-min slideshow with room pictures containing either green plants, green objects, greyscale plants or greyscale objects to allow distinction between color- and plant-effects. Group differences were tested for the perceived restorativeness scale, psychological recovery and eating behavior. To allow psychological recovery testing, participants were exposed to a stressor before the picture slideshow via the Trier Social Stress Test. The change of self-reports (stress, positive and negative affect) and psychophysiology (heart rate and vagal-induced heart rate variability RMSSD) post-slideshow versus pre-slideshow was checked. Eating behavior outcomes included change in hunger, craving, and food choice (for fruits, vegetables and snacks). Results: From the four picture sets, the green plants pictures were reported as most mentally restorative and appeared most beneficial for post-stressor recovery of positive affect, but not for negative affect or stress recovery. The green plants group also had higher preference for vegetables and lower preference or craving for (unhealthy) snacks. Those significant group differences were mainly due to the presence of plants and only occasionally due to the green color. Conclusion: Indoor green plant pictures were associated with higher mental restorativeness and healthier food choices. Integrating plants in the interior seems to be a relevant health promotion approach, while applying green colors seems less relevant.

A new 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor, with iminoacetic acid and iminoethoxyacetic acid as receptor, was developed. It was applied successfully to detect Zn2+ in aqueous solution and living cells. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 7-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm.

A new 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor, with iminoethoxyacetic acid and iminopicolinic acid as receptor, was developed and applied successfully to image Zn2+ in living cells. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 30-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm.

A novel 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor with iminodiacetic acid as receptor, was developed and applied successfully to image Zn2+ in living cells. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 34-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm.

Dynamic tuning upconversion color is the most convenient approach through modulation of pump power density and NIR wavelength for anti-counterfeiting. However, most of bulk upconversion systems suffer from the insensitive response to excitation power and NIR wavelength (980 nm and 1550 nm). Herein, we demonstrate that the excitation power density sensitivity and NIR wavelength sensitivity of bulk microcrystals could be improved via co-doping Li+/Lu3+ ions. More interestingly, co-doping ions with different valences affect the emission color tendency at 1550 nm excitation, which is contrary to previous reports. The emission color of bulk NaYF4:Er/Yb/Li/Lu microcrystals transform from yellow to bright green color through adjusting pump power density and pump wavelength (980 nm and 1550 nm). Moreover, the mechanism of the results has been systematically discussed. The tunable emission colors of bulk NaYF4:Er/Yb/Li/Lu microcrystals can be easily distinguished with naked eyes and difficultly counterfeited. Therefore, the upconversion materials have a promising application in transparent anti-fake printing.

This study attempts to identify and categorize turquoise stone based on its compounds and major factors that introduces its color change. Turquoise samples which are investigated in this study have been collected from the most important turquoise mines in world. Combination of two different analysis methods assists this study for scrutinizing turquoise constituents and effects of their percent on its color change. The application of infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods can reveal the true composition of various “turquoise” samples in range of blue color to green color. Whereas the first technique (FTIR) is especially capable in diff ;erentiating between natural samples and fake or simulant stones for prevent of jobbery. Changing percent of four compounds including CuO, Al2O3, P2O5 and Fe2O3, is the most effective factors of varying color in turquoise stones. In conclusion, blue turquoise stone contains great percent of light elements or blue color factors in comparison to green turquoise stone which contains jorum of heavy element.

A new highly selective chemosensor 1 ( E )-5-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide was designed and synthesized for the sequential recognition of Zn 2+ and S 2− in a near-perfect aqueous media. The sensor 1 exhibited a green color fluorescence in the presence of Zn 2+ . The detection limit (1.18 μM) of 1 for Zn 2+ is much lower than World Health Organization guideline (76 μM) in drinking water. 1 can detect and quantify Zn 2+ in real water samples and the sensing mechanism of Zn 2+ by 1 was explained by DFT calculations. Moreover, resulting 1 -Zn 2+ complex can detect hydrogen sulfide through turn-off fluorescent change, without any anion interference. The detection limit (2.60 μM) of 1 -Zn 2+ complex for S 2− was much lower than EPA guideline (7.8 mM) by odor in drinking water. Furthermore, sensor 1 could detect sequentially Zn 2+ and S 2− in living cells.

The present paper reports on three new achiral terbiumIII inorganics that emit strong green-color magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) (|gMCPL| ≤ 5.4 × 10–3 T-1 at 490–550 nm) when embedded in a KBr pellet in the presence of a 1.7 T external magnetic field. The signs of the green MCPL spectra are controllable by altering the S-up and N-up directions of the external magnetic field. Divalent manganeseII and trivalent terbiumIII emit similar green luminescence; however, their wavelengths and MCPL characteristics are very different. Hence, we anticipate that these green-color MCPL substances can be used as new security pigments.

