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Background Nurses are mandated to reflect on their practice to enhance or improve patient-centred care but are rarely taught to reflect from the patient's perspective. Methods This single interpretive case study used a high-fidelity simulator that was non-verbal, ventilated, and equipped with a GoPro® camera on his forehead. Students provided care that was captured on video, then reflected on the video during a debriefing interview and a written reflection. Results This experience challenged student's impressions of their communication styles, shifted the student's viewpoint from self-centred to patient-centred and provided insights about equipment being a barrier to care, the proximity of care, imbalanced communication, and doing for the patient instead of with the patient. Conclusions This research has the ability to change reflective practice and provide a way to reflect from the patient's perspective. In-person reflections using the Reflective Practice from the Patient's Perspective tool provided more thorough and insightful reflections compared to the written reflections.

Background There is a paucity of evidence regarding satisfaction with lymphoedema prevention information in the literature. This assessment is supported by both anecdotal discussions with health professionals in North Queensland and by searching the literature. Question How satisfied are women with breast cancer in North Queensland with the information provided about lymphoedema prevention strategies? This qualitative descriptive study explored the views of regional women to determine aspects of satisfaction with reference to the type of information provided, appropriateness of clinical information and timeliness of information at the specific stage of their illness trajectory. Methods Eleven participants were recruited in North Queensland and all consented to an audio-taped, open ended, and semi-structured interview. The recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Braun and Clarke's six-step approach to inductive thematic analysis. Findings This study identified gaps in the information provided regarding lymphoedema prevention and management. The participants in this study were dissatisfied with the information provided and a gap was identified in evidence based information on exercises and lymphoedema prevention strategies. Discussion Current provision and content of lymphoedema prevention information warrants further investigation. Further research into the different communication styles for women, brochure formats, timing of information, delivery options, and evidence based lifestyle and behavioural activities and best practice was identified. This study's findings clearly showed more tailored information would reduce confusion. The teaching strategies used for lymphoedema prevention and post-surgery instructions warrant further evidence based guidelines. Evidence based guidelines would be of tangible value for both affected women and health professionals. Conclusion This study identified that some of the lymphoedema literature supplied is dated, and improvements in tailored information would assist women with breast cancer and improve satisfaction.

Background and purpose Pharmacists need to learn communication styles which adopt a more consultative model. The objectives of this paper are to describe the use of forum theatre facilitated by actors to teach communication skills to pharmacy students and to highlight perceptions of the workshops. Educational activity and setting During the actor-led forum theatre, students redirected scenes depicting pharmacist-patient consultations. Students also learned about their own communication styles and role-played consultations and interview situations with actors. Pharmacy undergraduate students enrolled in years 2, 3, and 4 answered open-ended questions online at the end of workshops. All responses were coded to identify themes. Findings Five themes emerged from 752 comments: (1) workshops were useful in facilitating communication skills development, (2) workshops encouraged reflection, (3) appreciation of feedback provided, (4) the live, interactive nature of the workshop enhanced learning, and (5) suggestions for improvement. There were requests for more varied scenarios involving different patient groups and more opportunities to participate in the role-plays. Students also requested smaller groups, which would encourage participation from those who were reticent and allow more personal feedback. Summary The use of forum theatre employing role-play, small group coaching on consultation and interview skills, and emphasizing feedback was perceived as an effective and engaging method to teach communication skills.

The study investigates the influence of gender in language utilized in email communication among Sohar University lecturers. This study is based on Media-Richness Theory (MRT). It aims to avoid confusion or misunderstanding in cross-gender communication and enhance awareness of communication styles used among non-Omani and Omani lectures. The study focuses on three areas of linguistic features, which are abbreviation, emoticons and onomatopoetic. A qualitative method research design was employed in this study. After analyzing 40 email samples, the researcher conducted six interviews. The results indicated that abbreviations are less standard in female emails than emoticon and onomatopoetic. Unlike females, males like to use abbreviations in their emails. According to emoticons and onomatopoetic, females like to express their feelings and emotions explicitly. They are likely to be more onomatopoetic and emotional than men. The study has resulted in appreciated knowledge that practitioners may apply to everyday written communication at universities.

