Search

8 páginas.- 7 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 44 referencias.- Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi; 10.1016/j.culher.2023.02.006, The study of the potential use of essential oils in the field of Cultural Heritage has increased in the last decade due to their demonstrated antimicrobial potential and absence of toxicity. This work aimed at assessing, for the first time, the volatile antifungal activity of two essential oils (EOs) (Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum) against fungi isolated from biodeteriorated archaeological mummified skin. The object of study was a mummified Mustela frenata from the Tiahuanaco culture of Bolivia. The fungi found on the archaeological animal's skin were preliminarily isolated and identified by DNA-based analysis. Subsequently, the volatile essential oil biocidal activity was evaluated on parchments inoculated with the isolated fungi (Aspergillus tabacinus, Aspegillus tennesseensis, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum). Vapour tests were conducted in Petri dishes and parchment specimens to assess the fungicidal effect of volatile components of EOs. The volatile EOs used in this study showed antifungal activity against the tested fungi. The oregano showed to be the most effective EO in the in vitro and parchment tests for the three fungal strains. The use of EOs, particularly oregano EO, represents a promising green strategy for the sustainable conservation of organic-based cultural assets.

[EN] This study, which is part of the project for the restoration of the pictorial set that Antonio Palomino painted on the vault of the central nave of the Church of the Santos Juanes in the city of Valencia (Spain), describes the complete geometric study for the digital restitution of these paintings, after their partial destruction in a fire caused during the Spanish Civil War.Two analogic black and white photographs taken before the fire (1920), will be the key to the reha-bilitation of these valuable paintings. 3D modelling with laser scanning systems of the vault provides the geometry with precision and a high level of detail of the surface on which the paintings were carried out, in addition to the structural elements that make up the architecture of the temple.The solution proposed approaches a new methodology for the digital reconstruction of the rectified image and its subsequent georeferencing, as well as the entire environment to determine the correct location of the artistic work. Today, digital or virtual restoration is considered a very useful technique for the restoration of old photographs, but it is also an excellent opportunity to develop possible solutions in restoration of paintings and frescoes.This paper describes the initial process of transferring the paintings of this Spanish artist, from a photographic image of the original frescoes (2D) to the irregular surface and volume (3D) of the current cover of this Valencian Royal Parish, through a restoration of the mural set.(c) 2022 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[Abstract]: Four biocidal treatments based on nanoparticles were designed and their penetration depths were char- acterized by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. This kind of biocidal nanoparticles are being studied to be employed in historic buildings and stone monuments due to their capability to inhibit the growth of biofoulings. The effectiveness of the treatment is related to the penetration depth of the nanoparticles in the limestone pore. For this reason, LIBS depth profiling was used in this work to characterize the diffusion of the nanoparticles in the limestone matrix and to compare the penetration depth of the different treatments. Four different nano-biocides based on silver/titanium dioxide nanopar- ticles were analysed by LIBS in limestone from Novelda quarry (Alicante, Spain). This limestone has been widely employed in both historical and contemporary buildings in Spain. The positive detection of the emission line of Ag at 338.289 nm was examined in the depth-related emission spectra as evidence of the presence of the silver nanoparticles and derived nanocomposites in the limestone matrix. The LIBS depth-profiles that were generated, showed a decrease of the Ag net signal with depth due to the diffusion of the nanoparticles in the limestone. Furthermore, the comparison of the in-depth sequences of spectra, and of the Ag depth profiles evidenced penetration differences between the nano-biocides which were explained by differences in the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparti- cles that would affect their diffusion in the limestone pore. The results of this assessment demonstrate the capability and potential of LIBS technique for the in-depth characterization of the nanoparticles and for the comparison of the effectiveness of nanoparticles biocidal treatments based on their penetration in the stone matrix.

African refugee youth and young adults live at the intersections of many structural barriers, including xenophobia, racism, and misogyny. In this conceptual paper, we present considerations for education scholars who seek to conduct research with and about African refugee postsecondary students. We start with a discussion of the discourse of Othering and racial stigma against Black-African people in high income countries. Next, we discuss the need for intersectional analysis in research by focusing on how gendered racism positions African women refugees as particularly vulnerable in higher education institutions. Then, we proceed to a discussion of how cultural heritage presents us with a counternarrative to xenophobic discourse. At each point, we present a set of critical questions that serve as a conceptual springboard for researchers that are exploring more deeply the issues that affect refugee youth and their education. Through this work, we implore researchers to engage with/in these communities in ways that are resistant to Othering.

This paper presents a digital resources ecosystem prototype of integrated tools and resources to support heritage-led regeneration of rural regions, thanks to a deeper understanding of the complexity of cultural natural landscapes throughout their historical and current development. The ecosystem is conceived as a distributed software platform establishing data ecosystem and open standards for the management of information, aimed at providing different services and applications to address the needs of the various end-users identified. The platform has been conceived and realised in the framework of a Horizon 2020 research project, with a view to building a set of holistic knowledge about rural regions and their cultural and natural heritage and making it available for long-lasting heritage-led territorial processes of change. It is the product of a multidisciplinary collaboration amongst heritage, digital humanities and ICTs ex- perts, and combines data and methodologies from a range of approaches to humanities together with the customisation of effective digital tools. It has been designed for deployment also in cloud systems compli- ant with the Infrastructure-as-a-Service paradigm. All data is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR data). It hosts and integrates different tools, making the data gathered with/for local stakeholders usable and making the same data re-usable within the tools’ functions, generating integrated heritage knowledge. It comprises data on 19 rural pilot territories, where the tools and their integration have been developed and tested, while 62 more are partially included as additional territories which partici- pate in certain activities within the project. The main testers for this platform and its functions are the local stakeholders of these territories. The paper describes and analyses the platform and its impact, dis- cussing the integration of tools as an innovative approach that goes beyond the use of individual tools in shaping a multidimensional vision. It also offers an analysis of the potential of an integrated digital ecosystem in evidence-based and place-based regeneration strategies. Some reflections for developments and cooperation during the pandemic are also presented.

