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Cosmogenic nuclide dating of glacial landforms on the Kerguelen Archipelago (49°S, 69°E) gives the opportunity to study multi-millennial glacier fluctuations within the sub-Antarctic sector of the Indian Ocean. We here dated such geomorphic features to provide time constraints over the last 17,000 years using in situ-produced 36Cl in three glacial valleys: Val Travers valley, Ampere Glacier valley and Arago Glacier valley. For the first time, a combination of in situ-produced 36Cl and 10Be dating and 26Al/10Be ratios analysis was performed in the quartz-bearing syenite boulders of the Arago Glacier site. In addition, a Bayesian approach was computed to obtain a better constraint on moraine dating. Glacial advances occurred during the Late Glacial at 16.0 ± 1.9 ka and at 12.9 ± 1.7 ka in Val Travers, and at 13.6 ± 1.8 ka in Arago Glacier valley, probably linked to the Heinrich Stadial 1 and/or Antarctic Cold Reversal events, respectively. This suggests that all glaciers at this latitude were broadly sensitive to the large-scale climatic signal of the Antarctic Cold Reversal. So far, no Early nor Mid-Holocene moraines have been found in the glacial valleys on Kerguelen, indicating that the glaciers had probably receded significantly during these periods. This is in agreement with previously determined 14C ages from peat bogs, which suggest extensive deglaciation during several millennia of the Holocene period. Samples from glacially-polished bedrock surfaces (ranging from ∼4.4 ka to ∼14 ka) at Ampere Glacier site also suggest that this valley was ice free for several millennia during the Holocene. Finally, glaciers seem to have re-advanced only during the Late Holocene, especially within the last millennium, at ∼1 ka, ∼ 430 yr and ∼300 yr. A comparison of this new dataset with the available 10Be ages from other southern mid-latitude regions during the Holocene allows the identification of three different glacier evolution patterns. We suspect that variations of Kergue

During the Late Pleistocene, the main mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula were covered by small icefields and cirque and alpine glaciers. The deglaciation triggered paraglacial processes that generated landforms, mostly within the ice-free glacial cirques. In this research we analyse the deglaciation process in the Muxivén Cirque (42°15′N – 6°16′W), in the upper Sil River Basin, which includes some of the largest relict rock glaciers of the Cantabrian Mountains. We addressed this objective by means of accurate geomorphological reconstructions, sedimentological analysis, Schmidt-hammer surface weathering measurements and a dataset of 10 10Be Cosmic-Ray Exposure ages. Results reveal that after ~16 ka, glaciers retreated to the bottom of the cirques at the headwaters of the valley, leaving the walls free of ice and triggering rock avalanches onto the remnants of these glaciers. This paraglacial process supplied debris to a small glacier within Muxivén Cirque, which transformed in two rock glaciers. These debris isolated the ice inside the rock glaciers only for a very short period of time and ended up melting completely before the Younger Dryas. The lower sector of the largest one stabilized at 14.5 ± 1.5 ka, while the upper sector remained active until 13.5 ± 0.8 ka. Previous to the stabilization of the lower sector of the northern rock glacier, at its margin a high-energy debris avalanche occurred at ~14.0 ± 0.9 ka. These data agree with previous research, corroborating the paraglacial origin of most Iberian rock glaciers during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial.