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Pincer complexes attract considerable attention both as interesting objects for fundamental studies and efficient catalysts. This review describes a relatively new offshoot of the field – namely, the chemistry of iridium complexes with aliphatic PCsp3P non-innocent pincer ligands. High flexibility, often combined with possibility to activate internal C–H bonds, offers several new patterns of metal-ligand cooperation; some of them were successfully used in catalysis of acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation, olefin hydroformylation and deuterium exchange, others opened up for remarkable stoichiometric reactions.

A nickel(II) hydroxo complex (3) supported by a cyclohexyl based POCsp3OP pincer ligand (POCsp3OP = cis-1,3-Bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinito)cyclohexyl) is reported. Complex 3 reacts with CO to form the corresponding hydroxycarbonyl complex, (POCsp3OP)NiCOOH (4). Complex 3 is also reactive towards CO2, forming a bicarbonate species (5) that under reduced pressure loses ½ eq. of H2O and CO2 to give a binuclear, bridged carbonate complex (6). All compounds were characterized in the solid state by X-ray diffraction.

Aqueous coordination of cyanide and verification of the composition of the resulting coordination compound is important to ensure confidence in its coordination. Isothiocyanato compounds 1–7 were synthesized employing different synthetic routes and the complex, [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(SCN)5(CH3CN)]3−, 4, was structurally characterized. Ligand exchange reaction of 4 with cyanide forms 8, a cyano complex. Complex 8 was isolated as an organosoluble salt and fully characterized and confirmed as the major product formed in the aqueous ligand exchange reaction of 4–7 with cyanide. The crystal structure of 8 revealed the unusual [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(CN)5]3− anion where the two molybdenum(V) centers are unsymmetrically coordinated. A second unsymmetric cyano complex [Mo2O3(μ-S)2(CN)2]2− 9, presumed hydrolysis product from an aqueous reaction, was isolated and structurally characterized revealing one square pyramidal Mo center and one tetrahedral Mo center in the binuclear core. Attempts to quantify the first order dissociative ligand substitution rate of thiocyanate in 4 to form 8 using the stopped-flow method gave an estimated minimum rate constant of 70 s−1. This confirms that the exchange reaction is sufficiently fast to be useful in aqueous coordination of cyanide.

Through a salt metathesis reaction, ( t −Bu PCN)Pd-ONO 2 ( 2 ) was prepared and used as a precursor for producing ( t −Bu PCN)Pd-OH ( 3 ) and ( t −Bu PCN)Pd-aryl acetylide complexes 4 (phenyl acetylide) and 5 (p-tolyl acetylide). The aryl acetylide complexes could also be prepared through another synthetic route: by condensation of 3 with the corresponding aryl acetylene. The reactivity of complexes 3 and 4 toward carbon dioxide was studied and it was found that both reactions give the hydrogen carbonate complex ( 6 ). The low reactivity of the Pd-acetylide bond was further confirmed by the fact that the propiolate complex undergoes decarboxylation to give 4 . PCN palladium complexes are good catalysts for the decarboxylative cross coupling reactions between acetylene carboxylic acids and aryl halides. The yield of the cross coupling product was improved by adding a catalytic amount of CuI.

The cyclometallated dinuclear (2-phenyl-pyridine) palladium acetate and chloride [{PdCl(phpy)}(2)] and [{PdOAc(phpy)}(2)] were reacted with potentially bridging N- and S-donor ligands. The N,N-ligands bind with only one nitrogen and form monomeric products. The S,S-ligand binds in a chelate mode, also forming a monomeric complex. 3,3-Dimethyl glutarate, on the other hand, binds in a bridging mode. An X-ray structure of the complex with naphthyridine is presented. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Four different polymorphs of GdScO 3 are assessed theoretically and experimentally with respect to their suitability as a dielectric. The calculations carried out by density functional theory reveal lattice constants, band gaps and the energies of formation of three crystal phases. Experimentally all three crystal phases and the amorphous phase can be realized as thin films by pulsed laser deposition using various growth templates. Their respective crystal structures are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reflecting the calculated lattice constants. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy unveils the band gaps of the different polymorphs of GdScO 3 which are above 5 eV for all films demonstrating good insulating properties. From capacitance voltage measurements, high permittivities of up to 27 for hexagonal GdScO 3 are deduced.