This paper studies the English too ADJ to V construction. It starts with a (multiple) distinctive collexeme analysis (as one of the subtypes of collostructional analysis) of the ADJ-V pairs appearing in the given construction in three regional varieties of English (American, British and Indian English) based on the GloWbE corpus. This analysis establishes the most distinctive and most strongly repelled ADJ-V pairs in the respective varieties. These results are then interpreted from the perspective of three models of inter-cultural and cross-cultural communication styles. The paper demonstrates that the most distinctive and the most repelled ADJ-V pairs do differ across the three varieties and that this may reflect subtle differences in the underlying cultural conceptualizations. The paper also introduces the notion of ‘(multiple) distinctive collexeme analysis of co-varying collexemes’, as an extension of the existing notion of the given type of collostructional analysis.

This study proposes that consumers' attribution styles influence how they respond to corporate social responsibility (CSR) messages. The current study employs a cross-cultural experiment to examine the interplay of consumer attribution styles and message types on the outcome of CSR communication, and reveals a significant interaction between attribution style and CSR message. Individuals with a dispositional attribution style responded more favorably to evidence-based CSR messages than to belief-based messages, while those with a situational attribution style responded more favorably to belief-based messages than to evidence-based messages. This study extends cross-cultural research into the area of CSR communication and offers practical guidelines for international marketers and corporations on how to communicate their CSR involvement to global consumers.

Insecurely attached individuals are more likely to try to induce jealousy in their partners than securely attached individuals. Research more consistently links anxious attachment styles with jealousy induction, compared to avoidant attachment. The current study extends this limited research by examining how four attachment styles are indirectly related to jealousy induction through relationship communication styles. College men and women (N = 263) completed an online survey on their dating experiences, and indicated their likelihood of using jealousy induction tactics and relationship communication styles with a hypothetical partner. Path analysis revealed that fearfully attached individuals are more likely to indicate an aggressive communication style and this is linked to greater jealousy induction; whereas, preoccupied individuals are more likely to use a nonassertive communication style and this is linked to greater jealousy induction. Secure and dismissing styles were unrelated to jealousy induction. Findings support the anxious attachment-jealousy induction link. Future research should examine whether motives behind jealousy induction diverge as function of attachment style.

This study focuses on conflict situations in bilingual academic meetings to investigate the communication styles used by Chinese and American university faculty. The ethnographic participant observation used as the main method was cross-checked with post-meeting interview data. The findings revealed that, due to the conflicting priorities in meeting protocol and behaviors in Taiwanese and American cultures, tension is experienced by faculty members of both cultures. What it means to have a meeting and how members address various issues does vary from culture to culture. It is suggested that conflict situations be ameliorated by more cross-cultural understanding of meeting codes, especially by those in leadership positions.

The perfectionism social disconnection model contends that perfectionism is negatively associated with social support. Researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which perfectionism may lower social support; however, no extant study has explored the role of communication styles. The purpose of this study was to explore whether communication styles mediate the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and perceived social support in a large sample of U.S. college students. Results found that maladaptive perfectionism had a negative direct effect on social support as well as a negative indirect effect through preciseness and verbal aggressiveness as well as a positive indirect effect through emotionality. This suggests that perfectionism may lower perceived social support through more aggressive and precise communication patterns but also may increase perceived social support through communication about negative emotions.

To test the influence of physician empathy (PE), shared decision making (SDM), and the match between patients' preferred and perceived decision-making styles on patients' decision regret.Patients with breast or colon cancer (n=71) completed questionnaires immediately following (T1) and three months after a consultation (T2). Path analysis was used to examine the relationships among patient demographics, patient reports of PE, SDM, the match between preferred and perceived decision-making styles, and patient decision regret at T2.After controlling for clinician clusters, higher PE was directly associated with more SDM (β=0.43, p0.01) and lower decision regret (β=-0.28, p0.01). The match between patients' preferred and perceived roles was negatively associated with decision regret (β=-0.33, p0.01). Patients who participated less than desired reported more decision regret at T2. There was no significant association between SDM and decision regret (β=0.03, p=0.74).PE and the match between patients' preferred and perceived roles in medical decision making are essential for patient-centered cancer consultations and treatment decisions.Ways to enhance PE and matching the consultation style to patients' expectations should be encouraged.

