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The number of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures continues to rise, a direct consequence of the increase in primary TKA. The number of arthroplasty-trained orthopaedic surgeons has failed to increase at a corresponding rate, and the increased burden will ultimately fall on non-specialized orthopaedists. Resident involvement in primary TKA has not been found to increase postoperative complications, but revision TKA is more complex and the impact of resident involvement has not been well studied.Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database, this study identified 1834 revision TKA procedures between the years 2008 and 2012. Of these procedures, 863 included resident involvement. Demographic information, comorbidities, operative times, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day postoperative complications were stratified by resident and non-resident involvement and analyzed.Resident involvement was not associated with a significant increase in short-term complications. Operative times were significantly longer with resident involvement (147.50 min with resident involvement vs. 124.55 min without a resident, p 0.001). Length of stay after procedures with resident involvement was higher by 0.34 days, but this did not reach significance (p = 0.061).Resident involvement in revision total knee arthroplasty was associated with a significant increase in operative time; however, there were no significant increases in postoperative complication rates within 30 days. These findings support continued resident involvement in revision total knee arthroplasty cases and postoperative management.نتيجة لازدياد عدد عمليات تقويم مفصل الركبة، فإن عدد عمليات مراجعة تقويم مفصل الركبة مستمر في الارتفاع. لكن عدد جراحي العظام المدربين على تقويم المفاصل لم يواكب هذه الازدياد، وسيقع العبء المتزايد في النهاية على عاتق جراحي العظام غير المتخصصين. أظهرت الأبحاث أن مشاركة الأطباء المقيمين في عمليات تقويم مفصل الركبة الأولية لا ترتبط بزيادة مضاعفات ما بعد الجراحة، ولكن عمليات مراجعة تقويم مفصل الركبة أكثر تعقيدا ولم يتم دراسة تأثير مشاركة المقيمين بشكل جيد.باستخدام قاعدة بيانات البرنامج الوطني لتحسين جودة الجراحة بالكلية الأمريكية للجراحين، شملت هذه الدراسة 1834 عملية مراجعة تقويم مفصل الركبة أجريت بين عامي 2008 و 2012. من هذه العمليات، شارك الأطباء المقيمون في 863 عملية. تم تصنيف وتحليل المعلومات الديموغرافية، والأمراض المصاحبة، وأوقات الجراحة، ومدة الإقامة، ومضاعفات ما بعد الجراحة لمدة 30 يوما، حسب مشاركة الأطباء المقيمين.لم ترتبط مشاركة الأطباء المقيمين مع زيادة مهمة في المضاعفات على المدى القصير. كانت أوقات العمليات أطول بشكل ملحوظ مع مشاركة المقيمين (147.5 دقيقة مع مشاركة المقيمين مقابل 124.55 دقيقة بدون مقيم). كما كانت مدة الإقامة بعد الإجراءات بمشاركة المقيمين أعلى بمقدار 0.34 يوما، لكن هذا لم يصل إلى الأهمية الإحصائية.ارتبطت مشاركة المقيمين في مراجعة تقويم مفصل الركبة بزيادة كبيرة في وقت الجراحة. ومع ذلك، لم تكن هناك زيادة كبيرة في معدل المضاعفات بعد الجراحة في غضون 30 يوما. تدعم هذه النتائج استمرار مشاركة المقيمين في مراجعة حالات تقويم مفصل الركبة وإدارة ما بعد الجراحة.

Eutrophication has been linked to increased greenhouse gas emissions from inland waters. Phytoplankton blooms in Lake Erie have increased since the 1990s, although its greenhouse gas emissions are not well characterized. We measured CH4 and N2O concentrations and diffusive fluxes in four seasons around the entire lake, and CO2 fluxes in one summer season. Lake Erie is a source of CH4 all year across the lake, concentrated in spring and summer in the Western Basin. Methane emissions ranged from 0.03 to 14.87 mg C m−2 d-1. Methane is predominantly biogenic, and natural gas leaks are an insignificant source. While Lake Erie is an overall N2O source, it is an N2O sink in winter and occasionally during summer. Emissions of N2O ranged from −0.08 to 1.22 mg N m−2 d-1. We also measured CO2 fluxes in summer only, when Lake Erie is a small atmospheric CO2 sink. While areal fluxes of CH4 and N2O are similar to those observed elsewhere, total fluxes from Lake Erie are higher due to its surface area. Lake Erie emits ~ 6300 (±19%) metric tons of CH4-C yr−1 and ~600 (±37%) metric tons N2O-N yr−1: almost 500,000 metric tons CO2-eq yr−1 total. This is the first comprehensive dataset of CH4 and N2O concentrations and diffusive emissions in a very large lake. More measurements and monitoring are needed to determine whether increased eutrophication in the Great Lakes is tied to increased emissions of these powerful climate forcers in a possible positive feedback to climate warming.

