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Las Canas Plutonic Complex (LCPC) is a small representative of the Famatinian Ordovician plutonism (470.4 ± 8.1 Ma) located in the northeastern sector of Sierra Grande de San Luis, Argentina. The LCPC was emplaced into a metasedimentary sequence, which reached their metamorphic climax under high-temperature/low-pressure conditions (∼680 ± 37 °C and 550 ± 120 MPa). The bodies of the LCPC are zoned by rocks of different compositions that represent ultrabasic, basic, intermediate and acidic trends (hornblendites, gabbros, tonalites, and granodiorites). Their petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics indicate that multiple processes formed them, mainly crystal fractionation of magnesian, calc-alkaline and metaluminous magmas (typical of arc), but also different assimilation degrees of crustal melts from the fusion of metawackes involving AFC processes. Fieldwork (structural and petrological data), the geochemical characteristics of rocks [eg. Low Sr/Y and (Gd/Yb)C-N], and thermobarometric results, indicate a relatively shallow fractionalization for the LCPC, which is in line with a pre-collisional arc stage linked to an extensive retro-arc setting for the Famatinian orogeny in Sierra de San Luis.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of an oral isosmolar solution of electrolytes (ISE) administered to interrupt a prolonged fasting period in children undergoing an elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. Methods: Forty unpremedicated children aged 3 to 12 years, ASA I, undergoing a surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of patients with an overnight fasting period for milk and solids of at least 8 hours. In group 2, patients under a similar fasting period received a volume of 4 mL/kg of an oral ISE 3 hours before completing the fasting period. After anesthetic induction, blood glucose level (BGL) was quantified, and patients underwent an endoscopic examination to obtain the gastric content to determine the residual gastric volume (RGV) and pH levels. Results: In group 1, the RGV was 0.78 ± 0.44 mL/kg, pH was 1.75 ± 0.38, and BGL was 86.4 ± 14.5. In group 2, the RGV was 0.40 ± 0.29 mL/kg, pH was 3.18 ± 0.61, and BGL was 85.1 ± 12.6. Only RGV and pH were significantly different between groups. Conclusion: A prolonged fasting period interrupted with oral ISE administration resulted in an RGV of low risk, without counterbalancing a potential fasting-induced hypoglycemia. J Pediatr Surg 36:457-459. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection With Hydrodissection Technique: Results and Learning Curve in an Animal Model Joaquin De La Pena*, Jose Miguel Esteban, Oscar Nogales Rincon, Sarbelio RodriGuez-MunOz, Angel Calderon, Aitor Orive-Calzada, Leopoldo Lopez-Roses, David Martinez-Ares, Eloy Sanchez-Hernandez, Juan J. Vila, Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach Experimental surgery, HVirtual Valdecilla, Santander, Spain; Endoscopia, H clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Endoscopia, h 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Digestivo, h Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Digestivo, h Galdakao-usansolo, Galdakao, Spain; Digestivo, CHU Lugo, Lugo, Spain; Digestivo, CHU Vigo, Vigo, Spain; Digestivo, CHU Ourense, Ourense, Spain; Digestivo, CH Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Endoscopy unit Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metaboliques, H Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Digestivo, H Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain Background: ESD in an effective but time-consuming treatment for early neoplasia that requires a high level of expertise. The combination of high-pressure water jet with electrocautery needle in the same device could facilitate the procedure, especially among beginners. Aim: To assess the efficacy and learning curve of gastric ESD with ERBE hybrid knife in a set of endoscopists with preliminary experience with ESD in experimental models. Methods: Hybrid and classic gastric ESD were alternatively performed in live pigs. For Hybrid technique we used a water-jet hybrid knife (ERBE). For classic ESD we used needle Knife (DND2718A,PENTAX) and Mucosectome isolated (DP-D2518, PENTAX). Dissection with electrocautery was alternate with submucosal fluid injection as many times as needed. All the endoscopists had previously completed their training in animal models. Variables analyzed were: number of ESD completed, number of ESD with all marks included (R0), size of specimens, time and speed of dissection and complications. Results: 10 endoscopists performed a total of 50 gastric ESD (30 hybrid and 20 classic). 46 (92%) ESD were completed and 25 (50%) were R0 (hybrid: n 12, 40%; classic: n 13, 65%; p 0.004). The size of the specimens was not different in both groups (hybrid: 40.3 13.2 mm; classic: 35.5 10.9 mm; p 0.826). Hybrid ESD was faster than classic (time: 44.6 21.4 minutes vs 68.7 33.5 minutes; p 0.009 and velocity: 20.8 9.2 mm2/seg vs 14.3 9.3 mm2/seg; p 0.033). Complications were no different with an incidence of perforation of 4 (13%) and 2 (10%), respectively (p 0.722). It was a trend to improve the velocity with both techniques (hybrid: from 20.33 to 28.18 mm2/seg; p 0.615 and classic: from 6.4 to 19.48 mm2/seg; p 0.607). the learning curve showed an improvement in R0 rate in the hybrid group (from 30% to 100%). Conclusions: ESD with hydrodissection technique is faster than classic ESD but is associated with a decrease in R0. The learning curve with the hydrodissection technique is short and shows a rapid improvement. ESD is a very effective technique when performed properly and the introduction of new tools to facilitate the implementation of ESD should be done with caution to avoid a negative impact on the results.