This work investigates the effectiveness of different concentrations (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) of poly-e- lysine (e-PL) incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating to inhibit microbial proliferation and maintain physicochemical properties of fresh-cut kiwifruit stored at 4 ± 0.5 °C for 14 d. Changes in O 2 and CO 2 concentration, physicochemical indices, microbiological counts and morphological properties were measured. Results showed that low levels of e-PL (0.05% and 0.10%) led to lower CO 2 and higher O 2 concentrations inside the packages compared with samples with control and 0.15% e-PL treatments. Moreover, the alginate-based edible coating containing 0.05% e-PL significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and MDA content while maintained the green color, total chlorophylls content, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and morphological properties of fresh-cut kiwifruit. In addition, 0.05% e-PL treatment reduced aerobic plate counts and yeast and mould counts by 3.5 and 2.5 log CFU/g, respectively, at the end of evaluation. Our results show that there is promise for the use of edible coating incorporated with e-PL to preserve the quality of sliced kiwifruit.

When dealing with building integrated photovoltaics aesthetical aspects have to be considered. In particular for facade integrated modules with crystalline Silicon (c-Si) solar cells alternative colors are demanded. In this paper an approach for tuning the color of standard c-Si solar cells is presented relying on plasmonic coloring. Metallic (Ag) nano-particles with a diameter of around 100 nm were created on the surface of standard c-Si solar cells. At those nano-particles plasmonic scattering at around 450 to 550 nm causes a color change from blue to green. The green color is resulting from plasmonic scattering and it is found to be insensitive to the angle of observation. A performance analysis of the c-Si cells before and after coating shows that the power of the cells is decreased by less than 10% when applying the plasmonic coating. A first test module comprising of plasmonic-green c-Si cells was carefully characterized and mounted at a test facade for building integrated modules in order to generate data in the targeted field of application. First results of the test module demonstrate that plasmonic coloring is a feasible approach to tune the color of standard c-Si solar cells for being applied in building integrated photovoltaics.

Superficial scald is the most devastating storage disorder of ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) and the current commercial controlling method of ethoxyquin (Etq) + controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is not adequate for the fruit produced in hot seasons. In the hot years of 2014 and 2015, ‘d’Anjou’ pears were harvested at commercial maturity and treated with Etq at 2700 mg L−1, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 0.3 μL L−1 along or in combination with ethylene at 0.3, 0.6, or 1.5 μL L−1 (M+E: 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5, respectively), and the combination of Etq plus M+E (1:1), and then stored in CA (1.5 kPa O2, 10%) after 6 months. M+E (1:0) treatment inhibited ethylene production, prevented scald through decreasing the syntheses of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols, maintained fruit firmness and green color, and reduced decay; however, inhibited ripening capacity following 8 months storage. Compared with M+E (1:0), M+E (1:1 or 1:2) treatments allowed fruit recovering ripening capacity but decreased efficacy on controlling scald; Etq plus M+E (1:1) could control scald

Microalgae nutritional and healthy dietary pattern might be affected by processes like breadmaking when used as ingredient. This study aims to determine the role of dough acidification on the nutritional pattern of Chlorella vulgaris enriched breads. Different levels of microalga (1%, 2% and 3%) were incorporated in the recipe in the presence of either 10% sourdough or chemically acidified doughs. Dough and bread characteristics were evaluated. Addition of microalga reduced the slice area and increased the crumb hardness, but it could be counteracted by increasing dough hydration and adapting proofing time. Doughs and breads enriched with microalga had green color. Dough acidification led to softer breads and enhanced the antioxidant activity of enriched breads. Microalgae incorporation increased the protein and ash content of the breads. Microalgae enriched breads made with chemically acidified doughs or sourdoughs had higher Total Phenolic Content and antioxidant activity as assessed by FRAP and ABTS methods., Financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095919-B-C21), and the European Regional Development Fund and Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189). This work is based upon the work from COST Action 18101 SOURDOMICS – Sourdough biotechnology network towards novel, healthier and sustainable food and bioprocesses, where A. Skendi was supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). COST is a funding agency for research and innovation networks.

In this paper, the color index based thresholding method for background and foreground segmentation of plant images is presented. The proposed method is implemented with color index approach, for this purpose two color indexes are modified to provide better information about the green color of the plants. Two fixed threshold methods are proposed for the color indexes to discriminate between foreground (green plant) and background (soil). Three versions of the proposed method are presented, these are applied in plant images with controlled conditions and crop images with real environmental conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms used as comparative in plant images obtaining a segmentation error of 6.62 ± 5.85% and a classification ratio of 1.93 ± 0.05. Also, the proposed method provides better segmentation results in comparison with other well-known state-of-art algorithms in different crop images. Finally, the proposed method does not require of complex calculus and their implementations are straightforward on any device.