Sulfoxaflor (Isoclast™ active) is a sulfoximine insecticide that is active on a broad range of sap-feeding insects, including species that exhibit reduced susceptibility to currently available insecticides. Colonies of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) were established from aphids collected in the field from peach (Prunus persica) and nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) orchards in France, Italy and Spain. The presence of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) point mutation R81T was determined for all the colonies. Eight of the 35 colonies collected were susceptible relative to R81T (i.e., R81T absent), three of the colonies were found to be homozygous for R81T while 24 colonies had R81T present in some proportion (heterozygous). Sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid were tested in the laboratory against these M. persicae field colonies, which exhibited a wide range of susceptibilities (sulfoxaflor RR = 0.6 to 61, imidacloprid RR = 0.7 to 986) (resistance ratios, RR) to both insecticides. Although sulfoxaflor was consistently more active than imidacloprid against these field collected M. persicae, there was a statistically significant correlation across all colonies between the RRs for imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor (Pearson's r = 0.939, p 0.0001). However, when a larger group of the colonies from Spain possessing R81T were analyzed, there was no correlation observed for the RRs between imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor (r = 0.2901, p = 0.3604). Thus, consistent with prior studies, the presence of R81T by itself is not well correlated with altered susceptibility to sulfoxaflor. In field trials, sulfoxaflor (24 and 36 gai/ha) was highly effective (~avg. 88-96% control) against M. persicae, demonstrating similar levels of efficacy as flonicamid (60-70 gai/ha) and spirotetramat (100-180 gai/ha) at 13-15 days after application, in contrast to imidacloprid (110-190 gai/ha) and acetamiprid (50-75 gai/ha) with lower levels of efficacy (~avg. 62-67% control). Consequently, sulfoxaflor is an effective tool for use in insect pest management programs for M. persicae. However, it is recommended that sulfoxaflor be used in the context of an insecticide resistance management program as advocated by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee involving rotation with insecticides possessing other modes of action (i.e., avoiding rotation with other Group 4 insecticides) to minimize the chances for resistance development and to extend its future utility.

Improvements in food production and disease vector control, to feed and protect an expanding global population, require new options and approaches for insect control. A changing and an increasingly stringent regulatory landscape, shifts in pest spectrum due to changes in agronomic practices, and insect resistance to existing insecticides, all contribute to the challenges of, and need for, developing new insect control agents. The nature of insecticides emanating from discovery R&D-based companies in the European Union, Japan, and the United States have evolved from a concentration on a few classes of insecticides and modes of action (MoA), to a far more diversified collection of insecticidal molecules that embody many new, or under-utilized MoAs. Since 1990 there has arguably been a new age of insecticide discovery, with more new classes of insecticides introduced, with greater economic impact, than the prior 50 years combined. Although there has been an on-going evolution and consolidation in the size and shape of the crop protection industry, for the past two decades the output of new insecticides has remained relatively constant. The diversity of approaches employed in the insecticide discovery process (competitor inspired, bioactive hypothesis and natural products) has contributed to the discovery of these new classes of insecticides. Insecticide discovery is today a global enterprise, that armed with new tools and capabilities, will continue to build and provide the future insect control products to meet global grower and consumer demands.

Diffusion laws for nitrogen in orthoclase, quartz, olivine and clinopyroxene were determined using a combination of experimental strategies that included: in-diffusion from C-H-O-N vapor; in-diffusion from molten NH4Cl; and ion implantation followed by heating to mobilize N. Most experiments were conducted at pressures near 1 bar, but seven experiments were also run in a piston-cylinder device at Ptotal = 1 GPa. The C-H-O-N-source experiments were “wet” (H2O present); those on ion-implanted samples were dry. All N sources were highly enriched in 15N to avoid spurious 14N signals resulting from surface contamination. Use of 15N also enabled depth profiling by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using the 15N(p,αγ)12C reaction, which has a detection limit of ~10 ppm. Nitrogen profiles in three samples were characterized by both NRA and SIMS, with similar results. A total of 17 to 28 diffusion coefficient measurements were made on each of the four minerals (83 in all), yielding results that conform for each mineral to an Arrhenius relation of the form D = D0exp(−Ea/RT). The following values for the pre-exponential constant (D0) and activation energy (Ea) were obtained: Mineral log(D0, m2/s) Ea (kJ/mol) T range (°C) Orthoclase −13.9 ± 0.4 95.4 ± 6.6 500–900 Quartz −12.4 ± 0.3 147.3 ± 5.7 550–1150 Olivine −14.2 ± 0.3 135.2 ± 6.6 650–1400 Clinopyroxene −14.1 ± 0.3 135.6 ± 7.4 750–1300 The various experimental strategies yield generally indistinguishable results at a given temperature, and no significant effects of total pressure or H2O are discernible in the overall diffusion data set. Experiments that involved in-diffusion from external N sources provide qualitative insight into the compatibility of N in the structures of the four minerals. Nitrogen concentrations attain the highest levels in orthoclase (~100–8000 ppm atomic), with quartz, olivine and clinopyroxene falling in the tens to hundreds of ppm range. The new diffusion laws enable us to model the diffusive release of N acquired at depth in the crust during fluid-absent exhumation and cooling. In general, orthoclase is the least retentive of the minerals investigated, and will lose most of its N during cooling from 600 °C at tectonically typical rates. Olivine and clinopyroxene are the most retentive of N. Quartz is intermediate in retentivity between the mafic minerals and feldspar, but in all cases the extent of N exchange with the surroundings depends critically on the specific t-T path of the mineral of interest. In subduction settings where N-bearing fluid is released to the mantle wedge, diffusion is sufficiently fast to homogenize individual mafic mineral grains with respect to N over geologically plausible time scales, but equilibration on the outcrop or regional scale via volume diffusion is precluded by our data.