This study investigates the impact of supports and synthesis routes on the performance of supported gold nanoparticles in the Sonogashira coupling reaction. The catalysts were synthesized by deposition-precipitation (DP) and incipient wetness impregnation (IMP), employing carriers of different nature (redox: CeO2, TiO2, and non-redox: Al2O3) and were characterized by various physical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N-2 sorption, and high resolution. transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed that gold is present in the metallic state in all of the samples, independent of the nature of the support and the way of synthesis. The DP technique gave catalysts with smaller gold particles (4-14 nm), while the IMP route led to agglomeration due to presence of chlorine and resulted in distinctly larger gold particles (50-100 nm) on the supports. The evaluation of catalysts in the Sonogashira coupling of phenylacetylene and iodobenzene demonstrated that the catalysts' performance is negligibly dependent on the specific surface area of the catalysts. Synthesis paths, however, greatly affected the catalysts' activity and selectivity. All the catalysts prepared by DP gave significantly higher conversion of iodobenzene and selectivity to diphenylacetylene (desired hetero-coupled product) than their analogs prepared by IMP. This is shown to be related to the superior dispersion achieved by the DP route with the formation of smaller Au nanoparticle, which are highly active and selective. Thus, the present study explicitly establishes that the choice of proper synthesis method is vital to achieve sufficiently small nanoparticles leading to the best Sonogashira performance. Also, redox active oxide supports lead to a better performance than non-redox carriers. Despite significant leaching, the catalysis is shown to be heterogeneous. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The majority of the known pincer iridium based catalysts for dehydrogenation of alkanes has arene-based backbones. Here, the catalytic activity of aliphatic iridium pincer complexes, viz, the cyclohexane-based phosphine complex (PCyP)IrHCl (4) (PCyP = {cis-1,3-bis-[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]cyclohexane}(-)) and the 2-methylpropane-based phosphinite complex (POCOP)IrHCl (5) (POCOP = 1,3-bis-(di-tert-butyl-phosphinito)-2-methylpropane(-)), in dehydrogenation of cyclooctane and triethylamine was studied. They give TONs that are in the range of 0-200. In addition, improved procedures for synthesis and metallation of the PCyP ligand (3) are presented. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We have investigated the oxidation of inorganic As(III) with H2O2 catalysed by Al2O3, using X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The effects of different reaction conditions (pH, time and initial H2O2 concentration) were also studied as were the kinetics of the oxidation reaction. We demonstrated that As(III) was oxidized to As(V) in the presence of H2O2 and Al2O3. Furthermore, all arsenic species found on the Al2O3 surface were in the As(V) state. The presence of both Al2O3 and H2O2 was necessary for oxidation of As(III) to take place within the period of time studied. The oxidation kinetics indicate a mechanism where reversible As(III) binding to the alumina surface is followed by irreversible oxidation by H2O2 leading to strongly bound As(V). Results from this study indicate that there is a surface-catalysed oxidation of As(III) on Al2O3 by H2O2, a reaction that can take place in nature and can be of help in the development of novel treatment systems for As(III) removal.

The coordination behaviour of the aliphatic pincer ligand cis-1,3-bis-((di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl) cyclohexane with NiCl2 and NiBr2 was studied. Reflux in toluene afforded cyclometalated, tridentate PCsp3P pincer complexes, that were characterised by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy; the solid state structures were determined by X-ray diffraction showing an unusually long Ni-Br bond in the bromo complex. A preliminary account of their reactivity is reported and they were found to be unreactive towards base and hydride sources and to be poor catalysts in Kumada coupling reactions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