One interesting phenomenon of Chrysanthemum morifolium tea is its formation of a green or dark green color after hours of brewing, and it is important to study the compounds that form this color and whether they might be involved in health benefits. Non-targeted metabolomics could clearly distinguish between green and non-green species by sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) and heat-mapping. We found that the pH was the primary factor in the formation of the green color. Two green precursors (GP1 and GP2) were separated and purified with preparative HPLC. FT-IR analysis and the saccharide content analysis showed that GP1 had the typical characteristics of saccharides. GP2 was identified as chlorogenic acid by ESI-Q-TOF/MS and NMR. We raised the formation process of green substances was caused by the hydrolysates of chlorogenic acid reacting with glycosides or groups attached to the saccharides, which suggests a new mechanism for color-forming reactions.

Influence of atmosphere and storage period on the physicochemical and biological properties of harvested vegetable soybeans stored for 10 d at 25 °C was investigated. Storing vegetable soybeans under modified atmosphere (low O2 and high CO2), was more effective in maintaining its green color and mass than storing them under normoxia. Principal component 1 (PC1; contribution rate: 25%) was related to the atmospheres, whereas PC2 (contribution rate: 19%) was related to storage period. Cluster analysis showed that some types of sugars decreased, whereas some types of organic and amino acids increased with deterioration. Alanine, an indicator of low O2 stress, was maintained for 3 d under modified atmospheres, whereas alanine significantly decreased under normoxia. The concentrations of inositol and niacinamide (functional ingredients) under the modified atmospheres were significantly higher than those under normoxia. Thus, storage under modified atmospheres was effective in maintaining freshness and increasing the nutritional content of vegetable soybeans.

This study aimed to prepare a Petit Suisse cheese added with cape gooseberry and supplemented with moringa leaf powder and gelatin. Formulations were: control formulation (F1); a product with 3% gelatin (F2); and product with 3% gelatin and 2% moringa (F3). Microbiological analyses were carried out to determine Listeria monocytogenes and total coliforms. Physicochemical (colorimetry and water activity –aw–), bromatological and sensory properties were determined. Results of microbiological analysis indicated that developed products met food safety requirements. Colorimetric results showed that F3 (product with gelatin and moringa) presented a significant tendency to darkness and a strong tendency to the green color; on the other hand, F1 (control) and F2 (with gelatin) showed a significant tendency to yellowness. Results of aw showed a significant difference between the F2 (only gelatin) and F3 (gelatin and moringa). Sensory analysis revealed that F1 (control) and F2 (only gelatin) presented higher sensory acceptance than F3 (gelatin and moringa) for this attribute; similar behavior was observed for smell and taste. Finally, developed product F3 (with gelatin and moringa) had higher nutritional value than control. However, sensory acceptance was significantly modified after the incorporation of moringa leaf powder in product formulation.

A new water-soluble 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide based fluorescent sensor, with iminoacetic acid and iminoethoxyacetic acid as receptor contained two different arms, was developed. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates good water solubility, high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 20-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm. It was applied successfully to detect Zn2+ in living cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01 Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) China Scholarship Council Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are replacing conventional lighting sources, like incandescent and fluorescent lamps, due to their higher efficiency, lower energy consumption and environmental friendliness characteristics. Additional applications envisaging “engineered light” able to control the human circadian rhythm are now in place with emphases on green-emitting LEDs. In this work, transparent and flexible coatings based on organic–inorganic di-ureasil hybrids doped in-situ with a terbium (Tb3+) complex involving salicylic acid as ligands were synthesized. The materials are transparent, essentially amorphous and thermal stable up to 180 °C. Under near-UV excitation, bright green emission with high quantum yield (0.565 ± 0.057) and enhanced photostability are observed. Green-emitting prototypes were fabricated using a commercial near-UV-emitting LED (NUV-LED) combined with the Tb3+-doped di-ureasil coating showing narrow-band green emission with yellowish-green color coordinates (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, CIE 1931) of (0.329, 0.606) and high luminous efficacy (21.5 lm/W). This efficacy is the largest one reported for analogous prototypes formed by an NUV-LED coated with a green-emitting phosphor prepared under mild synthetic conditions (

Perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging of soft kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC) Alef. var. sabellica L.) was investigated to maintain freshness at 10 °C for 12 d. Kale was sealed in micro-perforated pouches with different oxygen transmission rates (OTRs: mL m–2 d–1 atm–1) at 1.66 × 106, 3.0 × 103 or 64. Headspace atmospheres (O2/CO2) of pouches at OTR 1.66 × 106, 3.0 × 103 and 64 were 21 %/0 % (normoxia), 1.9∼7.4 %/8.5∼9.6 % (modified atmosphere) and 0 %/> 20 % (hypoxia), respectively. Hue angles (degree of green color) of leaves in the OTR 3.0 × 103 and 64 pouches were significantly higher than that in the OTR 1.66 × 106 pouch. However, carotenoid and ascorbic acid concentrations in the leaf in the OTR 3.0 × 103 pouch was significantly higher than that in the OTR 64 pouch. The modified atmosphere created in the OTR 3.0 × 103 pouch was suitable for maintaining external (green color) and internal (bioactive compounds) qualities of soft kale.