Phosphorus (P) levels in eutrophic lakes with restricted external P inputs often show hysteresis resulting from sediment P diagenetic recycling. Hard water oxygenated lakes are often thought to be less susceptible to P release from sediment due to precipitation of P with calcium carbonate and P sorption on iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides in oxidized surface sediments. However, perpetuated eutrophic conditions in many hard water oxygenated lakes persist despite drastic reduction of external P inputs. What limits P sediment binding capacity and drives its release from sediments in such lakes is often less understood. Here we characterize sediment P diagenetic processes driving persistent internal loading in the Bay of Quinte, a hard water, polymictic embayment of Lake Ontario, Canada. We used a multifaceted approach, combining a comprehensive three-year study of sediment P binding forms, recent sediment stratigraphy and accumulation, high spatial resolution measurement of dissolved oxygen, redox potential and pH across the sediment-water interface and depth profiles of nutrient and metals concentrations in pore water. Despite oxygenated bottom water conditions P diffusive fluxes during summer are substantial (1–6.5 mg P/m2/day), representing as much as 50% of external P inputs. Estimated rates of benthic organic carbon degradation indicate that anaerobic organic P mineralization in anoxic sediments is the main driver of P release, which is strongly influenced by Fe reduction. Estimated rates of benthic organic carbon degradation indicate that anaerobic organic P mineralization in anoxic sediments is the main driver of P release. In surface sediment the redox sensitive P is the prevailing diagenetically reactive P phase, emphasizing strong coupling with ferric Fe. While this indicates substantial P sorption on Fe oxyhydroxides, their spare binding capacity is limited, as reducible Fe: P ratios are close to sorption limit. The calcium carbonate bound P increased with sediment depth at the expense of redox sensitive P, suggesting diagenetic sequestration into apatite with sediment burial. However, only 40% of diagenetically reactive P forms, which account for ~2/3 of the total P in surface sediment, are permanently retained during burial. Importantly, our data show that in fact significant P-flux occurs in shallow areas, with an apparent discordance with concurrent measures of long-term P release from the sediments. These results also demonstrate that short-term measures cannot be extrapolated to long-term estimates and vice versa.

This study examined vertically-resolved patterns in microbial community structure across a freshwater trophic gradient extending 1600 km from the oligotrophic waters of Lake Superior to the eutrophic waters of Lake Erie, the most anthropogenically influenced of the Laurentian Great Lakes system. Planktonic bacterial communities clustered by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) on UniFrac distance matrices into four groups representing the epilimnion and hypolimnion of the upper Great Lakes (Lakes Superior and Huron), Lake Superior's northern bays (Nipigon and Black bays), and Lake Erie. The microbes within the upper Great Lakes hypolimnion were the most divergent of these groups with elevated abundance of Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi compared to the surface mixed layer. Statistical tests of the correlation between distance matrices identified temperature and sample depth as the most influential community structuring parameters, reflecting the strong UniFrac clustering separating mixed-layer and hypolimnetic samples. Analyzing mixed-layer samples alone showed clustering patterns were correlated with nutrient concentrations. Operational taxonomic units (OTU) which were differentially distributed among these conditions often accounted for a large portion of the reads returned. While limited in coverage of temporal variability, this study contributes a detailed description of community variability that can be related to other large freshwater systems characterized by changing trophic state.