Preserving Tibet’s unique history and cultural heritage relies on the sustainability of the Tibetan croplands, which are characterized by highland barley, the only cereal crop cultivated over 4000 m above sea level. Yet it is unknown how these croplands will respond to climate change. Here, using yield statistics from 1985 to 2015, we found that the impact of temperature anomalies on the Tibetan crop yield shifted from nonsignificant (P > 0.10) in the 1980s and 1990s to significantly negative (P

Since the implementation of China's open-door policy in 1978, the number, structure, and environmental conditions of rural settlements have changed dramatically. This study examined the changes in rural settlements and the factors behind rural change in Guangdong Province using land-use datasets from 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, a digital elevation model, and data for transport networks and physical characteristics. Different stages of change in the rural settlements became evident: there was expansion from 1980 to 2000 and rapid decline from 2000 to 2010. Urban growth was facilitated by converting high-production cropland. The density of rural settlements was highest in areas with medium-level development: the density was highest in eastern and western parts of the province, lower in the center, and lowest in the north. The patterns and changes in rural settlements were most strongly related to water sources and transport systems; however, some physical variables (terrain, precipitation, and temperature) were significantly associated with the probability of occurrence of rural settlements. We argue that comprehensive, systematic planning systems should be established for rural areas and that it is necessary to recognize the value of the cultural heritage of southern Guangdong. To ensure the success of a rural revitalization strategy, it is important to introduce regional development schemes that resolve inequalities between less and more economically developed areas.

Tourism is an important business of contemporary society and is emerging as a major economic activity globally. Technological expansion and economic divergence has created tourism friendly environment in the present age of globalization. India has a great geographical, historical and cultural heritage that drives tourism in the country. Varkala cliff is popular tourist destination in Kerala where inhabitants earn a means of living by involving them in medical, pilgrim, beaches and backwater tourism. The number of tourist inflow to Varkala has increased tremendously over the period of time. This paper aims at investigating impact of tourism on local community and alternative strategies of livelihood for local community in Varkala. The aims and objectives of the research are achieved through the use of mixed a method (Qualitative and Quantitative). Semi-structured questionnaires were prepared for 100 households and detailed face to face interview were conducted with the chief informers. The correlation, regression analysis and ANOVA test was calculated to check the statistical significance between tourism and income level of local community. The major findings of the paper show that tourism is the major source of livelihood for the local communities in Varkala. While the tourism activities in the study area provides an meaningful source of livelihood but it is imperative to find the alternative strategies of producing income, due to instability and seasonality of the tourism industry. The investigation suggests managers of the study area to formulate plans, policies and strategies that will improvise the tourism industry and involving local community members in the decision making process and management of tourism activities in the study area.

The use of technology in cultural heritage sites for end-users, like virtual audio-visual reconstructions, has become a common solution to improve the communication and perception between these spaces and their visitors. Since humans perceive the world with different senses and in real-time, to evoke more than one or two senses at a time can bring benefits for the user perception. Accordingly, some very different implementations unleashing multisensory experiences have been made. Aiming to understand how different stimuli are being evoked in multisensory experiences to enhance cultural heritage experiences, and how these implementations are being evaluated, this paper presents a systematic review of technological multisensory applications in cultural heritage. Thus, the collected and analyzed data, focused on technologies used, purpose of the experience, stimuli explored, evaluation process, main findings obtained, and limitations found, will provide valuable information for further implementations. The overall results unleash the wide diversity available for multisensory implementations, from technological solutions to available content for users. Covering the pros and cons of such diversity, this study sustains the use of multisensory applications in cultural heritage as a powerful tool to enrich users’ visits.

[EN] Stained-glass windows form an important part of cultural heritage. Short pulse lasers open new opportunities for safe decontamination. In this work, and for the first time, the interaction of sub-nanosecond and femtosecond pulsed lasers with some contemporary stained-glasses has been analyzed exploring their applicability to safely clean stained-glass windows. The results show that, in these materials, damage can be induced using energy levels below damage thresholds due to the heat accumulation in the coating layer that is being eliminated. The latter generates significant thermal stresses on the glass volume, which induce crack formation. In consequence, in order to apply safe stained-glass cleaning protocols, laser parameters have to be selected to control the temperature increase within this layer. To achieve the latter goal, two alternative irradiation procedures were explored in this work. As a first option, a reduction of the effective pulse repetition frequency to values lower than 20 kHz was applied. A second alternative was used for lasers with pulse repetition rates in the hundreds of kHz. In this case, the burst mode was employed controlling the number of pulses emitted and combined with an adequate time lapse selection between two consecutive burst runs. A proof of concept demonstration was carried out on a stained-glass sample from the Cathedral of Cuenca, dated at the end of the XV century., [ES] Las vidrieras constituyen un elemento esencial de nuestro patrimonio cultural. Los láseres de pulsos ultracortos ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para desarrollar procesos de restauración seguros. En este trabajo, por primera vez, se estudia la interacción de láseres pulsados emitiendo pulsos en el rango de los subnanosegundos y femtosegundos con piezas de vidrieras contemporáneas, con el fin de explorar la posibilidad de desarrollar procesos seguros de restauración de vidrieras. Los resultados muestran que, en estos materiales, incluso trabajando con niveles de energía por debajo de los umbrales de daño, se puede generar deterioro por la acumulación de calor generada en la capa que se está eliminando, lo cual puede generar niveles de tensiones térmicas que provocan la ruptura del vidrio. Por tanto, para desarrollar protocolos de limpieza seguros, los parámetros de procesado deben escogerse de tal manera que se minimice la temperatura que se alcanza en esta capa. Se han explorado dos alternativas. Una es reducir la frecuencia de trabajo hasta valores por debajo de los 20 kHz. En el caso de láseres que trabajen a frecuencias más elevadas, la alternativa es trabajar en modo burst, limitando el número de pulsos en cada serie y estableciendo tiempos de espera entre dos series. Estas ideas se han aplicado sobre una pieza de vidriera de la Catedral de Cuenca de finales del siglo XV., This work was supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement N.° 766311. Partial support is obtained from Gobierno de Aragón “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” (research group T54_20R). The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación at the University of Zaragoza is acknowledged. This work has been performed in the framework of the Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”, by INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and University of Burgos.

