Search

Objectives To evaluate the potential of blood glucose levels and weight change before the onset of diabetes as predictors of pancreatic cancer among subjects with new-onset diabetes, that is, cancer-related diabetes versus normal type 2 diabetes. Methods We conducted a case-control study among subjects with new diabetes in the United Kingdom-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Cases were pancreatic cancer subjects with diabetes for ≤2 years before the cancer diagnosis (i.e., cancer-related diabetes). Controls were cancer-free, type 2 diabetic subjects matched to cases on age, sex, and diabetes duration. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for pancreatic cancer as a function of both weight change and blood glucose before the onset of diabetes. Results Weight loss of 10.0%–14.9% at diabetes onset was associated with an aOR for pancreatic cancer of 3.58 (95% CI 2.31–5.54), loss of ≥15.0%, with an aOR of 4.56 (95% CI 2.82–7.36), compared with stable weight. Blood glucose levels of ≤5.1 mmol/L or 5.2–5.6 mmol/L before diabetes onset were associated with an increased risk of a pancreatic cancer diagnosis, with aORs of 2.42 (95% CI 1.60–3.66) and 2.20 (95% CI 1.45–3.35), respectively, when compared with blood glucose levels ≥6.3 mmol/L within >2–3 years before cancer detection. Conclusions Weight loss as well as blood glucose levels in the normal range (and thus rapid development of hyperglycemia) before diabetes onset may be predictive of pancreatic cancer-related diabetes and may help target which subjects with new diabetes to refer for pancreatic cancer screening examinations.

We study traces of certain subspaces of shearlet coorbit spaces on smooth domains in R d with d = 2 , 3 . Our results are based on embedding theorems into Besov spaces which enable us to establish embedding relations of traces on the boundary of these domains.

We study traces on the boundary of generalized smoothness Morrey spaces on C k domains Ω . These spaces are equipped with three parameters s , p , q and a function parameter φ . Our results remain valid for the usual Besov–Morrey spaces N u , p , q s ( Ω ) , Triebel–Lizorkin–Morrey spaces E u , p , q s ( Ω ) , and Triebel–Lizorkin type spaces F p , q s , τ ( Ω ) , which are all included in our scales as special cases. Moreover, to complete our investigation, we also study traces of Besov-type spaces B p , q s , τ ( Ω ) , which are not covered by our approach and give some applications in terms of a priori estimates generalizing results from El Baraka (2005).

In this paper, we study the regularity of the solutions of some nonlinear elliptic equations in Kondratiev spaces on certain domains of polyhedral type. General embedding theorems between Kondratiev spaces and Besov spaces will allow to avoid drawbacks to the standard Sobolev regularity theory for those nonsmooth domains. This will give us the opportunity to derive optimal rates for certain nonlinear approximation schemes.

We study necessary and sufficient conditions for embeddings of Besov spaces of generalized smoothness B p , q ? , N ( R n ) into generalized Holder spaces ? ∞ , r µ ( ? ) ( R n ) when s ? ( N ? - 1 ) 0 and ? - 1 ? ? q ' , where ? = ? N - n / p . A borderline situation, corresponding to the limiting situation in the classical case, is included and give new results. In particular, we characterize optimal embeddings for B -spaces.As immediate applications of our results we obtain continuity envelopes and give upper and lower estimates for approximation numbers for the related embeddings.We also consider the analogous results for the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces of generalized smoothness F p , q ? , N ( R n ) .

Summary Background Ocular toxicity was described in the late 1950s for some anti-malarial drugs, but only limited information is available on the comparison of ocular toxicity of different anti-malarials. Methods We conducted a follow-up study with a nested case-control analysis using the General Practice Research Database to compare the risk of developing a first-time diagnosis of an eye disorder during exposure of mefloquine, chloroquine and/or proguanil or atovaquone/proguanil use to non-users. We calculated incidence rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and odds ratios using multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses. Results We included 83,148 patients and identified 652 cases with an incident eye disorder. The incidence rates with 95% CI of all eye disorders combined in users of mefloquine, chloroquine and/or proguanil, atovaquone/proguanil or travellers not using anti-malarials were 5.3 (4.3–6.5), 7.1 (5.0–9.9), 6.3 (5.6–7.2) and 5.1 (4.6–5.7), per 1000 person-years, respectively. As compared to non-users of anti-malarials, the adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI in the nested case-control analysis for users of mefloquine, chloroquine and/or proguanil, or atovaquone/proguanil were 1.33 (1.01–1.75), 1.61 (1.06–2.45), and 1.25 (1.03–1.52), respectively. Conclusions The study provides evidence that there was an increased risk of eye disorders in users of all anti-malarials compared to non-users of anti-malarials.