A novel 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor, with mono iminoethoxyacetic acid as receptor, was developed. It was applied successfully to detect Zn2+ in living cells. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 5-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm. DFT calculations shows Zn2+ is coordinated by the N and O atoms of the iminoethoxyacetic acid arms and methoxy group to form the distorted four-coordination geometry.

The efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in extending storage life of the Pacific Northwest ‘Bartlett’ pear is inconsistent. The effects of harvest maturity [H1: flesh firmness (FF) ≈ 83.6 N; H2: FF ≈ 74.8 N], production elevation (E1 ≈ 150 m; E2 ≈ 610 m), and holding temperature (0 and 5 °C) prior to application of 1-MCP have been measured with respect to ethylene production, fruit quality, and storage disorders of ‘Bartlett’ fruit during 6 months of storage at −1.1 °C. 1-MCP at 0.3 μL L−1 for 24 h at 0 °C inhibited ethylene production, FF and green color losses, senescence disorders, and friction discoloration for H1 fruit from both elevations. However, 1-MCP efficacy was reduced moderately in E1H2 fruit and reduced to a greater extend in E2H2 fruit. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC) at harvest was not detected in H1 fruit from either elevation, but it accumulated in E1H2 and E2H2 fruit (E2H2 > E1H2). The holding temperature at 5 °C but not 0 °C for 12 d between harvest and 1-MCP treatment increased fruit IEC and ethylene production rate and reduced the fruit response to subsequent 1-MCP treatment. The fruit physiological stage at the moment of 1-MCP treatment determined the efficacy of 1-MCP in extending the storage life of ‘Bartlett’ pears. 1-MCP retarded development of ripening capacity and 10–14 d at 20 °C were needed to ripen 1-MCP treated ‘Bartlett’ pears to optimum eating quality following 5–6 months of cold storage.

This investigation was aimed at selecting the most suitable package to maintain quality of sugar snap peas pods. The effectiveness of five types of polypropylene packages: highly perforated (HPPP), non-perforated (NPPP) and micro-perforated with 6, 12 and 24 holes (MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24) on storability of pods was studied during cold storage at 0 °C with 90–95% RH for 7, 14, 21 days and simulating shelf-life conditions at10 °C with 80–85% RH for 2 or 4 days after 21 days at 0 °C. O 2 and CO 2 concentrations, weight loss, visual quality, off odors, decay, color, firmness, crispness, taste, total chlorophyll, vitamin C, SSC, and total sugar contents were measured. Results revealed that O 2 decreased and CO 2 increased slowly inside MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24 bags, however, the reduction in O 2 and the increments in CO 2 in NPPP bags were very sharp and accompanied with high levels of off odors. HPPP had the highest weight loss compared with other bags. MPPP12 bags maintained quality during storage and simulated shelf-life, in terms of higher scores for visual quality, firmness, crispness and taste as well as highest contents of chlorophyll, vitamin C and sugars. NPPP bags had the worst values for quality. At the end of storage and shelf-life, an increment in h * was observed in samples stored in MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24 bags (more green color) in comparison with those in NPPP bags.

Homogenized puree of Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson Seedless’) grape was treated under different conditions, including heating time (5–30 min), temperature (20–80 °C) and pH (2–10). Treatments with separate additions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose at concentrations of 100–600 g/L and salts of MgCl2, ZnCl2, GuSO4, and KCl at concentration of 1 g/L were also tested at 20 °C up to 30 min. Relative chlorophyll pigment retention (CR) was measured at 664 nm. The chlorophyll pigments were the most stable at 20 °C and the nature pH of grape puree (pH 3.4). Increasing temperature and changing pH reduced CR. After 30 min treatment at 80 °C, CR decreased to lower than 20% and 50% at pH 2 and 5, separately. Increasing fructose and sucrose concentrations reduced CR at pH 3, but increased it at most levels at pH 4. Increasing glucose concentration protected chlorophyll pigment from reduction in some cases at pH 3 and 4. CR increased with addition of metal ions increased at pH 4, but decreased at pH 3. Conditions of 23.3 °C, pH 4.5, and 120 g/kg fructose and 210 g/kg glucose produced the highest CR value.

We study experimentally and theoretically the coloration mechanisms of blue and green feather barbs in the rosy-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). Structural characterizations reveal that both the blue and green barbs contain a similar rod-connected amorphous diamond-structured photonic crystal (RAD-PC), producing basically a non-iridescent blue structural color. Numerical simulations show that the existence of a photonic pseudogap in the photonic density of states of the RAD-PC is the physical origin of the non-iridescent blue coloration. The green color in the green barbs is a mixed color coming from the blue structural color in the RAD-PC and the yellow color in the cortex layer that contains a yellow pigment. The optical function of the yellow pigment for achieving a saturated green color is discussed. The interesting coloration mechanisms unraveled may help us get in-depth understandings of the ingenious strategies of color production in nature and valuable inspirations as well.