This study draws on social exchange theory to investigate the relationship dynamics of the member–community dyad in virtual community settings. Using a longitudinal design and multiple measurement sources, the findings indicate that social and task communication styles have unique effects on members’ community commitment velocity, which in turn influences member gratitude and entitlement behaviors. A moderated path analysis demonstrates that the effects of social and task communication styles on community commitment velocity are both positively moderated by attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. It also reveals that members’ level of popularity augments the influence of community commitment velocity on member entitlement behavior.

The focus of this survey was the three basic communication styles. Specifically, these are the aggressive, passive, and assertive. This study was accomplished to confirm the communication style of the randomly selected students from the seven different colleges and one school in a university. The descriptive survey design was utilized in gathering the data. The instrument consisted of the indicators that verify the communication style of the respondents. There were three hundred thirty seven students who participated in the survey. The findings of the study revealed that females are greater in number that male respondents. Most of the respondents’ religious affiliation are Catholics and only few are non-Catholics. The location of respondents’ houses can be found mostly in the rural areas. Among the 337 respondents no one said that they use aggressive, passive, and assertive communication style extensively and at all times or always. Aggressive communication style is consistently utilized in few times by the CAS, COA, CBE, COE, CIT, CEA, and CON and was applied occasionally by the STHM students only. Passive communication style is used by the students from COA, CBE, CIT, CEA and STHM occasionally, while the students from CAS, COE and CON employed this communication style in few times. Assertive communication style was applied by CBE, COE, CIT, CEA, CON and STHM students often, while students from CAS and COA used it occasionally. In closing, the three communication styles were used by different group of people in different manner and at different extent; however an effective communicator is one who could transmit his message accurately regardless of his communication style.

Objective To examine whether GPs’ communication styles have changed since the introduction and implementation of clinical guidelines for psychosocial problems in Dutch general practice in the 1990s. Methods From a database of 5184 consultations videotaped between 1977 and 2008, 512 consultations assessed by GPs as ‘completely psychosocial’ were coded with RIAS (Roter Interaction Analysis System). The 121 consultations prior to and 391 consultations after implementation of guidelines were analyzed whether communication styles have changed over time. Results We found that GPs were more likely to consider consultations to be mainly (17%) or completely (12%) psychosocial after the implementation of guidelines. They gave more biomedical and psychosocial information and advice in the second period compared to the first period. We also found that empathy decreased over time (frequency of empathic statements by GPs changed from 2.9–3.2 to 1.4–1.6 between periods). Conclusion Communication in psychosocial consultations has changed; GPs have become more focused on task-oriented communication (asking questions, giving information and advice) and less on showing empathy. Practice implications GPs face the challenge of integrating an evidence-based approach of applying guidelines that promote active symptom exploration with understanding patients’ personal contexts and giving room to their emotions.

Recent developments have shown that to solve complex problems we need cooperative, competitive, creative and good team worker. Online education can favor integration of the best features traditionally attributed to males and females. Our study examined whether educational settings with specific characteristics (small group, CSCL, asynchronous communication), could promote counter-stereotypical communication styles both in males and females. Forty psychology students attending La Sapienza University were divided into two groups (male/female) and learned the same professional skills. We used Bales’ IPA's group observation grid for the content analysis and Chi-square test to investigate communication style. Results we obtained confirm our hypothesis.

