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Panchromatic and multispectral image fusion, termed pan-sharpening, is to merge the spatial and spectral information of the source images into a fused one, which has a higher spatial and spectral resolution and is more reliable for downstream tasks compared with any of the source images. It has been widely applied to image interpretation and pre-processing of various applications. A large number of methods have been proposed to achieve better fusion results by considering the spatial and spectral relationships among panchromatic and multispectral images. In recent years, the fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) has significantly enhanced the development of pan-sharpening techniques. However, this field lacks a comprehensive overview of recent advances boosted by the rise of AI and DL. This paper provides a comprehensive review of a variety of pan-sharpening methods that adopt four different paradigms, i.e., component substitution, multiresolution analysis, degradation model, and deep neural networks. As an important aspect of pan-sharpening, the evaluation of the fused image is also outlined to present various assessment methods in terms of reduced-resolution and full-resolution quality measurement. Then, we conclude this paper by discussing the existing limitations, difficulties, and challenges of pan-sharpening techniques, datasets, and quality assessment. In addition, the survey summarizes the development trends in these areas, which provide useful methodological practices for researchers and professionals. Finally, the developments in pan-sharpening are summarized in the conclusion part. The aim of the survey is to serve as a referential starting point for newcomers and a common point of agreement around the research directions to be followed in this exciting area. This work was supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China (61901246), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, China Grant (2019TQ0190, 2019M662432), the Scientific Research Leader Studio of Ji’nan (2021GXRC081), and Joint Project for Smart Computing of Shandong Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2020LZH015). Amir Hussain acknowledges the support of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)-Grants Ref. EP/M026981/1, EP/T021063/1, EP/T024917/1. Hui Yu acknowledges the support of Royal Society, UK (NIF/R1/180909). J. Del Ser would like to thank the Spanish Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial (CDTI, Ministry of Science and Innovation) through the “Red Cervera” Programme (AI4ES project), as well as by the Basque Government, Spain through the ELKARTEK program and the Consolidated Research Group MATHMODE (Ref. IT1456-22).

Alterations of multiple metabolites characterize distinct features of metabolic reprograming in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, most metabolites including propionyl-CoA (Pro-CoA) are illusive for their functions in metabolic reprograming and hepatocarcinogenesis. This study aims to dissect how Pro-CoA metabolism affects these processes.TCGA data and HCC samples were used to analyze the ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism and its correlation with HCC. Multiple metabolites were assayed by targeted mass spectrometry. The function of ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA was evaluated by HCC proliferation, migration, xenograft nude mouse model and primary liver cancer mouse models. Nontargeted metabolomic and targeted energy metabolomic analyses followed by multiple biochemical assays were performed to dissect the underlying mechanisms.Decreases in Pro-CoA and its derivative propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) due to ALDH6A1 downregulation were tightly associated with HCC. Functionally, ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism suppressed HCC proliferation and impaired hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was indispensable for the ALDH6A1 function while Pro-CoA carboxylases antagonized ALDH6A1 function by eliminating Pro-CoA. Mechanistically, ALDH6A1 caused a signature enrichment of central carbon metabolism in cancer and impaired energy metabolism: ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA suppressed citrate synthase (CS) activity that subsequently reduced TCA cycle flux, impaired mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential, and decreased ATP production. Moreover, Pro-CoA metabolism generated 2-methylcitric acid (MCA), which mimicked the inhibitory effect of Pro-CoA on CS and dampened mitochondrial respiration and HCC proliferation.Our study unveils novel features that the decline of ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism contributes to metabolic remodeling and facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. Pro-CoA, PLC and MCA may serve as novel metabolic biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of HCC. Pro-CoA metabolism may provide potential targets for development of novel strategies against HCC.Our study presents new insights on metabolic reprogramming and hepatocarcinogenesis attribute to the decline of ALDH6A1-mediated propionyl-CoA. These findings may enrich molecular and metabolic indicators for physicians to improve clinical practice. These biomarkers may potentially be used for diagnosis and serve as targets for the development of therapeutic strategies against HCC.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of position on regional kyphosis angle (RKA) in patients with kyphosis secondary to symptomatic old osteoporotic thoracolumbar fracture(so-OTLF).The authors evaluated the radiographic data of patients with kyphosis secondary to so-OTLF who underwent posterior corrective fusion surgery in our hospital. The spine sagittal parameters were evaluated in the standing position preoperatively. RKA was measured under standing X-ray radiograph, full-length spine CT (FLS-CT) image in prone position and intraoperative prone X-ray radiograph, respectively. Changes in RKA were compared between groups.Thirty-three patients were included. The average RKAs in the standing position, preoperative prone position, and intraoperative prone position were 46.2°, 31.1°, and 30.5° respectively. RKA decreased significantly from standing to preoperative prone position or intraoperative prone position (p0.001). In 93.9% (31/33) of the patients, the difference between preoperative prone RKA and intraoperative prone RKA was within 5°. The changes in RKA from standing to intraoperative prone position in the moderate to severe kyphosis group were significantly greater than those in the mild kyphosis group (P0.001).The reductive effect of the intraoperative prone position was greater in patients with moderate to severe kyphosis deformities. RKA in the preoperative prone position was almost the same as the RKA in the intraoperative prone position. Therefore, assessing preoperative FLS-CT in the prone position helped formulate the plan for corrective surgery in patients with kyphosis secondary to so-OTLF.