Green color and texture are important attributes for the perception of freshness of wild rocket. Packaging of green leafy vegetables can postpone senescence and yellowing, but a drawback is the risk of anaerobic respiration leading to loss of tissue integrity and development of an olive-brown color. The hypothesis underlying this paper is that color and textural quality of packaged wild rocket leaves can be predicted by multispectral imaging for faster evaluation of visual quality of leafy green vegetables in scientific experiments. Multispectral imaging was correlated to sensory evaluation of packaged wild rocket quality. CIELAB values derived from the multispectral images and from a spectrophotometer changed during storage, but the data were insufficient to describe variation in sensory perceived color and texture. CIELAB values from the multispectral images allowed for a more detailed determination of color compared to measurement with a spectrophotometer with an 8 mm aperture. Furthermore, the multispectral images enabled subtraction of background information of the sample and gave more accurate results on visual color of wild rocket leaves. The combination of wavelengths in the NIR range describing textural changes, and wavelengths in the VIS range describing color changes was optimal for quantification of sensory perceived color and textural quality of packaged wild rocket.

Based on related properties of green color retention, the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (200, 400 and 600 MPa for 15 min) treatments on −a⁎ value, chlorophyll a and b contents, activities of chlorophyllase, Mg-dechelatase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, total phenolic compounds content and pH of spinach puree were assessed during 43 days of storage at 4 °C/2000 lx and 4 °C/dark. Results showed that chlorophyll content changes followed a first-order reaction kinetics as a function of storage time at 4 °C. Samples treated by 600 MPa HHP showed higher −a⁎ value, chlorophyll a content and pH, lower chlorophyllase and polyphenol oxidase activity, and the post-effect existed at almost whole storage time, which could maintain better color of spinach puree during storage by inhibiting chlorophyll degradation and browning reaction effectively. The interesting result was −a⁎ value and Mg-dechelatase activity of samples were higher when stored at 2000 lx than dark storage ones. Another phenomenon was Mg-dechelatase activity of all samples increased greatly after HHP treatments, and the tendency was sustained during storage, especially for 400 and 600 MPa HHP-treated samples. Industrial relevance The yield of green vegetables in China is huge. However, the processing of green vegetable still faces many difficulties especially for color deterioration during processing and storage. As one novel non-thermal processing technique, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is likely to replace the traditional thermal processing. Many researchers have showed HHP can better keep color quality of green vegetables. However, the post-effects of HHP on green color retention and related properties during storage are still little. The aim of research is to analyze color related properties during storage in HHP-treated spinach, and provide theoretical basis of green vegetable non-thermal processing for commercial application of HHP-processed vegetable products. The research is important for HHP industrialization in China.

Irradiation of a mixture of a poly(methylphenyl)silane containing a Boron dipyrromethene dye was found to induce green color emission from the BODIPY dye via energy transfer from the polysilane S1 state to the S2 state of the BODIPY in the solid state, whereas in the solid the BODIPY dyes themselves are nonfluorescent due to aggregation and self-quenching.

Demand for naturally durable timbers has encouraged the development of more aggressively managed plantation of species such as teak ( Tectona grandis ) or California coast redwood ( Sequioa sempervirens ). A number of reports suggest that heartwood from some plantation-grown species tends to be less durable than that from naturally grown materials. Developing methods for improving the durability of these species will be important for maintaining their markets. One approach is to supplement the natural durability with colorless organic wood preservatives. In this report, the decay resistance of teak, redwood, and western red cedar sapwood and heartwood samples with and without supplemental treatment with didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) or 4,5-dichloro-2- N -octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOI) was compared with samples treated with alkaline copper quaternary compound (ACQ) and untreated samples. All samples were exposed in a ground proximity test in Hawaii, and the degree of decay was visually assessed every 6 months over a 36-month period. The ACQ treatment generally provided the most protection, but its green color could negatively affect public acceptance of the materials. DDAC and DCOI both improved performance in most sapwood materials, but their effects on heartwood were less clear and a longer evaluation period will be required to determine the benefits of treating heartwood of these species.

This paper reports on the spectral analysis of novel Lithium Zinc Vanadate (LiZnVO 4) phosphor prepared by a solid state reaction method. Emission spectrum of LiZnVO 4 has shown a bright green emission at 533 nm with ? exci = 359 nm. A bright green color emission has also been noticed directly from this phosphor under an UV source. For this luminescent phosphor, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectrum, Comprehensive Differential Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TG-DTA) have also been carried out. � 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solid solutions of the type Y(Cu0.5Ti0.5)1−xMxO3 with a hexagonal structure were prepared for M = Mn, Fe, Cr, Al, Ga, and In. A complete solid solution could be obtained only in the case of M = Mn. The green color of YCu0.5Ti0.5O3 was found to be enhanced by small substitutions of Al, Ga, and In. All compositions containing Mn were black in color. Suppression of magnetic transitions is observed upon co-doping of Cu/Ti into YMnO3. Measurements of dielectric constant suggest some magneto-electric coupling may be present in the Y(Cu0.5Ti0.5)1−xMnxO3 solid solution.