The grounding of this study comes from a pilot study done on 450 high school students. The interesting result is that 60% of the students, scoring low in examination anxiety, low in trait anxiety, scored high in mathematics anxiety (science anxiety was also asked). The most frequently stated checklist items of those students were communication problems with teachers. Relying on this finding, the main purpose of this study is to decrease the math/science anxiety through fostering teachers’ communication styles. Under this main purpose, this study intends to include focus group meetings of experts (academic staff from education faculty of Istanbul Aydin University,high school administrators, math and science teachers practicing in Turkey and Europe. This study will help to increase numeric performance of the students and guide teachers to practice their communication skills through a guidebook.

This article describes a unique dual approach to simulation, with nursing students developing and implementing clinical scenarios using high fidelity mannequins for middle school students. Nursing students gained experience with simulation that prepared them for later nursing simulations. By working with middle school students they also gained knowledge of pediatric concepts related to growth and development, physical characteristics, attitudes, and communication styles of adolescents. Middle school students were introduced to the role of the nurse and possible health careers. Faculty, nursing, and middle school students reported this was a valuable learning experience.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the assertive, aggressive, manipulative and nonassertive communication styles and the five styles of approaching conflict: gain-loss, loss-leave, loss-stay, compromise and the gain-gain style, in athletes and non-practitioners. The analysis of data highlights significant differences under a statistical report for the aggressive communication style and for the gain-loss style used to solve conflicts. The 36 subjects who practice sports in which the report between the athletes is with direct contact – karate, kempo, taekwondo, handball, football – have shown an aggressive attitude and a gain-loss approach of solving conflicts, compared with the 36 non-practitioners.

Over the last decade, numerous research studies have revealed the multiple roles a teacher must implement: trainer, communicator, developer and shaper of students’ personalities, counsellor, and provider of secure learning environments for students, etc. The whole range of such roles is sustained by personality features. Taking into account preadolescents’ main characteristics, this paper attempts to reveal the impact that a teacher has upon students’ safety in the learning process in terms of his/her unique communication style.

Objective this qualitative ethnographic study describes the content and process of psychosocial assessment and depression screening undertaken by midwives in the antenatal booking visit in two maternity units in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Study design participants included 34 pregnant women and 18 midwives who agreed to be observed during the antenatal booking visit. A structured observation tool and field notes were used to record observations of the assessment and screening process including the midwives' approaches (actions and interactions) communication styles, and the interactive dynamics between the midwives and the women. Midwives also participated in a brief interview after the observation. Findings midwives varied in their approach to psychosocial assessment. Some followed the structured format tending to deliver the questions in a directive manner, whereas others appeared more flexible in their approach and delivery of sensitive questions. In some instances midwives modified the questions. Modification appeared to occur to assist in the interpretation and comprehension of the questions. Conclusion midwives were observed using a range of skills when undertaking psychosocial assessment including empathetic responding, however, modification of questions may reflect a level of discomfort on the part of the midwife in asking sensitive questions and may impact on the integrity of the assessment. Further training and support is required to ‘fine tune' the process of assessment and better respond to disclosure of sensitive information. Implications for practice midwives require organisational support for ongoing training and clinical supervision to effectively undertake routine psychosocial assessment.

There is a difference between ‘communication’ and ‘effective communication’. Most importantly, the latter entails the use of strategies as well as a grasp of essential communication skills and styles. This study takes a closer look at reality and reports undergraduate ability in communicating their stance and positions on certain issues. It will focus on the predominant communication styles exhibited by a cohort of undergraduates during consensual small group decision making setting. The study employs the qualitative research approach. Data is analyzed using the constant comparative data analysis methodology. Several overriding themes are presented to further our understanding of undergraduate communication style within the persuasive genre of consensual small group decision making.

Assertive communication is tied esteem and confidence. It is therefore essential to develop her first child confidence in its own forces and to help him form his self-esteem strong to be able to be assertive. Assertiveness involves the ability to express emotions, opinions and sustain arguments in front of other people.Assertive communication was sometimes confused with aggressiveness, even with insolence. This happens because sometimes can sound harsh to say the truth in front or even express negative feelings or opinions or simply to say what you think, and the next you can take it as an offense. But assertiveness involves defending the rights by expressing personal opinions and feelings clearly, directly and honestly without violating the rights of another person.

