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Spanish Abstract: Treinta y seis profesores, estudiantes e investigadores de la Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y del Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo CID de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y otras instituciones, nos unimos para intentar reflexionar sobre la pandemia y la decision insospechada de aislamiento y sus reacciones tanto economicas como sociales de corto y mediano plazo. En este caso, nuestra experiencia ha sido entender ciclos economicos y empresariales, coyunturas adversas como la violencia o las guerras y analisis de crisis anteriores, ya sea relativamente cercana como la que a finales del siglo XX golpeo a Colombia o la ya lejana crisis del 29. Asi, nos unimos para abordar los efectos economicos y las politicas sociales asociadas a la pandemia del COVID-19. Este documento es el producto de dicho esfuerzo y reune los 21 documentos que salieron publicados en la alianza con El Espectador. En algunos casos se trata del mismo texto, en otros de textos ampliados. English Abstract: Thirty-six professors, students and researchers from the Faculty of Economic Sciences and the Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CID) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and other institutions joined together to try to reflect on the pandemic and the unexpected decision to lockdown, and its short- and medium-term economic and social consequences. In this case, our experience has been to understand economic and business cycles, adverse situations such as violence or wars, and analyses of previous crises, whether relatively close to the one that struck Colombia at the end of the 20th century or the now distant crisis of the 29. Thus, we come together to address the economic effects and social policies associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This document is the product of that effort and brings together the 21 documents that were published in the alliance with El Espectador. In some cases, it is the same text, in others it is expanded.

We propose an axiomatic framework that allows a unified analysis of the core and three other related cooperative solution concepts that are applicable even when the core itself is empty. Existing axiomatizations of the core and similar concepts of a cooperative game include the desired form of feasibility (or efficiency) in the generic definition of a solution concept and/or are restricted to the domain of games for which existence is guaranteed. We dispense of both practices, thus opening up the possibility of comparing, via basic axioms, solution concepts that have different feasibility constraints and domains. Our characterization of the core can be adapted to axiomatize extensions of the core concept that generate predictions for games with empty cores. We use this avenue to provide new axiomatizations of the aspiration set, the aspiration core, and the c-core.

The paper illustrates a new methodology for deriving the feasibility constraints of the core and the aspiration core, a non-empty core-extension, from other axioms. The two solution concepts differ only in the implicit rules that govern coalition formation. Our characterizations derive those different rules from familiar axioms.

Massive pulmonary thromboembolism is a condition with high morbidity and mortality if not treated early. A case of a young man with a history of knee trauma that was admitted to the emergency department with sudden dyspnea and syncope is discussed. During the clinical evaluation the patient experienced 5 episodes of cardiac arrest that required prolonged cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. The diagnosis of massive pulmonary thromboembolism was confirmed by echocardiography and thoracic CT angiography. Although prolonged cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation is a relative contraindication for systemic thrombolysis, the patient experienced remarkable clinical improvement with no sequelae upon hospital discharge.

Introducción: Los síntomas laringofaríngeos (SLF) son comunes en anestesia. La incidencia de morbilidad laringofaríngea varía en la literatura. Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia de SLF al usar máscara laríngea y tubo endotraqueal en la primera y a las 24h posoperatorias y estimar la asociación de factores de riesgo. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte cerrada que incluyó 451 pacientes. Se indagó la presencia de odinofagia, disfonía y disfagia. Se utilizaron modelos marginales para estimar asociación con variables en estudio. Resultados: La incidencia de SLF durante la primera y 24h posoperatorias fue del 26 y del 13%, respectivamente. A las 24 h, la incidencia disminuyó significativamente. Conclusiones: La incidencia en un centro hospitalario colombiano de SLF en cirugía ambulatoria es importante. Existen diferencias en la reducción con el tubo endotraqueal y la máscara laríngea en el tiempo. Introduction: To determine cumulative incidence of sore throat complaints (STCs) which occur with the insertion of the laryngeal mask (LM) and endotracheal tube (ETT) during the first hour and 24 hours after elective surgery. In addition, to establish risk factors associated with its occurrence. Methods: In a cohort study, a total of 451 patients scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery were included consecutively for 6 months (ASA I-II-III, >18 years old) who underwent LM or ETT airway management for general anesthesia. Through a questionnaire with indirect and direct questions the presence of sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia and the composite endpoint STCs were assessed one and 24 hours after surgery. Marginal models were used to identify risk factors. Results:We found an incidence of STCs of 26.8% and 13.5% at first and 24 postoperative hours respectively. At first hour, they were classified as sore throat (23.9%), hoarseness (6.7%) and dysphagia (6.4%). Each compound was not mutually exclusive. At 24 hours of follow up, incidence of STCs and its compounds decreases significantly but differently to ETT and LM. STCs were associated with female gender (OR=1.53 95%CI 1.00-2.37, p=0.05), ETT intubation (OR=4.20 95%CI 2.19-8.04, p