Lublin in the period of the Lublin Union (1569) is an interdisciplinary research project conducted by the “Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre” Centre in Lublin as a part of the celebration of the 450th anniversary of signing the Union of Lublin Act - one of the most important historical events in 16th-century Europe, during which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was constituted. This paper aims to present the research process by which an innovative Historical GIS web platform, based on an object-orientated database design, was tested and refined. The portal uses four pillars of spatial-temporal databases (events, people, places, sources) to collect data and develop historical narratives presenting various events in the history of the city and the region. The idea behind the project was to develop an Internet portal that would acknowledge modern users with the historical event of the Union of Lublin from the perspective of the then resident of Lublin. What is known about the 16th-century Lublin? What did the city and its surroundings look like? Who lived in Lublin? Who used to visit it? What architectural elements and traces of cultural heritage have been saved to this day? The reconstruction of the 16th-century urban space was carried out using the retrogression method of 11 early plans and maps of Lublin, verified and supplemented with the latest archaeological findings, accurate architectural research (geo-radar, laser scanning) and an extensive archival query. Thanks to the Historical GIS technology, the research results have been published in the form of a universal platform ( www.teatrnn.pl/unia-lubelska ), with an interactive web-map of 16th-century Lublin (Google Maps API implementation) and modelling urban facilities with 3D technology (SketchUp & Unity). The designed technological solution is scalable, making it possible to search and combine individual records (e.g. person-event-address) as well as entire groups of records on higher hierarchical levels (social groups - sequences of events - multifaceted maps). The portal editing panel is dedicated to humanists (historians, journalists, sociologists, etc.) without specialist knowledge of GIS. The functions integrated with the CMS facilitate mapping the content collected in the database and embedding the narration in an adequate context of the historical space. As a result, editors preparing a thematic article have a searchable set of documents, facts, people and places at their disposal, and their task is to fill the narrative with descriptive content. This is a universal model for building deep maps and spatial narratives.

The historic core of Rosetta, Egypt, is a possible nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status. However, the enduring controversy over the conservation scheme for Rosetta’s old market has highlighted the difficulties in reaching a satisfactory decision. The challenge lies in determining the best location for relocating the market without affecting locals’ life and culture of locals as part of the urban built heritage. The main objective of this study is to present a model of decision-making criteria, which can have many applications in heritage conservation decision making for preserving heritage in historic cities that are distinguished by religious, societal and economic activities. A Multi Criteria Decision Making model (MCDM) is a framework for project selection and is developed utilizing the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution; (TOPSIS) method, in reference to UNESCO guidelines, and Space Syntax analysis. The joint analytical framework helps to select the best location for the market that would promote the development of the area while also preserving the identity of the historic core. By adopting this proposed joint model, it is possible to meet social needs during urban development. Thus, the outcome of this study is to achieve a balance between the dual elements that the community works to achieve its integration with the historical urban fabric and at the same time allows development and tourism and tries to exist and takes part of the development plan, and promotes the identity of the city in terms of heritage, commercial and cultural activities as well as benefit from achieving development. This model can be tested against development plans for cities of historical economic values in a variety of circumstances extended with other specific criteria related to the context of the case study under analysis and development study, in addition to UNESCO guidelines to ensure its reliability. An urban conservation and development policy will enable the city’s authorities to register its historical core as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This research outcome validates a model for decision-making assessment that can be utilized to assess historic cities that include historical commercial activities.

Archeological artifacts are important forms of tangible cultural heritage, providing evidence of cultural signification, human values, and the development of manufacturing technologies. The reconstruction of damaged bilaterally symmetrical artifacts is frequently undertaken for research and public display. However, traditional restoration technology requires physical intervention, which can cause secondary damage, and raise questions of authenticity. In this study, we proposed a hybrid non-rigid deformation approach to repair damaged bilaterally symmetrical artifacts based on a study of a heavily corroded metal mask of the Liao dynasty from the Palace Museum, China. In addition, since the mask is always placed over the head of the deceased person, it is an interesting question to capture the characteristic features. We employed geometric morphometrics (GM) and anthropometric measurements (AM) to investigate the geometric variations between the mask and human faces. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the application of virtual restoration and shape analysis. These methods have wider application to other forms of archeological and anthropological data.

Practice change is essential if environmental agencies are to incorporate diverse values in decision making, but little is currently known about what constrains or enables such change. Over a 19-month period, we observed how environmental professionals responded to an agency request that they consider a wider range of values in strategic bushfire management planning than had been considered in past practice. Through participant observation, interviews and document analysis, we examined how practices did and did not change and what contributed to these outcomes. Practices for assessing well understood values (e.g. towns and houses, ecological resilience) were refined, while practices for handling less familiar values (e.g. animal welfare, economic values and Indigenous cultural heritage) were either maintained, adapted or transformed, with outcomes varying across values and regions. The findings partly confirm expected biases toward values that can be spatially located and quantified, and point to other conditions supporting change to incorporate new types of values: alignment between policy and planning guidance, alignment between a value and priorities of professionals and agencies involved in planning, collaboration that supported input from cross-agency actors, and scope for experimentation. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for agencies seeking to incorporate values in environmental planning.

Haptic prohibition is one of the most common limitations when interacting with museum artefacts. This restriction aims quite logically at preventing damages while safeguarding the integrity of the cultural reserve, which is primarily characterised by its uniqueness. Nevertheless, in cases where museum visitors are visually impaired, the inability to touch the artefacts makes the whole experience incomplete as the haptic perception of an artefact’s morphology is the primary substitute of sight. In this paper, we work towards a low-cost haptic ban removal by an initial establishment of a range of requirement specifications focused on the concept of a smart exhibit which is defined as a physical object that replicates the morphological features of an actual artefact while belonging in an ICT infrastructure that exploits features common in Internet of Things devices. We present a set of high level specifications and functionalities that could be offered by a smart exhibit and objectively justify them through a process of gaining feedback from individuals with and without visual impairments. More specifically, we performed an interview-based questionnaire which in combination with a custom-built haptic performance assessment object composed a sustainable environment to collect user requirements and preferences. The questionnaire itemises user portraying in relation to museum visit experiences and accessibility tools, smart exhibit interaction and recorded narrations preferences, cultural heritage haptic exploration experiences and 3D printing derivatives. On the other hand, the haptic assessment object contributes on evaluating the suitability of reference design elements, when producing low-cost (fused filament fabrication) tactile-enabled artefacts and maps. We present the various results and indicators that contribute in composing a set of requirements specifications and good practices that will enable their exploitation in the Epigraphic Museum (Athens,Greece) by following three implementation approaches. The paper contributes in presenting aspects of designing systems that exploit the proposed smart exhibit concept to provide haptic access to cultural heritage thesaurus.