Integrating intercultural communication and cross-cultural adjustment research, this study examines the impact of host country language proficiency, English use in the workplace, communication styles, conflict styles, and social interaction frequency with host country nationals (HCNs) on general, work, and interaction adjustment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions of 125 foreign workers in South Korea. While host country language proficiency and social interaction frequency with HCNs had a more positive influence on general and interaction adjustment facets, English use in the workplace, congruent communication and conflict styles were more relevant to work adjustment and work attitudes.

Borrowed heavily from child development theories, we proposed that people mainly use four psychological languages orcommunication styles for satisfying their different set of needs, that is, relationships (R) for affection, ideas (I) for attention,structures (S) for confirmation, and values (V) for esteem. Two studies were undertaken to develop a communication styles inventory. Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Latent Class Analysis (study 1) results indicated that 15-items communication styles inventory discriminates well among the four communication styles (i.e., R, I, S, V). Results of study two (university students) indicated that communication styles inventory is related to but yet different from the Big Five personality dimensions and emotional intelligence

We tested the significance of associations among students' demographics, communication styles, and feedback received during clerkships.US medical students who completed at least one required clinical clerkship were invited between April and July 2006 to complete an anonymous, online survey inquiring about demographics, communication styles (assertiveness and reticence), feedback (positive and negative), and clerkship grades. The effects of self-identified race/ethnicity, gender, and generation (immigrant, first- or second-generation American) and their 2-way interactions on assertiveness, reticence, total positive and total negative feedback comments were tested using factorial analysis of covariance, controlling for age, clerkship grades, and mother's and father's education; pairwise comparisons used simple contrasts. Two-sided P values.05 were considered significant.Medical students from 105 schools responded (N = 2395: 55% women; 57% white). Men reported more assertiveness than women (P = .001). Reticence (P.001) and total positive comments (P = .006) differed by race/ethnicity; in pairwise contrasts, black, East Asian, and Native American/ Alaskan students reported greater reticence than white students (P.001), and white students reported receiving more positive comments than black, and South and East Asian students. Race/ethnicity-by-generation (P = .022) and gender-by-generation (P = .025) interaction effects were observed for total negative comments; white first-generation Americans reported receiving the fewest and male immigrants reported receiving the most negative comments.Demographic differences in students' communication styles and feedback they received highlight a need for cultural competency training to improve medical student-teacher interactions, analogous to training currently advocated to improve physician-patient interactions.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons can improve patient relationships by pretending that patients are potential jurors. Looking at relationships from the eyes of a juror allows oral and maxillofacial surgeons to ascertain patients' personality types and modify communication styles accordingly. This approach also allows oral and maxillofacial surgeons to understand why patients (jurors) need to see information and evidence.

Summary Background Cultural or ethnic background has been shown to be significant for how individuals experience pain. The aim of this study was to examine the expectation and experience of acute pain, the use of stress-coping styles, and the distribution of analgesics among non-Scandinavian and Scandinavian women in a dental treatment situation. Methods Instruments used were the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS). Results Non-Scandinavian women rated both expected and experienced pain significantly higher than Scandinavian women. No significant differences were found in stress-coping styles or in the distribution of analgesics between the two groups. Conclusion Nurses in acute pain situations must be aware of the need for appropriate assessment tools as well as the need to be sensitive to variations in both verbal and non-verbal communication styles across cultures.

This study provides a Nordic expatriate perspective on intercultural communication patterns and tactics in Japan. Interviews with 30 Nordic expatriates reveal that divergent communication styles, the cultural values of verticality and collectivism, and the lack of shared language have a negative impact on intercultural communication. The interviews reveal that rather than remaining passive bystanders, expatriates adopt various tactics to increase intercultural communication. These include engaging in informal interactions with Japanese employees and managers, sharing and monitoring space, and language training. Implications and suggestions are offered for future research.