ResumenIntroducciónLos síntomas laringofaríngeos (SLF) son comunes en anestesia. La incidencia de morbilidad laringofaríngea varía en la literatura.ObjetivosDeterminar la incidencia de SLF al usar máscara laríngea y tubo endotraqueal en la primera y a las 24h posoperatorias y estimar la asociación de factores de riesgo.MétodosEstudio de cohorte cerrada que incluyó 451 pacientes. Se indagó la presencia de odinofagia, disfonía y disfagia. Se utilizaron modelos marginales para estimar asociación con variables en estudio.ResultadosLa incidencia de SLF durante la primera y 24h posoperatorias fue del 26 y del 13%, respectivamente. A las 24h, la incidencia disminuyó significativamente.ConclusionesLa incidencia en un centro hospitalario colombiano de SLF en cirugía ambulatoria es importante. Existen diferencias en la reducción con el tubo endotraqueal y la máscara laríngea en el tiempo.AbstractIntroductionTo determine cumulative incidence of sore throat complaints (STCs) which occur with the insertion of the laryngeal mask (LM) and endotracheal tube (ETT) during the first hour and 24 hours after elective surgery. In addition, to establish risk factors associated with its occurrence.MethodsIn a cohort study, a total of 451 patients scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery were included consecutively for 6 months (ASA I-II-III, >18 years old) who underwent LM or ETT airway management for general anesthesia. Through a questionnaire with indirect and direct questions the presence of sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia and the composite endpoint STCs were assessed one and 24 hours after surgery. Marginal models were used to identify risk factors.ResultsWe found an incidence of STCs of 26.8% and 13.5% at first and 24 postoperative hours respectively. At first hour, they were classified as sore throat (23.9%), hoarseness (6.7%) and dysphagia (6.4%). Each compound was not mutually exclusive. At 24 hours of follow up, incidence of STCs and its compounds decreases significantly but differently to ETT and LM. STCs were associated with female gender (OR=1.53 95%CI 1.00-2.37, p=0.05), ETT intubation (OR=4.20 95%CI 2.19-8.04, p

The paper shows that the aspiration core of a TU-game coincides with the set of competitive wages arising in a labor market economy in which time is indivisible, but workers and firms can sign contingent labor contracts and trade in employment lotteries. The set of firms that are active in the market is endogenously determined at equilibrium and it coincides with the generating collection of the corresponding aspiration core allocation.

We provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which core allocations treat substitute players equally. The core of a game satisfies the equal treatment property if and only if no player needs the participation of all of her substitutes to attain her core payoffs. We show how this condition generalizes and unifies other sufficient conditions proposed in the literature (in the context of large games and economies) and derive new results for particular classes of games.

Voltage-gated K(+) channels composed of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 are the predominant contributors to the M-current, which plays a key role in controlling neuronal activity. Various lines of evidence have indicated that Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 form a heteromeric channel. However, the subunit stoichiometry and arrangement within this putative heteromer are so far unknown. Here, we have addressed this question using atomic force microscopy imaging of complexes between isolated Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels and antibodies to epitope tags on the two subunits, Myc on Kv7.2 and HA on Kv7.3. Initially, tsA 201 cells were transiently transfected with equal amounts of cDNA for the two subunits. The heteromer was isolated through binding of either tag to immunoaffinity beads and then decorated with antibodies to the other tag. In both cases, the distribution of angles between pairs of bound antibodies had two peaks, at around 90° and around 180°, and in both cases the 90° peak was about double the size of the 180° peak. These results indicate that the Kv7.2/Kv7.3 heteromer generated by cells expressing approximately equal amounts of the two subunits assembles as a tetramer with a predominantly 2:2 subunit stoichiometry and with a random subunit arrangement. When the DNA ratio for the two subunits was varied, copurification experiments indicated that the subunit stoichiometry was variable and not fixed at 2:2. Hence, there are no constraints on either the subunit stoichiometry or the subunit arrangement.