As a special kind of glazed ceramic, faience has an important role to play in the technological trajectory that eventually leads to the development of ancient glass. In China, faience products first emerged in early Western Zhou Dynasty (1046BC-771BC), and their great significance as well as brilliant colors varying between blue and green attracted a lot of scholars. However, scientific researches on the color source of Chinese faience in view of microstructure characterization are quite few. In the present work, analyses by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) were carried out on two faience beads with relatively blue and green color, respectively, both of which were excavated from Peng State archaeological cemetery site in Western Zhou Dynasty. The results show that the coloring element in both beads is copper with +2 valence, and the color divergence of these two beads may originate from different local chemical environments of Cu2+. It is suggested that the faience in this period is the earliest glaze with copper colorant in China. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Six types of sticky card traps differing in color and trapping adhesive were evaluated for monitoring Asian citrus psyllid in citrus in the United States (Florida and Texas). We coded the six traps as ASYellow, GLYellow, RWYellow, ASACP, ASGreen and MGGreen. The ASYellow, GLYellow and RWYellow traps were a bright yellow color to the human eye but the yellow color of these traps varied in intensity. To the human eye, the ASACP traps were a lime-green color, the MGGreen trap was a fluorescent yellow-green color, and the ASGreen trap was a green color. Spectral reflectance measurements were taken to categorize the color (wavelength) spectrum of each trap. Percent reflectance in the green and yellow wavelength regions was similar among the ASYellow, GLYellow, RWYellow and ASACP traps. Three of the six sticky traps (GLYellow, RWYellow and MGGreen) were treated with a traditional gluey adhesive material. The other three traps were treated with No Mess Sticky Card adhesive, a hot-melted, pressuresensitive adhesive material. Trapping studies were conducted in Florida and Texas during AprileMay comparing four of the traps and during SeptembereOctober comparing all six traps. Data collected during AprileMay indicated there were no significant differences in numbers of adults captured on ASGreen, ASYellow, ASACP and GLYellow traps. In seven comparisons of all six traps during SeptembereOctober, the GLYellow and RWYellow traps each captured significantly fewer adults in one comparison, the MGGreen trap captured fewer adults in two comparisons, and the ASGreen trap captured fewer in three comparisons. There was no evidence that any one of the six traps would be best at detecting psyllids when adult populations are scarce. There was no significant difference between the two adhesive materials with respect to numbers of adults captured on traps. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Naphthalene group with 1- or 2-link position was substituted into 5-position of dipyrrinato zinc complex and bis[5-(1-naphthalenyl)-dipyrrinato]zinc complex (Zn(1-NaPN)2) and bis[5-(2-naphthalenyl)-dipyrrinato]zinc complex (Zn(2-NaPN)2), which are the derivatives of bis(dipyrrinato)zinc complex, were successfully synthesized. The optical properties of the synthesized compounds were measured through UV-visible and PL spectrum. UV-visible maximum values in solution state, 485 and 486 nm for Zn(1-NaPN)2 and Zn(2-NaPN)2 have similar absorption maximum value and PL spectrum maximum values are 516 and 518 nm, respectively. In the film state, UV-visible maximum values, about 517 nm for both compounds, also indicated absorption of similar wavelengths. PL spectrum was shown to be about 550 nm which is also red-shifted about 33 nm from the solution state, moving toward yellowish green color. Zn(1-NaPN)2 and Zn(2-NaPN)2, the synthesized compounds, were measured on electrochemical kinetic properties through cyclic voltammogram (CV), and both materials showed similar oxidation voltage of about 0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3). The exponent of scan rate and x-value of Zn(1-NaPN)2 and Zn(2-NaPN)2 were 0.52 and 0.33, so the kinetics of Zn(1-NaPN)2 is mainly controlled by diffusion process.

The color ( L *, a *, b * parameters), the total phenols content and the global chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash) of four fresh varieties of olive leaves ( Chemlali , Chemchali , Zarrazi and Chetoui ) were determined. Fresh olive leaves are characterized by a green color (greenness parameter, a *, varying from −5.01 ± 0.26 to −9.14 ± 1.21), an intermediate moisture content (0.85 to 1.00 g/g dry matter, i.e. 46 to 50 g/100 g fresh matter) and a variable amount of total phenols according to the olive leaf variety (from ≈2.32 to ≈1.40 g caffeic acid/100 g dry matter). Fresh leaves were submitted to blanching and/or infrared drying at 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C in order to be stabilized by reducing their moisture contents. The impact of IR drying temperature on some quality attributes (color, total phenols and moisture rate removal) was evaluated. Nevertheless, the effect of prior blanching treatment on the quality attributes of dried leaves is less significant and it depends on the olive leaf variety. The infrared drying induces a considerable moisture removal from the fresh leaves (more than 85%) and short drying durations (varying from ≈162 at 40 °C to 15 min at 70 °C). IR drying temperature showed a significant effect of on total phenols content and the color of the leaves whatever the leaf variety. In fact, total phenols content of dried olive leaves increased if compared to fresh ones. For example, total phenols of Chemlali leaves increased from 1.38 ± 0.02 (fresh leaves) to 2.13 ± 0.29 (dried at 40 °C) and to 5.14 ± 0.60 g caffeic acid/100 g dry matter (dried at 70 °C). IR drying allows preserving the greenness color of fresh leaves and enhancing their luminosity. It could be suggested for preserving olives leaves before their use in food or cosmetic applications.