Negotiation is an unavoidable part of any business, an important instrument of international business communication. The behavior of the negotiators is strongly influenced by their cultural background that defines the range of strategies negotiators develop as well as tactics and communication styles they implement. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the findings of recent investigations into the Russian culture for better understanding of the deep roots of Russian negotiation style; analyze possible communication barriers and suggest some recommendation that facilitate a mutually beneficial agreement.

We examined how the leadership style of top and middle-level managers in a large telecommunications organization was related to their effectiveness in conveying strategic organizational goals. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we found that transformational leaders perceived organizational goals as prospector oriented and were rated as more effective communicators by their direct reports. We examined research questions regarding the methods by which transformational leaders disseminate organizational goals. An exploratory analysis indicated that managers who reported to transformational leaders tended to have higher agreement on the strategic goals of the organization. Leaders who were effective communicators had direct reports who were more familiar with the goals of the organization. We discussed implications for linking transformational leadership with the strategic roles of leaders.

THE HALLMARK QUALITY of perianesthesia nurses—what sets experts apart—may well be the management of emergent, unexpected incidents with numerous patients in rapid succession.We care for vulnerable patients, frequently without the benefit of patient history, a chart to review, or a knowledgeable resource for pertinent information. We move on to the next patient, the next challenge, smoothly and automatically. Our focus on real or potential problems, with assessment skills and critical care competencies, assists us to ease the transitions patients undergo while in our units. We handle stressful situations for our patients and ourselves. We are constantly challenged with critical issues such as preempting emergencies and recognizing subtle and overt signs of patient instability. At the same time, we deal with patient flow issues such as “turnover time” and “unavailable postoperative beds” in critical care and clinical nursing units. We also deal with colorful personalities and interesting communication styles from professional colleagues.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self construals and communication styles on psychological and sociocultural adjustment based on Ward et al.’s psychological and sociocultural adjustment model. It was hypothesized that a close fit between sojourners’ self construals and the self construal that predominates in the host culture predicts sojourners’ psychological adjustment. Similarly, it was hypothesized that a close fit between sojourners’ and host nationals’ communication styles predicts sojourners’ sociocultural adjustment. The independent self construal, the prototypical self construal in the host culture, predicted psychological adjustment. The interdependent self construal was not related to psychological adjustment. Use of direct communication and positive perceptions of silence, prototypical communication styles in the host culture, were related to sociocultural adjustment and consistent with expectations. In addition, sensitivity to others’ behavior predicted sociocultural adjustment.

No empirical studies of nurse-patient relationships have focused on interpersonal communication and its effects on patient outcomes. In this study, 124 provider-patient interactions of five nurse practitioners (NPs) and four physicians (PHYs) were audiotaped. Communication patterns were examined to determine whether the practitioner's predominant style was informational or controlling and whether style affected patient satisfaction and perceived autonomy support. All providers used predominantly informational styles of communication. Significant differences in communication styles existed between provider groups (F = 5.90, df = 1/8, p =.05) and among individual providers (F = 4.28, df = 8/123, p

Previous studies by the current authors have indicated that group gender composition can be linked to particular communication styles in small task groups involved in computer-mediated communication. Female only groups were more likely to engage in a pattern that emphasized self-disclosure, statements of personal opinion, “I” statements and coalition language. This “High Communication Style”(HCS) was linked to high group satisfaction, and high group development. The present study attempts to train small task groups in the use of HCS. Experimental groups (Female Only, Male Only, and Mixed) were actively trained in computer-mediated communication and the use of the HCS style. The Control Groups of similar composition were actively trained in the use of e-mail etiquette guidelines that focused on using or avoiding specific formats in their messages. Results indicated that the Experimental Groups had significantly higher levels of self-disclosure and of opinion. Male Only groups showed significantly lower participation than did either Mixed or Female Only groups. Female Only groups scored higher in Group Development than either Mixed or Male Only groups. Contrary to previous studies, however, there were no significant relationships between group development or satisfaction and language content variables. The authors call for further research in the area of communication training for on-line task groups.