Gupta and Livne (1988) modified Nash’s (1950) original bargaining problem through the introduction of a reference point restricted to lie in the bargaining set. Additionally, they characterized a solution concept for this augmented bargaining problem. We propose and axiomatically characterize a new solution concept for bargaining problems with a reference point: the Tempered Aspirations solution. In Kalai and Smorodinsky (1975) , aspirations are given by the so called ideal or utopia point. In our setting, however, the salience of the reference point mutes or tempers the negotiators’ aspirations. Thus, our solution is defined to be the maximal feasible point on the line segment joining the modified aspirations and disagreement vectors. The Tempered Aspirations solution can be understood as a “dual” version of the Gupta–Livne solution or, alternatively, as a version of Chun and Thomson’s (1992) Proportional solution in which the claims point is endogenous. We also conduct an extensive axiomatic analysis comparing the Gupta–Livne to our Tempered Aspirations solution.

RESUMEN Introduccion. La incidencia de cirugia no obstetrica durante el embarazo es del 1,5 % al 2 %. Actualmente, el anestesiologo se encuentra ante nuevas tecnicas diagnosticas y terapeuticas que generan muchos interrogantes tanto en las pacientes, como en el grupo tratante. Objetivo. Abordar los aspectos mas importantes para el anestesiologo al tratar a una paciente embarazada que presenta comorbilidad, y cuyo manejo es quirurgico. Metodologia. Revision no sistematica de la literatura indexada y referenciada en PUBMED, desde el ano 2001 y hasta la fecha. Conclusiones. La evaluacion y el abordaje de la paciente embarazada que sera sometida a una cirugia no obstetrica seran hechos por un grupo interdisciplinario, para garantizar el bienestar de la madre y del feto.

SUMMARY Background The laryngeal mask airway is a medical device that must be used with precise indications and contraindications. Its use in tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies has been reported to generate controversy. Through the present study an attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness and the security of the laryngeal mask airway in tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies. Methods: A systematic review. Results: 16 studies were obtained as a result of the systematic search of the published evidence. They were analyzed with methodological rigor and the following results were obtained: The flexible laryngeal mask airway brings about fewer respiratory adverse effects during the induction and the emergence of anesthesia than the endotracheal tube. It is effective in preventing sanguineous bronchoaspiration during surgery. Furthermore, it must be used by trained personnel and in collaboration with the surgeon to avoid adverse events like displacement, obstruction or occupation of the operating field. Conclusions: the flexible laryngeal mask airway is a useful and safe alternative for the handling of the airways in tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies by its advantages in the induction and emergence of surgery since it triggers less protective reflections of the airway at the moment. In order to avoid intraoperating complications one must have experience in its use plus empathy must exist between the surgical team and the anesthesiologist.

Two agents bargain over the allocation of a bundle of divisible commodities. After strategically reporting utility functions to a neutral arbitrator, the outcome is decided by using a bargaining solution concept chosen from a family that includes the Nash and the Raiffa–Kalai–Smorodinsky solutions. When reports are restricted to be continuous, strictly increasing and concave, it has been shown that this kind of “distortion game” leads to inefficient outcomes. We study the distortion game originated when agents are also allowed to claim non-concave utility functions. Contrasting with the previous literature, any interior equilibrium outcome is efficient and any efficient allocation can be supported as an equilibrium outcome of the distortion game. In a similar fashion to the Nash demand game we consider some uncertainty about the opponent's features to virtually implement the Nash bargaining solution.

Any TU-game can be generated from a production economy with indivisible labor inputs. An equilibrium of that economy always exists after a central intervention that taxes income and subsidizes production. The set of equilibrium allocations corresponding to the smallest income tax coincides with the proportional extended core of the game.

KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) subunits is one of the main subunits that give rise to the M-current, which play a prominent role in the control of neuronal excitability. Little is known regarding how the density of KCNQ2 channels at the plasma membrane is controlled. We have used the Tac membrane protein (also known as CD25/interleukin-2 receptor) as a reporter for the identification of critical traffic determinants. Fusion of helix C to Tac prevented trafficking to the plasma membrane. Within helix C, we identified the sequence RIK as a key player in the process. After deletion or neutralization to AIA or NIN, the surface expression increased, suggesting that this motive may function as a retention/retrieval signal. A natural existing mutant at this site, R553Q, is associated with neonatal epilepsy (BFNC), reflecting an important role of this sequence on KCNQ channel physiology.