Two general philosophical positions regarding inclusive education have moved to the forefront of inclusive education discourse in Western countries since the debate about inclusive education has begun. One is a moral doctrinal position advocating full inclusion and contending that integration is necessary to maintain universal norms of non-discrimination. The other is an ethical position advocating partial inclusion. This latter position argues that exceptional students should receive accommodations specific to their individual needs through a combination of general classroom instruction and specialized instruction within segregated settings. Taken to their individually reasoned ends, these two philosophical approaches represent opposing ideological views and suggest a largely irresolvable debate regarding how exceptional students are best served. This paper presents a comparative analysis examining the underpinnings of these dichotomies within Canada and France.

The paper analyses the need for legislative reform in the Czech Republic once it will have ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

The paper analyses the Spanish legislation on the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and discusses whether Spain will be able to carry out investigations and prosecutions into crimes against international law as well as to cooperate with the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

The paper analyses the Bulgarian legislation on the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and discusses whether Bulgaria will be able to carry out investigations and prosecutions into crimes against international law as well as to cooperate with the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

The paper analyses the Norwegian legislation on the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and discusses whether Norway will be able to carry out investigations and prosecutions into crimes against international law as well as to cooperate with the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

The paper analyses the Latvian legislation on the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and discusses whether Latvia will be able to carry out investigations and prosecutions into crimes against international law as well as to cooperate with the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

The paper analyses the Dutch legislation on the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and discusses whether the Netherlands will be able to carry out investigations and prosecutions into crimes against international law as well as to cooperate with the International Criminal Court. The paper was produced as part of the Project on National Implementation Legislation (PINIL). Eight country analyses forming part of this project are published in a symposium in volume 16 (2005) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law, and five further country analyses are available on SSRN.

After the coming into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002, the focus of academics, governments and the NGO community has shifted to the implementation of the Rome Statute in domestic jurisdictions. In recognition of this fact a group of young lawyers and former delegates to the ICC Preparatory Commissions created the "Project on ICC National Implementation Legislation" (PINIL) to examine how national criminal law adapts to the Rome Statute.The Project involved over 30 researchers in 15 European countries, ranging from Albania to the UK. Matthias Goldmann (Germany), Rain Liivoja (Estonia), Cornelia Schneider (Germany/UK), Ann Swampillai (UK) and Isabelle Walther (Germany) coordinated the project. The research was based on a questionnaire, drafted by Matthias Goldmann and Simon P. Olleson with the support of the entire team, which is contained in the paper. Accordingly, the authors of each country analysis were asked to address the following two issues: 1) Is the State Party in a position to carry out proceedings at the national level thereby excluding the possibility of the ICC exercising its jurisdiction? (Principle of Complementarity)2) Is the State Party in a position to comply with its obligations to co-operate with the ICC as detailed in the Rome Statute? (Co-operation)A compendium of eight country analyses has been published in volume 16 (2005) (appeared in 2008) of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law (FYBIL). This symposium covers Albania, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the UK.Seven additional country analyses have been made available on SSRN:Bulgaria: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996515Czech Republic: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996513Latvia: http://ssrn.com/abstract=928333Netherlands: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996521 Norway: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996523 Slovenia: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996524 Spain: http://ssrn.com/abstract=996525A cross-cutting article by Matthias Goldmann which compares and evaluates the outcomes of the country analyses has been published in vol. 16 of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law. A pre-print version of this article is available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1348698

Objective To study the function of miR-145, known to be dysregulated in endometriosis, and to identify its target genes in an in vitro endometriosis model. Design Experimental laboratory study. Setting University medical centers. Patient(s) Primary endometrial stroma cells were derived from eutopic endometrium of three American Society for Reproductive Medicine stage III endometriosis patients and from ectopic lesions of four patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Intervention(s) The human endometriotic cell line 12Z and primary eutopic and ectopic endometrial stroma cells were transiently transfected with miR-145 precursors or anti–miR-145 inhibitors and investigated for posttranscriptional regulation of predicted target genes and changes in cell behavior. Main Outcome Measure(s) Predicted target expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, and altered cell behavior was monitored by cell proliferation assays. The 12Z cells were additionally investigated by Matrigel invasion assays, cell cycle analysis, side population analysis, and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays. Result(s) In all cells investigated, miR-145 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced down-regulation of FASCIN-1, SOX2, and MSI2 . In 12Z cells miR-145 upregulation increased Matrigel invasiveness and reduced side population and aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity. Additional down-regulated targets in 12Z cells included OCT4, KLF4, PODXL, JAM-A , and SERPINE1/PAI-1. ACTG2 and TAGLN were up-regulated upon pre–miR-145 transfection. JAM-A, FASCIN-1, and PAI-I down-regulation in 12Z cells were confirmed by Western blotting. Conclusion(s) miR-145 inhibits endometriotic cell proliferation, invasiveness, and stemness by targeting multiple pluripotency factors, cytoskeletal elements, and protease inhibitors.