Interethnic attraction was predicted to increase when (1) perceived similarity in communication style increases, (2) perceived self-concept support increases, (3) uncertainty decreases, (4) strength of ethnic identities decrease and strength of cultural identities increase, (5) positive intergroup expectations increase, and (6) shared intergroup networks increase. Perceived similarity in communication styles, perceived self-concept support, lack of uncertainty, strength of ethnic identities, and positive intergroup expectations predicted interethnic attraction in the overall analysis (65% of the variance in attraction was explained). In the European American analysis, perceived similarity in communication styles, perceived self-concept support, lack of uncertainty, strength of cultural identities, and positive intergroup expectations predicted interethnic attraction (76% of the variance in attraction was explained). In the non-European American analysis, perceived similarity in communication styles, perceived self-concept support, and positive intergroup expectations predicted interethnic attraction (59% of the variance in attraction was explained).

The number of minority nurses in America, including those originally from other countries, is increasing rapidly. With differences in cultural and ethnic backgrounds, these nurses may also have differences in their communication styles, time orientation, and social organization. Additionally, foreign educated nurses may have differences in their educational backgrounds and language competency. To facilitate the ongoing development of nurses from diverse backgrounds, the educator must first educate him or herself to be sensitive of these cultural and ethnic differences and develop a repository of flexible and creative teaching strategies.

The goals of this study were to examine how physician communication style impacts client beliefs and medication taking behavior during treatment for depression. The study uses a communication framework and prospective design to examine physician communication and client beliefs as treatment is initiated and again 2 months later. Two telephone interviews were conducted with 100 clients enrolled from 23 community pharmacies. Clients report that physician communication styles vary. In follow-up, 25% of the clients were not satisfied with their medication and 82% reported missing doses or stopping treatment earlier than recommended. Path analysis showed that physician initial communication style positively influences client knowledge and initial beliefs about the medication. Clients with more positive beliefs about the treatment are more likely to see the physician in follow-up and are more satisfied with treatment after attempting medication use. Physician follow-up communication style and client satisfaction are both predictive of better medication adherence.

This article examines the communication styles of children with mental retardation, emphasizing the assessment and intervention protocols used by health and education professionals. This article highlights the following approaches: a developmental psycholinguistic orientation, a pragmatics approach, and a supportive interdependent format consistent with the 1992 revision of how mental retardation is classified. This article discusses children with mental retardation who show challenging and disruptive behavior.

This study sought to identify some of the ways in which culture relates to students' perceptions of teachers, and to provide possible interpretations for these perceptions. An underlying concept for this study is the belief that a teacher's interpersonal actions, in which s/he creates and maintains a positive classroom atmosphere, is vitally important to the quality of teaching. In this investigation, interpersonal teacher behavior, or communication style, was analyzed from both the students' and teachers' perspectives, and related to students' cultural background and class composition. There were four research questions and hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Latino and Asian students will perceive significantly greater teacher dominance than Anglo students. Hypothesis 2: The longer a nonnative English-speaking student has lived in the U.S., the more similar will be his/her perceptions of teacher communication style to those of students born in the U.S. Hypothesis 3: The greater the number of different cultures and percentage of students from non-US cultures in class, the greater will be the class's perception of teacher dominance. Hypothesis 4: Teachers' perceptions of their own communication styles will be closer to U.S. students' perceptions than to those of Latino and Asian students. Hypothesis 3 was confirmed, hypotheses 1 and 4 were partially confirmed, and hypothesis 2 was not confirmed. Thus, the study showed that students' cultural background is significantly related to their perceptions of teacher behavior. In addition, while teachers seem to behave differently in class depending upon its cultural composition, they do not appear to be aware of the differences in the way they are perceived by students.

Communication is not the process by which managers and business leaders understand each other. That traditional view is doomed to failure: we continually misunderstand each other. Pierre Casse puts forward a new ideal model in which communication is the process by which human beings create each other — they learn from one another and take advantage of communication breakdowns. A three-step approach and quiz-kit is suggested which will improve interaction with others. Also, four mind-sets and four communication styles are demonstrated. The article concludes with guidelines and golden rules on creative communication.