The catalytic incorporation of CO2 into value-added chemicals to form e. g. carboxylic acids and carbonates is highly interesting due to the abundance, non-toxicity and low cost of carbon dioxide. Currently, palladium is one of the most exploited transition metals in homogeneous catalysis and its reactivity with carbon dioxide has therefore been studied to a significant extent. All work in the field that is related to the reactivity of the Pd-C bond with CO2 to form new C-C bonds is included in this review. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Two pregnane derivatives ( 1 and 2 ) were isolated from the methanolic root extract of Pentalinon andrieuxii , a plant used commonly in Yucatecan traditional medicine to treat leishmaniasis. The structures of both metabolites were established using spectroscopic methods and chemical correlation reactions. An X-ray structure of 1 is reported.

The ligand 2,6-bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]benzene ((PCP)H) was prepared and characterised in an improved manner. With platinum it forms the complex (PCP)PtOTf which reacts with sodium methoxide to give (PCP)PtOMe as the major product together with a small amount of [(PCP)Pt](2)-mu-H. The platinum methoxide reacts with carbon dioxide to give (PCP)PtO(CO)OMe. Also the dinuclear [(PCP)Pt](2)(mu-O(CO)OMe) is formed in this reaction if (PCP)PtOTf is present. The crystal structures for [(PCP)PtOH2]OTf, PCP)PtOMe, [(PCP)Pt](2)-mu-H and [(PCP)Pt](2)(mu-O(CO)OMe) are reported. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reaction of 2 equivalents of 1,3-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinito)-2-methyl-propane (1a) with [Ir(COD)Cl](2) affords the first aliphatic diphosphinite PCP pincer complex with iridium, Ir(H){(t-Bu2POCH2)(2)C(Me)}Cl (2). The poor yield of 2 is partly explained by the formation of a di-nuclear byproduct [IrCl(COD)](2)(mu(2)-{(t-Bu2POCH2)(2)CH(Me)}) (3). Reaction of 1,3-bis-(di-iso-propylphosphinito)-2-methyl-propane (1b) under the same condition does not give any cyclometallation, and reaction with IrCl3 center dot H2O in DMF leads to complete decomposition of the pincer ligand under the formation of Ir(H)(i-Pr2P(OH))(3)(CO) (4), underpinning the comparatively low thermal stability of aliphatic phosphinite pincer systems. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (Less)

{Cis-1,3-bis[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]cyclohexyl}palladium(II)trif luoroacetate (1) acts as a precatalyst for the Suzuki reaction of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid in the absence or presence of mercury to give the product in modest to reasonably good yields. The reaction was monitored by P-31- and H-1 NMR spectroscopy in a stepwise fashion, concluding that complex 1 reacts with activated boronic acids in the first reaction step to yield the corresponding phenyl complex 2. Complex 2 thereafter generates the Suzuki cross-coupling product upon addition of aryl halide. This shows that (PCP)Pd complexes, in addition to the previously demonstrated Pd(0)/Pd(II) mechanism, can mediate cross-coupling reactions using molecular species in a non-zero oxidation state. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (Less)

An improved synthetic route to the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-diol ligands (2,6-BODOLS) allowed an increased structural variation of the ligand side-arm. The addition of aromatic or vinylic Grignard reagents to hydroxyketone 1 was highly selective and ligands 3f-3I were isolated in 84-97% yield. The addition of alkyl Grignard reagents containing beta-hydrogens resulted in lower yields (13-71%) due to competing ketone reduction. A number of 2,5-BODOLs were synthesized using a similar methodology. The ligands, together with Ti(OiPr)(4), were tested in the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone with catecholborane (up to 98% ee). 1-Naphthyl-BODOL 3i was employed as an allylboration reagent to benzaldehyde together with Sc(OTf)(3), resulting in (1S)-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol in 80% ee. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

The complex [(IMesH2)(PPh2Cy)Cl2RuCHPh] was synthesised and shown to be an active catalyst in ring-closing metathesis of a diallylmalonate. Its phosphine exchange was investigated in C6D6 using magnetisation transfer 31P NMR spectroscopy and it was found to operate via a dissociative mechanism with k353 = 4.1 ± 0.9 s−1, ΔH‡ = 84 ± 10 kJ mol−1 and ΔS‡ = 4 ± 28 J mol−1 K−1.