Combined treatments with hot air and UV-C were applied to minimally processed broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) florets to investigate their effects on several quality and senescence parameters. To select the optimum treatment, florets were treated with three temperatures (42, 45 and 48 °C) for 3 h and three UV-C doses (5, 8 and 10 kJ m −2 ) in all combinations and then placed in darkness at 20 °C. In general, results suggest that the effect of heat was more important than that of UV-C to prolong postharvest life of broccoli florets. Treatment at 48 °C combined with a UV-C dose of 8 kJ m −2 caused the higher retention of green color and the higher maintenance of organoleptical quality and was chosen to analyze its effect on other parameters during storage. The selected combined treatment delayed both yellowing and chlorophyll degradation during storage. Moreover, treated broccoli florets showed a higher retention of protein content in relation to controls. The treatment did not affect the total content of sugars but greatly reduced the level of reducing sugars. Results indicate that a combined treatment of UV-C and heat could be a useful method to delay postharvest senescence of minimally processed broccoli during storage at 20 °C.

Red athletic uniforms may have a psychological effect on the behavior of the wearer and/or opponent in combat sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the distractor effect of red color during a computerized Stroop task. A group of medical students (27 men and 23 women) were asked to accurately name the red, blue or green color of a series of equiluminant color words that appeared on a dark computer screen. The participants were told that their performance would be ranked. Stroop interference (SI) was quantified as the prolongation in response times (RTs) when naming color–color word incongruent stimuli than when naming noncolor words. We found that men experienced more SI when naming the red color in relation to RTs when naming the other colors. Men also experienced shorter RT than women, but this effect was not specific to naming of the red color. When the luminosity of the colored stimuli was halved, the RT was prolonged to a similar extent in both men and women but the gender discrepancy in SI during red color naming was maintained. Furthermore, in men SI for red positively correlated with scores on the depression subscale of the SCL-90-R questionnaire. Our data suggest that “seeing red” distracts men through a psychological rather than perceptual mechanism. Such a mechanism would associate red with aggression or dominance and may have a long evolutionary history, as indicated by behavioral evidence from nonhuman primates and other species.

This paper presents an application of numerical analysis to autofluorescence imaging for pathological tissue (mainly cancerous) tissue detection. The analysis was carried out using an application created in MathWorks Matlab. Autofluorescence images produced under ultraviolet illumination whose source was a xenon lamp or a semiconductor laser were subjected to processing. Classifying functions were designed and implemented on the basis of information about discrete red and green color values. The suitability of statistical analysis algorithms for the precise determination of areas corresponding to cancerous lesions at different stages of the disease is demonstrated. The classifying functions were also used in the real-time analysis of images obtained from conventional white-light endoscopy.

The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and pectin esterase (PE) in green eggplants during soaking treatments were analyzed to maintain the green color and improve the texture. The optimum temperature of PE was 65 °C, but there was no significant difference from 50 °C to 65 °C, and PE activity could be enhanced by NaCl concentration (0.15–0.25 M); the optimum pH of PPO was at 7.5, but inactivated when the pH was higher than 9.0; Enzymatic browning catalyzed by PPO could occurred when soaking temperature was higher than 55 °C. The trials showed that response surface analysis (RSA) was a suitable method to optimize the soaking conditions. The soaking temperature and soaking time significantly influenced the texture of the green eggplant. Optimum texture (shear force value) was predicted and proved at the conditions of soaking temperature was 52.6 °C, soaking time was 18.9 min and the NaCl concentration was 0.224 M.

In order to study the provenance and the composition of the colorants, different parts and colors of the glazes of Tang Sancai of three kilns were measured using proton microprobe. The analytical results show that distribution of Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Pb is homogeneous in the glaze. Fe is the main colorant element of yellow color, while Cu is the main colorant element of green color. The brown color is due to the mixture of compounds based on Fe and Cu. It was also found that the contents of K, Si and Pb are different for Tang Sancai of different provenance, which indicates they may be used for discrimination of provenance.