Educational theorists commonly agree that differences between children's and teachers' communication styles contribute to poor academic performance among minority children. Yet school policies and pedagogical practices based on a cultural deficiency explanation for school failure continue to persist. This article, explores why and how interactional misunderstandings are interpreted by teachers and administrators as student deficiencies. This discussion is based on an ethnographic case study of the ways that particular attitudes and pedagogical practices were played out in a kindergarten center serving predominately African American children. The study suggests that adoption of pedagogy responsive to children's cultural styles encompasses a complex array of social, cultural, and political factors that are inevitably reflected in teachers' and district officials' attitudes, values, beliefs, and practices regarding minority children.

There is growing acceptance of recruitment advertising as a rich source of information that communications organizational identity and expectations of employees. This article conducts a content analysis of recruitment notices for CEO-level positions which were published in the six most extensive Irish newspaper appointment sections over a twelve month period, and uses the data to construct a double axis model of how organizations expect managers to communicate. Rather than asking ‘how do managers really communicate’?; this paper asks, ‘how does the organization expect managers to communicate?’ Data on the content is presented and a model for how organizations expect their senior managers to communicate is presented. The model suggests four types of expectations regarding how managers will communicate: promotional communicators; open communicators; directive communicators, and; supportive communicators. Concerns about the methodology are raised, further avenues for investigation are suggested, and the utility of this model to organizations, communications and HR departments and recruitment agencies is discussed.

Interactions involving a single group of students and two professors were examined. Results indicated the female professor's structured style encouraged students to fill in the “slots” left open to them. She achieved gender parity by monitoring students' contributions. The male professor's confronting style encouraged students to initiate topics and challenge ideas. Although men held the floor longer, women also participated more frequently in his seminar. Three of the four top contributors in both settings were women, a proportion identical to the female/male ratio. Findings emphasized the importance of examining individual's styles rather than simply counting male and female contributions.

Introduction Many stuies show that communication is a basic variable in understanding functioning of couple. A pattern of marital interaction in which one partner tries to discuss a relationship problem and is demanding whereas the other tries to avoid discussion and withdrawn during discussion is a particularly destructive style of interaction. This pattern is labelled from A. Christensen the demand/withdraw pattern and the research demonstrated that is highly associated with dissatisfaction. J. Gottman considers this pattern an interaction style that could be of particular use in understanding the dynamics of couples characterized by Abusive Relationship. Objective The aim of this present research is to examine the communication patterns of couples characterized and couples non characterized by IPV (Intimate Partner Violence). Method Subjects. 85 couples (53 married, 24 engaged, 8 living together). The mean ages of women and men are 37.04 years (SD: 11.04) and 40.01 years (SD: 11.39) respectively. Measures: Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), Self-report about use of physical violence and emotional abuse in the couple. Results “Couples differentiate for presence/absence of violence (physical and/o emotional) in intimate relationship. Violent couples have significantly higher scores (p Conclusions These preliminary findings should provide clinicians and researchers of sexual counselling and psychotherapy with important information about the relationship of couple. These findings can be the basis for future research to examine communication styles in couples with sexual problems.

Summary An approach to family pathology has been proposed which focuses on deficiencies in and deviations from salient family functions and tasks. It is not possible at present to establish specific correlation between such defects and clinical psychiatric entities. It may, however, be suggested that from such an approach to family pathology, revisions and reclassification of psychiatric diagnoses could follow. Although for discussion purposes some distinction has been made among intrapersonal, interparental, and family-wide pathological phenomena, it can be concluded that all these are relevant, but each alone is insufficient to understand family process. The most promising approaches to family functioning are the examinations of familial communication styles and interaction modes through relevant tests and therapeutically oriented participant observation. These observations, together with the family's history, must be evaluated in terms of the validity and effectiveness of the family behavior with regard to basic family tasks, which were briefly outlined in the first part of this paper.