The mechanism for hydrogenation of dimethylmaleate in water using cationic rhodium complexes with water-soluble bi-dentate phosphines has been investigated using kinetics and a novel method for the indirect detection of intermediates in catalytic hydrogenation reactions, whereby a late intermediate was detected. A mechanism is proposed involving fast, irreversible substrate binding followed by a rate-determining reaction with dihydrogen.

A methodology for the synthesis of novel spiro-cyclohexene bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives, including Claisen rearrangement and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) as key synthetic steps, is described.

The omega-hydroxyolefins 3-buten-1-ol, 3-buten-1-methyl-1-ol and 4-penten-1-ol were subjected to hydroxycarbonylation conditions in water in the presence of PdCL2(PhCN)(2) and 4-8 equiv. of water soluble tris(3-sodiumsulfonatophenyl)phosphine (TPPTS), or N-bis(N',N'-diethyl-2-aminoethyl)-4-aminomethylphenyl-diphenylphosphine (N3P). Under conditions of high conversion, the olefins primarily undergo isomerisation through a chain walking mechanism with selectivities for aldehyde ranging from 65% to 98%, with the lower values for longer chain alcohols. The lactones formed as the minor product are almost exclusively branched, indicating that in the first step 2,1-insertion is strongly favoured over 1,2-insertion. In the N3P system also linear lactone is produced at lower conversion. Running the reaction in D2O produces multiple deuterium incorporation in all positions of the carbon chain. A mechanism is discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An investigation of the kinetics of the Heck reaction between 4-iodoanisole and styrene catalysed by {cis-1,3-bis[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]-cyclohexane} palladium (11) iodide (1) has been performed in DMF-d(7) solution. Based on mercury poisoning experiments a heterogeneous palladium catalyst formed from the PCsp3P Pd(II) pre-catalyst is proposed. Saturation behaviour with respect to the olefin concentration suggests a mechanism consisting of a pre-equilibrium association of the olefin followed by a rate determining reaction with aryl halide. The equilibrium constant for the olefin association, K-1, and the rate constant for the subsequent oxidative addition step, k(2), were determined to (5.7 +/- 2.5) x 10(-3) and 18.4 +/- 2.7 M-1 s(-1), respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Treatment of a benzene solution of (tmeda)PdMe2 or (dppe)PdMe2 with carbon dioxide gives the corresponding methyl bicarbonate complex, (L-L)PdMe(O2COH). These were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Under strictly dry conditions no reaction was observed. Recrystallisation of the tmeda bicarbonate complex from acetone yields the corresponding eta(2)-carbonate complex, which was characterised by X-ray crystallography. The reaction probably proceeds through attack by free carbonic acid on the dimethyl complex. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The reaction of 1,3-C6H4(CH2PCy2)(2) with anhydrous nickel(II) chloride in dry THF produces the non-cyclometallated dinuclear complex trans-[Ni2Cl4{cis-(Cy2PCH2)(2)C6H4}(2)]. The compound was characterised by H-1, P-31 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy and its solid state structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. An improved synthetic procedure of the aromatic pincer ligand 1,3-C6H4(CH2PCy2)(2) is reported. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Treatment of 2 equiv. of a mixture of the diphosphite cis, trans-1,3-(iPr2PO)2C6H10 with [Pd(CO2CF3)2] and sequential addition of an excess of NaI gives the binuclear 16-atom ring chelate complex trans-[Pd2I4{cis-(iPr2PO)2C6H10}2] (1) and the mononuclear complex cis-[PdI2{cis-(iPr2PO)2C6H10}] (2) exclusively. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography have unambiguously determined the structures of both complexes in solution and in the solid state. The cyclohexane ring orients its 1,3-substituents in a diaxial manner in 2, while the same ring-substituents in 1 are diequatorially oriented.