Contemporary digital technologies offer the possibility to preserve the ancestral motifs and symbols and pass them on to the next generations. These databases can be used not only for traditional crafts and heritage conservation, but also for modern applications, including furniture, making the national/universal heritage to be worldwide known and appreciated. This paper presents a method to valorise in furniture surface decoration two symbolic traditional motifs collected from textile clothes originated from a central region of Transylvania. For this purpose a digital reproduction software, a computer-aided design and a simulation software of the Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) router milling process were used, investigating two methods of processing wood materials with two types of tools. Based on the theoretical approach, an experimental plan was set based on Taguchi full factorial design of experiment for four factors and two levels, including two digitized traditional motifs, two types of furniture raw materials (oak wood and medium density fibreboard-MDF), two tools angled at 90° and 120° and two processing methods (Engrave and V-Carve). The replicates of the traditional motifs processed by CNC router on furniture materials were afterwards visually analysed from the aesthetic point of view and then were subjected to an ImageJ analysis for objective calculation of the processed area for all variants. The analysis was combined with the processing time indicated by the simulation software for each variant. The results showed that transposing the motifs on surfaces, depends not only on the tool characterstics, but also on the material. Processing the motifs on MDF was more accurate than on wood. From all variants, engraving with the 120° tool seemed the best compromise between motif appearance and processing time.

The practices of intangible cultural heritage are central to the cultural heritage of humanity, which comprises practices from a plethora of different cultures as well as monuments listed as world cultural heritage. These oeuvres and practices play an important role in the cultural identity of human beings. They are an expression of cultural diversity; they can promote inter-human processes of mediation and initiate educational development on many levels that conveys cultural heritage to the next generation. Engaging with these practices under the conditions of globalisation permits us to make important experiences of heterogeneity and otherness. The importance of the monuments listed by UNESCO as world cultural heritage for the cultural self-understanding of man is undisputed. By contrast, the role of the practices of intangible cultural heritage is subject to more controversial debate. This is all the more surprising given that the monuments have arisen out of man’s intangible cultural practices. In the context of the growing influence in modern societies of individualisation and personal autonomy, we are at times confronted with the view that many practices of intangible cultural heritage have become superfluous and could be replaced by other practices. Just like in the old days, however, communal life is impossible without the practices of intangible cultural heritage. They are historical and cultural products, and in studying them, the cultural determination of the phenomena themselves and the culturally determined character of the research perspectives brought to them come to be superimposed upon one another. This article in turn discusses seven aspects highlighting the specific character and relevance of practices of intangible cultural heritage: the human body as medium, practices of communication and interaction, mimetic learning and practical knowledge, the performativity of cultural practices, central structural and functional elements, difference and otherness, and inter-cultural learning.

This paper analyses a case of mobilisation for ‘small tourism’ where a coalition of actors in distant rural communities unite to cope with limited possibilities in ways that are meaningful to them. The theoretical bases for the analysis are resilience theory and the concept of geo-social position, the latter of which implies a reorientation to an ‘earthly’ commitment to the environment where people live ‘down to earth’ (Latour, 2018). The case study focuses on the coastal hamlet of Lildstrand, a marginal place in Northern Jutland, Denmark, whose permanent population and fisheries are in decline. Since 2017, a coalition of locals and second-home owners have mobilised for several parallel initiatives, including a series of development workshops and other events, a master plan for Lildstrand 2030, plans for the extension of a national park, new small-scale tourist designs, mass-media presence, and various lobbying for development. It is a case of citizen-driven tourism where a coalition of actors enthusiastic about the place seek slow and modest tourism activities, drawing on resources belonging to the area and its natural and cultural heritage. Key findings include how engagements emerged from familiarity with, detailed descriptions of, and plans for the local environment, and how the coalition managed to come about by uniting voluntary work across permanent and temporary residents as well as other actors committed to developing the location. Common to the commitments of this coalition is the relationship and engagement with the local environment as a common good. We suggest that the making of the coalition should be understood as a configuration of a geo-social position that is central in driving the mobilisation. This research illuminates general conditions and possibilities for the development of rural communities in peripheral regions. There is a need to collect knowledge on how different types of tourism can be used to help actors address local needs in such areas.

Behramkale, also known as the ancient city of Assos, has gained considerable national and international visibility after its declaration as an Archaeological site in 1982 and later in 2000 as Urban Archaeological site. The declaration brought with it stringent regulations limiting new constructions and simple extensions in the historical village and opened new construction site outside the ancient city walls for future developments. After declaration, the village has become a major destination for cultural heritage led tourism. This largely growth oriented transformation is concerning as less attention given to shift in class structure. The paper uses the concepts of rural and tourism gentrification to understand this transformation in Behramkale using empirical evidence from a longitudinal, case study approach spanning between 2000 and 2017. The longitudinal, case study documents transformation in terms of (i) demographic and socio-economic changes; (ii) conservation practice in old settlement and development of new settlement; and (iii) change in property prices and ownership. It is seen that the authentic characteristics of the landscape and traditional buildings that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from, bigger cities of Turkey and also other countries, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary house. This has led to renovation of the existing buildings with an increase in the property prices and displacement of the local population to the new development area. Consequently, the conservation practice in Behramkale served merely encouraging investment in building renovation rather than a function of preserving local community. The paper contributes to limited literature on rural gentrification within the Mediterranean context.

Registration is a ubiquitous operation in visual computing and constitutes an important pre-processing step for operations such as 3Dobject reconstruction, retrieval and recognition. Particularly in cultural heritage (CH) applications, registration techniques are essential for the digitization and restoration pipelines. Cross-time registration is a special case where the objects to be registered are instances of the same object after undergoing processes such as erosion or restoration. Traditional registration techniques are inadequate to address this problem with the required high accuracy for detecting minute changes; some are extremely slow. A deep learning registration framework for cross-time registration is proposed which uses the DeepGMR network in combination with a novel down-sampling scheme for cross-time registration. A dataset especially designed for cross-time registration is presented (called ECHO) and an extensive evaluation of state-of-the-art methods is conducted for the challenging case of cross-time registration.