This study evaluated the midterm results of endovascular therapy (EVT) for Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society (TASC) II D femoropopliteal lesions in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI).Fifty seven limbs of 54 patients with CLI due to TASC II D femoropopliteal lesions who underwent EVT at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University were retrospectively analysed in a single-centre, observational study. The patient characteristics, endovascular procedural details, freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR), patency rates, ulcer healing rate, and limb salvage rate were accessed.The patients' mean age was 68.2 ± 8.2 years. All patients were treated by EVT. The final technical success rate was 98.2% (56/57). There were 23 cases of pain at rest, 18 cases of ulcer, and 15 cases of gangrene. The median length of the treated segment was 286 ± 42 mm (56/56) and the mean number of stents placed per patient was 2.0 ± 0.8 (49/56). The postoperative ankle-brachial index was significantly higher than that of the preoperative ankle-brachial index (P 0.05). The perioperative complication rate was 10.7% (6/56). The restenosis or occlusion rate was 44.6% (25/56). The estimated rates of freedom from TLR at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years were 86.8%, 67.0%, and 62.5%, respectively. A univariate analysis showed that predictors of freedom from TLR were the number of runoff vessels, length of the lesion, and complexity of the lesion, while predictors for restenosis or occlusion were the length and the complexity of the lesion. The ulcer healing rate was 93.8%. The limb salvage rates were 76.4%, 74.4%, and 70.9% at 1, 2, and 3 years after treatment, respectively.The midterm outcomes of EVT for TASC II D femoropopliteal lesions in patients with CLI indicated that this treatment approach is safe and effective and is clinically applicable.

Psychiatric disorders have great health hazards and the exact pathogeny remains elusive now. We aim to explore the potential interaction effects of mitochondrial function and human behavior on the risks of anxiety and depression.The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of mitochondrial function (N = 383,476-982,072) were obtained from published studies. Individual level genotype and phenotype data of anxiety, depression and behavioral factors (including drinking, smoking and physical activity) were all from the UK Biobank (N = 84,805-85,164). We first calculated the polygenic risk scores (PRS) of mitochondrial function as the instrumental variables, and then constructed linear regression analyses to systematically explore the potential interaction effects of mitochondrial function and human behavior on anxiety and depression.In total samples, we observed mitochondrial heteroplasmy (MtHz) vs. Drinking (PConsidering all subjects were from UK Biobank, it should be careful to extrapolate our findings to other populations with different genetic background.Our results suggest the significant impacts of mitochondrial function and human behavior interactions on the development of anxiety and depression, providing new clues for clarifying the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression.

Measures of investment performance, including alpha, the canonical measure of mean return after allowing for systematic (beta) risk, depend on return measurement horizon, because beta depends on horizon. We introduce a procedure that relies on a combination of theory and simulations to estimate long-return-horizon alphas and betas from short-horizon estimates. Compared to a benchmark of 41% estimated in monthly returns, the percentage of mutual funds with positive alpha estimates against the SPY decreases to 21% (increases to 46%) at the decade return horizon for funds with high (low) estimated monthly market betas. Alphas estimated from short-horizon (e.g. monthly) returns may be uninformative or even misleading regarding fund performance for investors with longer horizons.

Previously, we have demonstrated ID1/Myc signaling is highly expressed in oxaliplatin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study sought to investigate the role of ID1/Myc signaling on immune evasion in oxaliplatin-resistant HCC.The oxaliplatin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (Hepa 1-6-OXA, 97H-OXA and 3B-OXA) were established and their oxaliplatin tolerance was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. The relationship between ID1/Myc and PD-L1 upregulation, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) accumulation was explored. The underlying mechanism in which ID1/Myc signaling regulated PD-L1 expression and PMN-MDSCs accumulation was investigated in vitro and vivo.Increased ID1/Myc expressions were identified in oxaliplatin-resistant HCC and correlate with PD-L1 upregulation and PMN-MDSCs accumulation. The knockdown of Myc sensitized oxaliplatin-resistant HCC cells to oxaliplatin and resulted in a decrease of PMN-MDSCs and an increase of IFN-γID1/Myc signaling drives immune evasion in oxaliplatin-resistant HCC via PD-L1 upregulation and PMN-MDSCs recruitment. Blocking the ID1/Myc induced immune tolerance represents a promising treatment target to conquer chemoresistance in HCC.

Previous studies have suggested a potential association between sleep and telomere length (TL), but its genetic basis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the genetic correlation and potential causal association between TL and insomnia.The genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets of TL and insomnia-related traits were used, including insomnia, snoring, daytime dozing and napping. Based on the polygenic risk scores (PRS) of TL, linear regression and linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression were used to preliminarily explore the association between TL and insomnia parameters in the UK Biobank cohort. Then, we investigated the causal association between TL and insomnia by mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and colocalization analysis.In the UK Biobank cohort, the association between TL and insomnia was observed in the female samples (t = 2.968, P = 3.00 × 10Our study found no evidence for causal association between insomnia and TL in individuals of European ancestry. We detected a candidate gene associated with both insomnia and TL, providing novel clues for understanding the roles of this association.