A series of leaf color mutants were induced through treatment with 300 Gy cobalt gamma rays from the indica rice cultivar ‘Pei’ai 64S’, the best thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (T/PGMS) line commercially used in two-line hybrid rice production. One elite mutant labeled ‘a-18’ with a single recessive gene controlling albino marker was found to express albino leaves at the 1–3-leaf stage and reverted back to normal green color before transplanting. Despite weaker seedling growth, the mature mutant plant possessed mostly similar agronomic traits, physicochemical properties, specific combining ability, and T/PGMS characteristics as the original parent. The albino seedlings were easily distinguished from normal green seedlings and their survival rate under field condition was significantly lower than that of hybrid seedlings. These results suggested that the green-revertible albino mutation can be used as a phenotypic marker for monitoring seed purity in hybrid rice production.

The synthesis and fluorescence properties of Tb3+-doped YPO4, LaPO4, GdPO4, (La,Gd)PO4, (La,Y)PO4 and (Gd,Y)PO4 powder phosphors are reported. Under UV-source these phosphors have been fluorescing in green color due to the emission transition ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 ). FT-IR absorption spectra of such samples were recorded. Scanning electron microscopy investigations were carried out to understand the surface morphological features and the grain size. The room-temperature lifetime measurements were made for the different emission transitions of these powder phosphors. X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDAX) was also performed.

We report the results of the time-resolved emission spectra and the decay curves, concerning the important green emission transition at 544 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 ). Five other transitions at 489 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 6 ), 585 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 4 ), 620 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 3 ), 674 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 2 ) and 648 nm ( 5 D 4 → 7 F 1 ) of Tb 3+ : (La,Y)PO 4 and (La,Gd)PO 4 were measured to understand the influences of the wavelengths of excitation, in emitting green color from these two novel phosphor materials. It was observed that the spectral features possess sharp and bright emission for potential applications on the monitors of the television and some other related electronic systems, in observing the images in green color.

The relationship between color and chemical composition in a series of Mn(V)-substituted fluoroapatites A10(B1−xMnxO4)6F2 is studied as a function of the nature of A=Ca, Sr, Ba; B=P, V, and the Mn substitution, x. These apatites exhibit deep blue to green colors. Saturation effects occur for some tetrahedral Mn(V) absorption bands, which are correlated to the large cross section of the corresponding transitions. These account for the blue to green color change with increasing the Mn content, x. The crystal field experienced by the Mn(V) ion is independent of x and of the nature of the B ion it replaces. This is because Mn(V) imposes its own size to the host lattice (mean Mn–O distance=1.72 A in all cases). The displacement of the Mn(V) absorption bands for A over the series Ca, Sr, to Ba is mainly due to an increasing Mn–O bond covalency.

Efficient syntheses and mechanisms of the formation of some novel porphyrins and chlorins with cyclic anhydride, imide and isoimide rings bearing various N-substituents as possible target-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy are presented. Porphyrins with such cyclic ring systems are named as “emeraldins” due to their intense green color. This class of compounds show a unique reverse etio- type absorption spectra.

Mossbauer spectroscopic investigations of deep-sea sediments from the Peru Basin revealed a prominent downcore increase of the bulk sediment Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio across the well-known tan-green color transition. This increase occurs along a continuous gradient extending over a 3 cm zone at the two deep-sea sites that we report. Remarkably constant values of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios above (11 ± 2%/89 ± 2%) and below (37 ± 2%/63 ± 2%) the iron redox transition-zone delimit the gradient clearly. A minor peak of diagenetic iron enrichment is manifest at the redox front. This Fe enrichment has accumulated in a redox cycle and amounts to 16 ± 4% of the total Fe at the peak maximum. The data imply that 26 ± 4% of the detrital iron has experienced in situ redox transition from Fe(III) to Fe(II) within the iron redox transition-zone.

Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Macf.), harvested from gibberellic acid (GA) treated trees were irradiated at 0.3 or 0.6 kGy, and evaluated for quality after treatment and simulated commercial storage. The peel of GA-treated fruit retained green color and the fruit were firmer than control fruit after treatment. A condition, not observed before with grapefruit, was described and termed ‘spongy fruit’, which increased as irradiation dosage increased. The incidence of fruit peel pitting after five weeks' storage increased from

Two convenient colorimetric methods are described for the determination of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in neutral aqueous solutions. Both techniques take advantage of the fact that nitrosating and oxidizing intermediates are generated in the course of the NO/O2 reaction. In the first method, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) is oxidized to the corresponding cation radical, imparting to the solution an intense green color (λmax = 420 nm). The second method involves the nitrosation of suifanilamide in the presence of N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, yielding an azo dye which imparts an intense orange color (λmax = 496 nm) to the solution. The presence of nitrite at concentrations

Several vinylcarbazole derivatives were electrochemically polymerized into electrochromic films with electrical conductivities in the range of 10 −4 to 10 −7 S/cm. The characteristic white/green color change upon doping was due to bicarbazolyl groups. The cyclic voltammograms of the monomers revealed small differences due to the various positions of the vinyl group on the ring.