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Hormonal changes have been implicated in the phenomenon of pain modulation during pregnancy. The role of psychosocial constructs such as fear and anxiety related to pain during pregnancy, however, has largely been overlooked. The current study investigated the cross-sectional associations between the report of pain-related fear among pregnant and non-pregnant female participants. The study consisted of three different convenience samples: pregnant females (N=1171; age: M=28.61, SD=5.3), non-pregnant female undergraduate students (N=274; age M=19.81, SD=3.9), and non-pregnant female patients (N=212) diagnosed with chronic pain (Age: M=46.06, SD=12.7). Participants completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-9 in order to determine their fear related to severe, minor, medical/dental, and overall fear of pain. There were significant differences among the three groups in their overall fear of pain (F(2,1649)=25.38, p

The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the in vivo survival rates of orthodontic brackets bonded with a resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive (Fuji Ortho LC; GC America, Alsip, Ill) after conditioning with 10% polyacrylic acid and a conventional resin adhesive (Light Bond; Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill) bonded with 37% phosphoric acid, (2) to compare the in vitro bond shear/peel bond strength between the 2 adhesives, (3) to determine the mode of bracket failure in the in vivo and in vitro tests according to the adhesive remnant index (ARI), and (4) to compare the changes in surface morphology of enamel surface after etching or conditioning with 10% polyacrylic acid, with scanning electron microscopy. In the in vitro study, 50 extracted premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups: brackets bonded with Fuji Ortho LC or Light Bond adhesive that were debonded after either 30 minutes or 24 hours. Bond strengths were determined with a testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and a paired Student t test. The in vivo study consisted of 398 teeth that were randomly bonded with Fuji Ortho LC or Light Bond adhesive in 22 subjects with the split-mouth technique. Bracket survival rates and distribution were followed for 1.3 years. Data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates of survivorship function. The in vitro study results showed significant differences (P

Objectives. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop polyacid formulations through the incorporation of amino acid-derived monomers with carboxylic acid groups at various distances away from the polymer backbone to allow for greater flexibility, less rigid ionic cluster formation and improved solubility, and (2) to test selected physical and handling properties of experimental ionomers with a conventional glass ionomer as a control. Methods. The polycarboxylic acids prepared and used in the glass ionomer formulation in this study included N-acryloylglutamic acid (AGA) and N-acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (AACA)-modified acrylic aciditaconic acid copolymers, where the acrylic acid: itaconic acid:amino acid monomers were combined in different proportions. The characterization and purity of the monomers were determined by FTIR and their melting points. The characterization of synthesized polymers included molecular weight and relative viscosity determinations. The compressive strengths, diametral tensile strengths, flexural strengths and fracture toughness of the experimental ionomers and a commercially available ionomer (control) were measured after storage in water, at 37°C for 1 h or 7 d. The working times and setting times of the experimental ionomers were compared to the control specimens. Separate analysis of variance and Tukey's tests were used to study the statistical significance of the physical strength parameters as a function of materials and storage times. Results. Significant increases (p