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Over the past two decades, there has been an efflorescence of park and greenspace research. This trend may reflect substantial increases in urban populations globally and concomitant pressures on land resources – including greenspace. But so far research has mainly tended to focus on demand rather than supply, and specifically the practice of provision – notwithstanding the body of literature studying disparities in greenspace access and geographic distribution through an environmental justice lens (e.g. using spatial analysis). Comparatively fewer studies have considered the interplay of factors that may shape local government’s capacity to supply greenspace. This paper reports results of a systematic quantitative review of the greenspace provision literature: assessing the factors that configure its supply, and different approaches to planning and assessing greenspace provision. A conceptual model is offered, explaining the interaction between greenspace provision factors across different scales. Findings suggest many cities continue to experience gaps between planned and actual greenspace provision. Moreover, urban greenspace is typically planned using a recreational standards approach, despite increasing demands for a range of ecosystem functions, services, and benefits. Future research should engage directly with greenspace managers responsible for urban greenspace delivery, especially in rapidly expanding cities, to illuminate points of convergence and divergence between theory and practice. Policy implications include consideration of holistic greenspace planning approaches that better recognise and respond to emerging demands upon, and for, urban greenspace.

The authors regret that the 104 articles referenced in Table 5 (p.93–95) were not repeated in our Reference List and as a result, were not being picked-up by citation databases and bibliometric software. In preparing our manuscript for publication, we were unaware of this risk and what is now apparent, an error in our paper. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. 1: List of references selected for systematic quantitative literature Review

Between May 2001 and May 2005, all 8834 adults admitted to our hospital with fractures to the limbs and pelvis were prospectively entered onto a database. Information was cross-referenced with the Office of National Statistics, and all patients who died during the study period were identified. Mortality rates were adjusted for age, gender and type of injury and cause of death was identified from hospital records. Neck of femur fractures accounted for 32% of admissions. Younger patients were more likely to be male and older patients more likely to be female. Overall 30-day and 1-year mortalities were 4.5 and 13%, respectively. Increased mortality was associated with age, male gender and fractures of the femur or pelvis.

Repeated reuse or “serial repitching” of yeast between successive fermentations exposes brewing yeast cells to a number of biological, chemical, and physical stresses. It is generally accepted that...

Summary Aims Recent studies have recommended the use of cephalo-medullary devices for the treatment of reverse oblique intertrochanteric femoral fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association/Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen, OTA/AO 31-A3). Both the proximal femoral nail (PFN) and the gamma nail (GN) have shown good outcome results but the results of treatment with the intramedullary hip screw (IMHS) have not been reported in the literature. Our aim was to review the outcomes of these unstable fractures treated with the IMHS implant at our institute. Methods Between 1999 and 2008, 6724 consecutive hip fractures were treated at our institute. There were 115 reverse oblique intertrochanteric fractures and 63 of these were treated with the IMHS. We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiological records for these fractures treated with the IMHS. Follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 6 years. Results Amongst the 63 patients treated with the IMHS, 57 (90.5%) fractures were reduced satisfactorily with one poorly positioned hip screw and one breach of the anterior femoral cortex. The mean operative time was 115 min, 22 patients required a blood transfusion and 20 had postoperative medical complications. The major orthopaedic complications included two cases of malrotation, three nonunions and one traumatic periprosthetic fracture with a total failure rate of 7.9%. There were four cases of distal locking bolts breaking or backing out. The 30-day mortality was 6.5%. Conclusion The clinical and radiological outcomes achieved with the IMHS compare favourably to the results achieved with other cephalo-medullary devices. We consider the long IMHS a good implant for the treatment of these unstable fractures.