Biodeterioration is related to several biological systems and metabolic activities of fungi and bacteria. Fungal contamination is determined by the availability of water and temperature. Aspergillus is a fungus with great enzymatic capacity and with a high biodeterioration power. For this reason, it represents a threat to the conservation of cultural heritage objects. In this work, an exhaustive search of all the species involved was carried out, describing in detail the deterioration produced in different objects (wooden objects, glasses, paper, paintings, textiles, audiovisuals, glasses, human remains) as well preventive treatments. Like an opportunistic fungus it might cause some illness related to workers, a situation that is also addressed. Since the number of species increased from 180 to over 400 in the last 20 years, a taxonomy update has been done.

This study responds to the demand for works on the antecedents of pioneering orientation in firms in tourism destinations. Specifically, the article analyzes the effect of two contingent environmental factors, namely competitive intensity and technological dynamism, on the relationship between innovation capability and pioneering orientation in hospitality and tourism firms. We analyze a sample of 238 firms in cultural heritage tourism destinations in Peru. The results show that innovation capability is a key antecedent of pioneering orientation in hospitality and tourism firms. Additionally, while competitive intensity strengthens the positive relationship between innovation capability and pioneering orientation, technological dynamism weakens it. The conclusions suggest various theoretical implications and practical recommendations for managers of firms located in cultural heritage tourism destinations.

The ability to handle cross-cultural affairs efficiently has become critical to migrant tourism entrepreneurs in establishing business and surviving in a culturally distinct environment, especially in a cultural heritage site. Using a sample of homestay inn entrepreneurs in Hongcun Village, this study examines how cultural intelligence (CQ) affects the migrant tourism entrepreneurs’ subjective performance (SP) and heritage responsibility (HR) and whether HR plays a mediating effect on the relationship of CQ to SP. Applying the PLS-SEM approach to a sample of 142 homestay inn entrepreneurs, this study finds that CQ promotes HR and SP. However, only the Motivational CQ and Cognitive CQ dimensions positively influence HR and SP separately. The mediating effects of HR are also validated on the overall path from CQ to SP and the Motivational CQ to SP. The findings confirm the validation of the assumption “With great ability, comes greater responsibility and greater results in business” in tourism entrepreneurship. Finally, some theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

Academic interest in ecosystem services has been growing in the past ten years or more with an increasing number of research studies and papers being dedicated to this complex and diverse field of enquiry. However, Cultural Ecosystem Services have been relatively under-researched, especially in terms of their value to landscapes. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) argued that cultural services and values were not recognised enough in landscape planning and management, therefore the implications for rural landscape development are considered in this paper. This paper focuses on the value of Cultural Ecosystem Services in two rural landscapes in Hungary (Őrseg and Kalocsa) using in-depth interviews with a range of local stakeholders. The research analyses the relative value of different categories of Cultural Ecosystem Services focusing mainly on social, symbolic and economic values. The findings reveal the central importance of cultural heritage in relation to other categories of CES, especially its social and symbolic values.

The desiccation cracking of soil occurs when shrinkage is restricted during the drying process and the induced tensile stress equals the tensile strength. Thus far, experimental estimations of the tensile stress of soil have not been realized, although such estimates are important for predicting crack initiation. This study presents the development of a laboratory-based desiccation stress test to measure the tensile stress generated during the drying process until crack initiation. In this proposed desiccation stress test, the tensile stress is induced during the drying process in the longitudinal direction of bar-shaped specimens with fixed ends. Desiccation stress tests were performed on sandy soil with a rich fine fraction, and the results were verified through photographic observations of crack initiation and comparisons with the results of direct tension tests. The results show that the desiccation stress test yields reliable tensile stress until cracking. The application of the desiccation test results is illustrated via the verification of an existing model of crack initiation by desiccation. The results of the desiccation stress tests are useful for determining the model parameters that significantly influence the development of tensile stress and enable its accurate prediction until crack initiation.

In Mexico, fiber-cement panels (FCP) were widely used by mural artists to create monumental works in the 1950s and 1960s. The durability of heritage structures made with concrete and cement is a concern nowadays, especially for those reinforced with asbestos fibers. As it was discovered in the second half of the 20th century, asbestos fibers represent a considerable health risk if inhaled. It is therefore relevant to analyze different conservation strategies such as industrial coating materials. In the present research, we analyze before and after an artificial weathering process the behavior of three polymer coatings applied on FCP to reduce the disintegration of its surface: Acrylic resin (AR), Polyurethane resin (PUR) and Alkyd enamel (AE). The methodology proposed was designed both by restorers and heritage scientists to provide comprehensive results that considered the specificity of heritage conservation. The chemical characterization of coatings by NMR combined with FTIR-ATR gives a detailed structure description. The change on physical properties and surface morphology after the weathering was related to the chemical composition of these coating materials. The results indicate that after the accelerated weathering exposure, the polymer coatings did not suffer chemical degradation, but the weathering conditions compromised the film formation process of the PUR causing physical transformations that can subsequently affect the FCP. For the AE and AR color and water absorption were the most affected properties respectively. This detailed investigation offers an understanding of the behavior of different polymer coatings on fiber-cement mural paintings, which can provide guidance of the materials to be used for conservation purposes.

The surrounding area of the Bine El Ouidane dam in Central Morocco, has significant potential for the development of geotourism due to its historic, geological, biological, and cultural heritage. However, these valuable resources, constituting a real opportunity for sustainable development of the local economy, remain ignored and underexploited by decision-makers. This work aimed to overcome this gap by identifying and selecting remarkable geosites in the area of the Bine El Ouidane lake, and then by proposing itineraries that help promoting this mountainous area. Two geoitineraries were developed based on the accessibility, touristic attraction and trekking opportunities. Eight highly attractive sites were highlighted according to their geological characteristics, scientific and contextual interests, and relevance. All these geosites present scientific interesting topics regarding sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, magmatism, structural geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and karstification, belonging to the central High Atlas post-Variscan sedimentary and structural evolution. These sites can constitute a tool for the development generating work for the inhabitants to ensure their sedentarization.