The reaction between trans-PtPhCl(SMe2)2 and (R,R)-CHIRAPHOS gives cis-[PtPhCl((R,R)-CHIRAPHOS)] (1). The crystals of which are monoclinic, space group P21 with a = 12.875(3), b = 18.012(4), c = 13.864(3) A, β = 109.71(3)° and Z = 4. In CDCl3 1 reacts with Ph2P(C6H4)CH2N(Me)(COEt) to give cis[PtCl2((R,R)-CHIRAPHOS)] (2), the crystals of which are monoclinic, space group P21 with a = 7.8052(16), b = 17.679(4), c = 9.843(2) A, β = 100.67(3)° and Z = 2.

Crystals of cis-[PtCl2(SbPh3)2] (1) are monoclinic, space group P2 1 /a with a=20.5708(12), b=10.1942(4), c=33.3984(15) A , β=94.394(4)° and Z=8 . Substitution of chloride for iodide yields trans-[PtI2(SbPh3)2] (2), the crystals of which are monoclinic, space group P2 1 /c with a=18.108(4), b=10.102(2), c=19.115(5) A , β=95.241(16°) and Z=4 . The average PtCl distance in 1 is 2.338(12) A, implying a trans influence of triphenyl stibine comparable with that of triphenyl phosphine, as opposed to what has been reported earlier. IR and Raman data for 1 and 2 are reported and discussed.

The synthesis of bis-gamma-amino acid dibenzobarrelene derivatives (9,10-bis-aminomethyl-11,12-bis-carboxy-dibenzobarrelene) is presented. Bromomethylation of anthracene followed by azide substitution gave 9,10-bis-azidomethylanthracene. Azide reduction, N-Boc protection, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition in DMAD furnished the protected 9,10-bis-aminomethyl-11,12-dicarboxy-dibenzobarrelene derivative, which was further converted into the bis-gamma-amino acid methyl ester, the N-Boc-protected bis-gamma-amino methyl amide, and a bis-gamma-lactam. Monte Carlo simulations and X-ray analysis of the 9,10-substituted dibenzobarrelenes revealed an exposed hydrophobic surface surrounded by amino and carboxy groups. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

(odds ratio 7.5; p 0.0001) Figure 1A. Even prior to receiving treatment for CLL, the rate of hospitalization for infection remained higher than the control cohort (p 0.002; Figure 1B). The 32 CLL patients hospitalized with infection were admitted with infection a total of 89 times (median 1 hospitalization for infection per patient). A specific infectious organism was identified by cultures or serologies in 60 (63%) of the 89 infections in CLL cases and 10/27 (37%) infections among controls. Hospitalization for an opportunistic infection (e.g. cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus, filamentous fungi, mycobacteria, Pneumocystis) occurred in 5/174 (3%) CLL patients during follow-up compared to 0/689 controls (p 0.001). Finally, we performed a pooled multivariable analysis of all patients (n 863) to identify factors (age, sex, CLL diagnosis, CLL treatment) associated with infection risk. Most factors were independently associated with hospitalization for infection [Age (per year, OR 1.03, p 0.02), sex (male, OR 4.0, p 0.001), diagnosis of CLL (OR 2.1, p 0.09), and treatment for CLL (OR 5.9, p 0.001)]. In univariate analysis of CLL patients [sex (OR 4.2, p 0.01), higher Rai stage (p 0.046), unfavorable (del 17p13; del 11q23) FISH [OR 4.6, p 0.02] and unmutated IGHV [OR 2.8, p 0.07]) were associated with risk of infection. Conclusions: In this cohort study, patients with newly diagnosed CLL had a 7.5-fold risk of hospitalization for infection relative to the control cohort. After a 4 year follow-up, 1 in 5 CLL patients required hospitalization for infection. Although CLL treatment was a substantial risk factor for infection, the risk of infection among untreated patients remained higher than controls.

