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Organophosphates (OPs) are an integral part of modern agriculture; however, due to overexploitation, OPs pesticides residues are leaching and accumulating in the soil, and groundwater contaminated terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Acute exposure to OPs could produce toxicity in insects, plants, animals, and humans. OPs are known for covalent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in pests and terrestrial/aquatic organisms, leading to nervous, respiratory, reproductive, and hepatic abnormalities. OPs pesticides also disrupt the growth-promoting machinery in plants by inhibiting key enzymes, permeability, and trans-cuticular diffusion, which is crucial for plant growth. Excessive use of OPs, directly/indirectly affecting human/environmental health, raise a thoughtful global concern. Developing a safe, reliable, economical, and eco-friendly methods for removing OPs pesticides from the environment is thus necessary. Bioremediation techniques coupled with microbes or microbial-biocatalysts are emerging as promising antidotes for OPs pesticides. Here, we comprehensively review the current scenario of OPs pollution, their toxicity (at a molecular level), and the recent advancements in biotechnology (modified biocatalytic systems) for detection, decontamination, and bioremediation of OP-pesticides in polluted environments. Furthermore, the review focuses on onsite applications of OPs degrading enzymes (immobilizations/biosensors/others), and it also highlights remaining challenges with future approaches.

Bioremediation systems coupled to efficient microbial enzymes have emerged as an attractive approach for the in-situ removal of hazardous organophosphates (OPs) pesticides from the polluted environment. However, the role of engineered enzymes in OPs-degradation is rarely studied. In this study, the potential OPs-hydrolase (opdH) gene (Arthrobacter sp. HM01) was isolated, cloned, expressed, and purified. The recombinant organophosphate hydrolase (ropdH) was ∼29 kDa; which catalyzed a broad-range of OPs-pesticides in organic-solvent (∼99 % in 30 min), and was found to increase the catalytic efficiency by 10-folds over the native enzyme (k

The inequivalent quantizations of a system of n identical particles on a manifold M, dim M⩾2, are in 1-1 correspondence with irreducible unitary representations of the braid group B n (M). The notion of the statistics of the particles is made precise. We give various examples where all the possible statistics for the system are determined, and find instances where the particle obey statistics different from the well-studied Bose, Fermi para- and θ-statistics