Non-economic loss and damage induced by climate change in the Pacific Islands region has been reported as fears of cultural loss, deterioration of vital ecosystem services, and dislocation from ancestral lands, among others. This paper undertakes an in-depth systematic review of literature from the frontlines of the Pacific Islands to ascertain the complexities of non-economic loss and damage from climate change. We synthesise knowledge to date on different but inter-connected categories of non-economic loss and damage, namely: human mobility and territory, cultural heritage and Indigenous knowledge, life and health, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and sense of place and social cohesion. Identifying gaps and possibilities for future research agendas is presented. Synthesising knowledge to date and identifying remaining gaps about non-economic loss and damage is an important step in taking stock of what we already know and fostering action and support for addressing loss and damage in the years to come.

This paper aimed to discuss urban conservation challenges along the axes of two streets in the neighborhood of Yenikapi leading towards Kumkapi. The Yenikapi area of the historic peninsula of Istanbul is known to have been inhabited since prehistoric times, and it was the site of an important late antiquity port. Many cultural assets, including monuments from a number of periods and nineteenth century houses, remain in the area, but jarring changes have occurred due to newly built constructions, town planning decisions, and the development of public transport. Before any proposal for future area conservation activities, the current state of conservation was inspected through onsite analyses conducted along Pasazade, Imrahor Hamami, and Sepetci Selim streets. By analyzing the pressures affecting the historical peninsula, the challenges in the conservation effort of the study area were determined, followed by some proposals for its enhancement and general conservation. The paper stems from the studio of Urban Preservation-Conservation for Graduate Studies Programme, which was run between February and June 2019 under the coordination of the authors. Highlighting the value of the cultural heritage and historic importance of the area, revitalization to preserve the urban character was suggested. The current state of conservation was investigated through recent onsite analyses, one of the most important tasks in understanding the integrity and authenticity of the area.

Cultural and Natural Heritage (CNH) are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration, according to the UNESCO definition. Rural areas represent outstanding examples of cultural, either tangible or intan- gible, and natural heritage. While rural areas are facing a socio-economic and demographic crisis all over the world, CNH need not only to be safeguarded, but also promoted as a driver for competitiveness, growth and sustainable and inclusive development. This paper goes deeper into the study of computa- tional methods (CMs) applied to modelling CNH in rural areas by looking at how computational methods can support CNH promotion and valorisation to transform rural areas into laboratories for the demon- stration of sustainable development through improving the unique potential of their heritage. To this end, different com putational methods have been studied and classified according to their scope and ap- plication area parameters, showing some correlation among the said parameters and the class of compu- tational method. Apart from how CMs have been applied, wehether it is possible to scale up these CMs elsewhere has also been considered.

Growing digital documentation of cultural heritage resources yielded from an increasing number of international projects, calls for the development of formal computational approaches to assess the risks that this invaluable material heritage is exposed to. This paper proposes a nuanced case-control approach to the risk assessment developed by the Central Asian Archaeological Landscape (CAAL) project for an area in southern Tajikistan. A number of statistical methods are applied for the spatial modelling of the risk to the cultural heritage across the study area and for the assessment of the local scenarios of potential archaeological features already affected by natural and human threats. The value of this formal approach is in its flexible applicability to diverse regional and national settings, as well as in its capability of being updated and repeated within the same territory. This provides local stakeholders, heritage professionals, and local authorities, with a useful tool to develop a risk management plan that includes quantitative as well as qualitative spatial assessments.

For social, cultural, religious and political reasons the human remains may represent powerful symbols with different meanings that changed over time among the different communities and countries. Thus, they have a sensitive nature that poses them in a “grey area”, still failing in terms of finding an adequate positioning in the research, in the contemporary cultural institutions and museums. Italy still lacks any official guidelines to follow in the case of protests and claims for restitution of human remains. Only recently, Italy experienced for the first time the restitution and reburial of skeletons coming from a medieval Jewish cemetery before the whole anthropological study could be completed. This event re-opens the debate, largely addressed in many Western countries from the 1990s but marginally until now in Italy, of the disputes between the legitimacy of scientific research on human remains and other various instances (ethnicity, religion, public view…). The case study provides the opportunity to propose our reflections on the legal position of human remains and on their fate in the often-contrasting viewpoints between the public and the researches.

The digital lifecycle contains definitive processes of data curation, management, long-term preservation, and dissemination of the content, all key building blocks in the development of a digital library. It is vital to maintain a complete digital lifecycle workflow for the preservation of digital cultural heritage and digital scholarship. In this talk, I will explore a digital lifecycle program (DLP) [1] for digital libraries. When we begin to build a complete digital lifecycle, we also refer to the print lifecycle. The two are similar despite differences in format and physical conditions for content creation (selection & data mining, conversion and curation), organization (analysis, integration, aggregation and linking), and interpretation (metadata and cataloging), preservation (data storage, duplication, checksum & repair, and migration), access and publishing (navigating, discovery and rights management). Only through a systematic and sustainable digital lifecycle program, can we build platforms for cross disciplinary research and repositories of large aggregated digital content. DLP can be exemplified in specific cultural heritage projects such as the Digital Dunhuang project [2]. Digital Dunhuang enables long-term preservation of cultural heritage of inestimable value, while providing a platform for sharing all digital assets generated in the act of preservation. With the support of The Mellon Foundation, the Dunhuang Academy has been exploring building a permanent repository of all Digital Dunhuang assets. The only way to ensure that information gathered from Dunhuang's Mogao Caves is permanently preserved for future generations, is to integrate all the content that has been created in the past, is being created now, and will be created in the future into one large digital repository [3]. This digital repository will facilitate perpetual preservation, effective digital asset management operations, and easy access in a systematic way. In facilitating the digital lifecycle development, we are ensuring that knowledge and scholarship created in the digital age will be able to survive as print-and-paper scholarship has for centuries. We are also ensuring that the vast number of users of the digital library will have effective access to aggregated content across different domains and platforms. During those transformative changes, librarians will take on shifting roles in data management, digital preservation, rights management, open access, and innovation.

