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We study parallel knock-out schemes for graphs. These schemes proceed in rounds in each of which each surviving vertex simultaneously eliminates one of its surviving neighbours; a graph is reducible if such a scheme can eliminate every vertex in the graph. We resolve the square-root conjecture, first posed at MFCS 2004, by showing that for a reducible graph $G$, the minimum number of required rounds is $O(\sqrt{n})$; in fact, our result is stronger than the conjecture as we show that the minimum number of required rounds is $O(\sqrt{\alpha})$, where $\alpha$ is the independence number of $G$. This upper bound is tight. We also show that for reducible $K_{1,p}$-free graphs at most $p-1$ rounds are required. It is already known that the problem of whether a given graph is reducible is NP-complete. For claw-free graphs, however, we show that this problem can be solved in polynomial time. We also pinpoint a relationship with (locally bijective) graph homomorphisms.

A spanning tree of a connected graph G is said to be an independency tree if all its endvertices are pairwise nonadjacent in G. We prove that a connected graph G has no independency tree if and only if G is a cycle, a complete graph or a complete bipartite graph the color classes of which have equal cardinality.