A new FITC-conjugated HSV specific monoclonal antibody reagent (Syva Co., Palo Alto, Ca) was evaluated for the confirmation of HSV clinical isolates. The reagent was also compared to type-specific monoclonal antibodies for the pre-CPE detection of HSV from clinical specimens in centrifugation culture and by direct examination of specimens smears by direct immunofluorescent antibody staining (DFA). HSV was isolated from 75 of 232 specimens (32%). All 75 isolates were confirmed with both the type-specific antibodies and the HSV-specific reagent. In centrifugation culture HSV was detected in 36 of 105 (34%) specimens. The HSV specific reagent detected all 36 specimens that were positive with the type-specific reagents. HSV infection was diagnosed by DFA in 31 of 50 (62%) specimen smears. The HSV-specific reagent detected all 31 positive specimens. This reagent confirmed and detected all HSV positive specimens that were positive by the type-specific monoclonal antibody reagents. The reagent contains monoclonal antibodies specific for both HSV1 and HSV2 in a single mixture, which produces a highly sensitive HSV FA staining reagent.

Goldblatt rats with a mean blood pressure of 190 mmHg show a left ventricular hypertrophy (4 and 8 weeks after operation) of 40 to 50% in comparison to controls. Sarcomere length is not increased significantly. Stereological measurements on myocardial cell components show that contractile mass is significantly increased between 4 and 8 weeks after operation in hypertrophied hearts, partially at the expense of mitochondria. The volume occupied by mitochondria decreases, while mitochondrial structure remains normal during the early stage. The T- and sarcotubular systems also increase. Golgi complex is enlarged and consists of dilated cisternae. Disarrangements of myofibrils are observed. The 24-week group of hypertrophied hearts shows high heterogeneity: in some animals vessel wall alterations and diffuse fibrosis are observed. The hearts of the remaining operated rats show quantitative morphological changes characteristic of the compensatory stage without evidence of degenerative alterations. Physiological alterations indicate that maximum isometric tension development increases in the early compensatory stage of hypertrophy; this fact can be partially explained by the increased mass of contractile structures. The greatest functional impairment with regard to isometric tension development and V max is observed in those 24-week animals showing evident histological alterations outside the muscle cell. The increase in the sarcotubular system and the persistence of decreased V max under high Ca 2+ concentration suggests that not all changes in mechanical parameters can be attributed to alterations in excitation-contraction coupling.

Under extremely different stimulation patterns such as paired-pulse stimulation, or stimulation after prolonged rest, papillary muscles of guinea-pig show differences in contraction. An early high contraction (360 ms to peak tension) results from paired stimulation at short basic stimulus interval, whereas a small “late” contraction normally occurs (550 ms to peak tension) at a stimulus interval of several minutes (rested state contraction) [Figure 1(a)]. The marked differences in the rate of rise and time to peak of tension in the two cases suggest that different calcium stores releasing calcium in a different mode could be responsible for the different pattern of contraction [1, 7]. We have examined this question by looking for calcium stores involved in such states of contraction with the aid of crytotechniques and electron probe microanalysis of chemically untreated shock frozen preparations of guinea-pig papillary muscle.

Summary Nutrition labeling is a tool that can be exploited for educational purposes. Even to the nutritionally uninitiated consumer, nutrition labeling communicates caloric information and constitutes a means for product by product comparison of nutrient values. For the interested and observant consumer, label nutrition information reinforces knowledge of nutrient content of basic food groups and communicates important information about food sources of individual nutrients. It can provide the necessary clues for selecting combinations of foods that provide all key nutrients and thus facilitate planning of balanced meals. For the instructed consumers, especially those with dietary modifications, listed nutrient values enable them to periodically check or continuously monitor their intake of specific nutrients, fat or carbohydrate. Perhaps the greatest barrier to more widely effective public nutrition education has been conflicting ideas about the form and content of the instruction. Nutrition labeling of foods won't solve those conflicts, but it does establish a technically sound vocabulary for describing nutritive qualities of food and that has important implications for consumers and educators alike. Such a vocabulary will bring much-needed objectivity to the dialogue on nutrition between student and teacher, consumer and manufacturer, or even basic and applied scientists.