The former brown coal mining site of Santa Barbara (1,600 ha) is located in the Valdarno area of Tuscany, Italy. It is owned by Enel, the main Italian energy company, formerly State-run and progressively privatized since 1992. As mining activities drew to a close, Enel began developing an Environmental Rehabilitation Plan (“Piano di Recupero Ambientale”) for the site in 1993, as required by law. To date, that plan has not yet been implemented. In the meantime, the Santa Barbara site has been reconquered by ‘nature’. Within the framework of the Enel's Futur-e project, the Politecnico di Milano in collaboration with the Universita degli Studi di Firenze have designed a spatial strategy for the redevelopment of Santa Barbara, capable to interact with the Environmental Rehabilitation Plan. This paper describes the history and particular landscape of the site and, from the inside, the complex process undertaken to design the spatial strategy and the Master Plan for the area. Based upon the cultural heritage of cycling in Tuscany, the “Santa Barbara Cycling Hub & Park” Master Plan is the first milestone on the path to a sustainable landscape and heritage-based development, in a continuously changing scenario driven by shifting energy market dynamics and Enel's business strategy.

The Historic Built Environment (HBE) is constantly prone to natural disasters because of its complexity. Resilience-increasing strategies in such a context should both preserve the cultural heritage and make the hosted communities safe. Earthquakes represent critical disasters because of the interactions between HBE elements (i.e.: buildings, open spaces, urban paths) and its inhabitants. Thus, the practical development of emergency plans and related risk reduction strategies should consider the induced effects of the earthquake on the HBE and the spatiotemporal variation in the number of exposed people. This goal needs propaedeutic methods to define relevant scenarios in view of the possible characterization of risk-related factors at the HBE scale. To this aim, this contribution tries to arrange a first sustainable, holistic, easy-to-use, and replicable framework. The paper innovatively provides planners with a unique scheme to reach available data from reliable sources concerning seismic hazard, vulnerability and damage, and exposure (i.e. related to human lives quantification). Results on a case-study application (a typical Italian HBE) demonstrate the framework capabilities, by including the critical HBE damage-related conditions and crowding phenomena (in a multi-hazard perspective, based on the probable number and typologies of exposed individuals). Then, specific solutions can be advanced. The proposed holistic framework can be easily replicable and adaptable due to the possibility to update the employed tools as well as to replace them with other existing and validated ones, giving the same inquired parameters as results. The methodological framework could constitute an effective support for risk scenarios creation at the HBE scale to be used in risk-assessment and emergency plans actions (e.g. basing on typological analyses on buildings/urban tissue, and simulation-based studies including individuals' behaviours in emergency and evacuation) by guaranteeing rapid data collection activities.

The historical cadastral archives are an important source of information to help understand our cultural heritage since they contain a trace of the activities, land uses, and buildings developed by people from different periods. However, in the era of Big Data there remain many historical documents of great value that have not been digitized or studied in depth. This is the case of the cabreves, which are precatastral documents used for centuries in several regions of Spain to document those properties that were subject to the payment of taxes to a feudal lord. Rescuing these data would enable studying the landscape structure of relatively recent dates for which there is no cadastral cartography. However, it is difficult to establish the state of conservation, degree of accessibility, content detail, and quality of the archived cabreves. In recent years, progress has been made in digitizing these sources. In Spain, the Spanish Archives Portal (PARES) harmonizes and unifies the efforts of national archives, and a significant number of documents have been archived in recent years. We use text mining techniques to analyze and map the records in which cabreves appear. Out of the 1752 records found, a total of 1408 cabreves have been geocoded and mapped, enabling us to establish which territories and periods can be studied using these sources. From this experience, we request that digital archives maintain a geographical perspective during archival appraisal. This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, project SIOSE-INNOVA (CSO2016-79420-R AEI/FEDER UE).

This paper focuses on a specific community of individuals who have mixed Southern Chinese and Filipino cultural heritage in the Philippines – the ‘Lannangs’. I investigate the Lannang identity and, with ethnographic interviews and survey data, propose that the identity should be broadly defined as comprising of four dynamic parts: being Filipino, being Chinese, being neither, and being both. Focusing on the Manila community, I show how the Lannangs navigate between these orientations depending on the social context and the interlocutors. Moreover, drawing on the notions of indexicality and simultaneity, I investigate the role of language in the characterization of the Lannang identity. I also show that Hokkien, Lannang-ue, Tagalog, English, among other languages, are being used to embody the aspects of ‘Lannang-ness’.

Recent developments in geospatial information technology have prompted researchers to utilise geospatial information for decision making in disaster situations. Cultural properties should be preserved because they reflect the local characteristics and knowledge of their creators. Therefore, damaged cultural properties, which are difficult to restore, should be among the first considerations in a disaster situation. In this paper, we propose a method for using geospatial information to promote cultural heritage resilience with respect to disasters. Images from satellites, drones, and terrestrial sensors are available in various forms and provide various types of information. The acquired data can be formed into a digital cultural heritage cube, which enables timely access to any desired data. Additional information can be derived from the accumulated data through image fusion processes and the ancestors’ knowledge encapsulated in cultural properties. To verify this, we explored two disasters—arson and forest fires—in Korea. We concluded that, if the proposed method is applied to cultural properties, the damage to culture assets can be minimised and their resilience can be enhanced.

Street art murals are an artistic expression strictly interwoven in the urban landscape, and in recent years have received increasing attention as cultural heritage at risk. Today there is intense debate regarding the value assessment and choices related to the conservation of urban art; however, the evaluation of the stability of modern paint materials in outdoor environment is preliminary to any possible preservation strategy. In particular, the identification of the materials constituting a street artwork is critical for the preservation of these non-permanent heritage elements and to define the best restoration approaches. In this work, we performed a set of analyses of microsamples based on spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis, gas and liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry to identify paint materials (binders, pigments, additives, degradation products and conservation/restoration materials) of a selection of mural paintings, covering 60 years of history (1953–2014). The goal of this work was to identify the materials used to produce different mural paintings and to relate and compare their different compositions with previous studies in order to describe the evolution of the materials during the last 60 years. The collected knowledge and the limited data available in literature were exploited to increase the scientific background on the materials used by street artists, and to fill the lack of knowledge on this emerging topic.

In Cultural Heritage inquiries, a common requirement is to establish time-based trends between archaeological artifacts belonging to different periods of a given culture, enabling among other things to determine chronological inferences with higher accuracy and precision. Among these, pottery vessels are significantly useful, given their relative abundance in most archaeological sites. However, this very abundance makes difficult and complex an accurate representation, since no two of these vessels are identical, and therefore classification criteria must be justified and applied. For this purpose, we propose the use of deep learning architectures to extract automatically learned features without prior knowledge or engineered features. By means of transfer learning, we retrained a Residual Neural Network with a binary image database of Iberian wheel-made pottery vessels’ profiles. These vessels pertain to archaeological sites located in the upper valley of the Guadalquivir River (Spain). The resulting model can provide an accurate feature representation space, which can automatically classify profile images, achieving a mean accuracy of 0.96 with an f -measure of 0.96 . This accuracy is remarkably higher than other state-of-the-art machine learning approaches, where several feature extraction techniques were applied together with multiple classifier models. These results provide novel strategies to current research in automatic feature representation and classification of different objects of study within the Archaeology domain.

The archaeology of battlefields has developed its own fieldwork techniques, based on pedestrian survey, aerial photograph analysis, metal detection surveying and, more recently, LiDAR data. Until now, this combination of tools had not included low altitude imagery obtained with drones. Thus, multispectral and thermal data acquired at low altitude with a drone are applied here for the first time, combined with the more usual tools, to identify the remains of an ancient battlefield. The objective of this project has been to map previously unknown remains of the siege of the town of Cabezo de Alcala de Azaila (Spain) in Roman times. A multi-scalar approach has applied non-destructive technologies: historical aerial photographs, close-range aerial photography by drone with multispectral sensors, LiDAR data, GIS and metal detection surveying. The combination of these techniques has revealed a complex system of military structures around the oppidum of Cabezo de Alcala de Azaila, the first time such structures have been found in the Iberian Peninsula and which attest the military destruction of the town. In short, mapping the siege with a drone has enabled a new advance in the research, conservation and dissemination of ancient battlefield cultural heritage.

The Kachchh Rift Basin of western India is known for several geological findings and revelations for more than a century. Earth scientists from India and the globe have played a significant role in placing the Kachchh Basin's geology at a global level. A basin is a place for geologists to understand typical geological processes with textbook examples of resultant landforms. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of Kachchh have preserved significant diversity in fossil flora and fauna, ranging from marine to terrestrial environment accompanied by volcanic, structural, and sedimentary processes. Due to lack of attention from the authorities and the absence of any legislation in India, the geologically important sites of the Kachchh Basin have been subjected to unauthorized and undocumented fossil collection and scraping of geological strata for mining and infrastructural development. Due to the noteworthy preservation of the geological features at Kanthkot area in the Wagad highland of the eastern Kachchh Basin, two key geosites, i.e., Trambau River Bed and Kanthkot Fort Hill are proposed, which have immense potential to be recognized as the first ‘Jurassic Geopark’ of the Kachchh Basin. The proposed geosites hold great significance in scientific, educational, and geotourism aspects like palaeontology, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, volcanism, structures, and geomorphology with historical and cultural heritage. SWOT analysis for the geosite suggests good potential for development, conservation, and geotourism. The conservation of the geological heritage along with self-sustainable economic development through awareness and collaborative approach between the locals and experts from the scientific community is the primary motive of this work.

Decision making for cultural heritage protection is a multi-criteria process, involving many parameters and stakeholders. In this paper is proposed a methodological approach, for the scientific support to decision making, based on advanced software programming interfaces (Matlab and Python). As a case study, the consolidation intervention was selected. Starting point of the proposed methodology is the use of integrated documentation protocols, as a source of the required data for the monument/ object of art, capable of feeding the decision-making system with standard quality/critical parameters and risk indicators. These data are both bibliographic and real experimental values, coming from research in laboratory conditions, as well as from pilot conservation applications on monument scale. The evaluation of the crucial criteria is performed by the "experienced user/ expert" and is thus exploited by the system to adapt their weight factors through mathematical models. Main characteristics of the proposed systems is that is easy to implement, has the ability to expand to other conservation interventions, and it is executable on/compatible with different operating systems, provides a qualitative evaluation of the result.

Paper is still the most important carrier of information and knowledge in the form of books, journals, documents of historical value located in libraries and archives. Being a material of biomass origin it is subject to chemical, physical and biological degradation. For many decades it has been accepted that the main factor contributing to the paper degradation is acid hydrolysis and several modes of deacidification have been elaborated and successfully applied to paper aimed at slowing down its degradation and preserving its quality. A less attention has been devoted to oxidative modes of paper degradation. This minireview is focused just on these modes. In particular, oxidation involving reactive oxygen species and reactions catalyzed by transition metals species are dealt with. Oxidation of paper induced by iron-gall inks in documents of historical value is discussed in more detail due to importance of such documents as part of cultural heritage of mankind.

The conservation and safeguarding of historic buildings, and of everything that is housed within them, represents a challenge whose value is currently shared at a world level. The conservation of these cultural assets depends on a number of variables, with the microclimate playing a decisive role among them. For at least two decades, scientific literature in the field has been reporting experiences on individual case studies relative to the study of the microclimate and criteria for the conservation of the cultural and architectural heritage, in this regard, standards have also been enacted. Nevertheless, in our view, the research involves stand-alone case studies that are not comparable among one another, in particular with regard to the risk assessment of the place where the assets are located and/or the damage that these assets may undergo as a result of the microclimate of their environment. In this contribution we intend to present two risk indices related to the microclimate: the Heritage Microclimate Risk (HMR) index, which defines the level of risk to which an indoor room is exposed, compared to maximum and minimum values defined according to standards or based on the historical microclimate; and the Predicted Risk of Damage (PRD) index, which links the value of the HMR with the risk of damage to a specific material/object, which is exhibited or conserved within the room. The HMR and PRD are determined by the microclimate variables monitored on site, in particular, Air Temperature and Relative Humidity, or they can be obtained by means of Building Simulation. The proposed indices make it possible to define the potential microclimate risk within a room, as well as the probability that these conditions can cause damage to the objects of value therein conserved (collections, paintings, etc.). As an example, we have reported the application of the two HMR and PRD indices to the case study of a hall of the Royal Palace of Venaria Reale in Turin (Italy).