The occurrence of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) following administration of low molecular weight (LMW) drugs is an important health concern. However, in vivo animal models which could be used as tools for the prediction of DHRs are lacking. As a result, research has focused on development of in vitro tools for predicting DHRs. In this study a novel human in vitro pre-clinical skin explant test was used to predict T cell-mediated hypersensitivity responses induced by LMW drugs. Responses in the skin explant test for 12 LMW drugs associated with T cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the clinic (abacavir, amoxicillin, carbamazepine, diclofenac, lamotrigine, lapatinib, lumiracoxib, nevirapine, ofloxacin, phenytoin, propranolol, sulfamethoxazole) were compared with responses for 5 drugs with few/no reports of T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions (acetaminophen, cimetidine, flecainide, metformin, verapamil). Changes in skin histology following in vitro exposure to the drugs as well as T cell proliferation and interferon gamma (IFNγ) production were studied. The results of the skin explant assays showed a good positive correlation (r = 0.77, p .001) between the test outcome (prediction of positive or negative) and the clinical classification of the tested drugs. The T cell proliferation assay showed a correlation of r = 0.60 (p .01) and the IFNγ assay r = 0.51 (p .04). The data suggest that the skin explant model could be a useful tool to predict the potential of LMW drugs to induce DHRs.

Introduction Walking can serve many purposes, such as transportation (to get some place) or leisure (for fun, relaxation, or exercise); therefore, it provides many opportunities for people to be physically active. This study examines geographic and urban–rural differences in walking in the U.S. Methods Adult respondents (aged ≥18 years) to the 2015 National Health Interview Survey reported participation in and time spent (minutes per week) walking for transportation and leisure in the past week. In 2017, prevalence and time spent walking (among walkers) for any, leisure, and transportation walking were estimated by nine expanded regions and urban–rural designation. Results Prevalence of any walking ranged from 50.8% (East South Central) to 72.4% (Pacific); for leisure walking 43.9% (East South Central) to 60.6% (Pacific); and transportation walking 17.8% (East South Central) to 43.5% (New England). Among walkers, mean minutes spent walking per week ranged from 77.4 (East South Central) to 101.6 (Pacific); for leisure walking 70.5 (West South Central) to 85.9 (Mountain); and for transportation walking 47.4 (East South Central) to 66.4 (Middle Atlantic). Overall, there were urban–rural differences in prevalence of walking; however, differences depended on walking purpose and expanded region. Time spent walking was similar in urban and rural areas. Conclusions Regional differences in walking prevalence and time spent walking exist. Urban–rural differences in prevalence of walking differ based on region and purpose; however, rural areas had a lower prevalence of walking than urban areas regardless of purpose in southern regions. Opportunities exist to improve walking, particularly among southern regions with a focus on rural areas.

Amphibians are declining globally and while many factors are contributing to this decline, habitat loss and degradation caused by climate and land use changes are among the most critical. Habitat degradation and increased interspecific competition are both concerns for long-term viability of the federally-threatened Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi) which is endemic to high elevations in West Virginia. In this study, we quantified the impacts of linear habitat fragmentation (i.e., a linear forest clearing for creation of a ski slope) on local colonization and extinction probabilities in adjacent forested habitat for the Cheat Mountain salamander and two co-occurring competitor species, eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and Wehrle’s salamander (Plethodon wehrlei). We also quantified long-term changes in total occupancy of the species within the high elevation study area. We surveyed the salamander community annually from 1988 to 2021 using diurnal natural cover object searches at 43 plots, with 1988 representing three years following linear habitat fragmentation. For each species, we used dynamic occupancy models to identify and model influential covariates for initial occupancy, colonization, extinction, and detection probability. We found that distance to fragmentation was positively correlated with colonization probability for Cheat Mountain salamanders, indicating negative edge effects of the linear forest clearing. Distance to fragmentation was negatively correlated with colonization probability for eastern red-backed salamanders, potentially indicating this species benefited from increased solar radiation or reduced competition from Cheat Mountain salamanders. Predicted occupancy of eastern red-backed salamanders and Wehrle’s salamanders increased over the 34 year monitoring period, indicating potential for increased competitive interactions. Our study suggests that extensive linear habitat fragmentation could result in degraded habitat for Cheat Mountain salamanders in the adjacent forest, and that potential for interactions with competitor species is increasing in high elevation forest stands.

Promotion of walking is a promising strategy for increasing physical activity levels in the U.S. The proportion of adults who report walking for either transportation or leisure has increased in recent years, but evidence on trends in walking for specific purposes is limited.The 2005, 2010, and 2015 National Health Interview Survey assessed self-reported participation in and volume (minutes/week) of walking for transportation and leisure in the past week among adults aged ≥18 years. Linear and quadratic trends in the prevalence and mean volume of walking for each purpose were evaluated using logistic and linear regression. Analyses were performed in 2017.The prevalence of transportation walking increased from 28.4% (2005) to 31.7% (2015) (linear trend: p0.05). Leisure walking prevalence increased from 42.1% (2005) to 52.1% (2015), but the increased stalled from 2010 to 2015 with only a 2.3 percentage point increase (linear and quadratic trends: p0.05). Across purposes, the mean walking volume decreased from 2005 to 2015, with no significant changes between 2010 and 2015 (linear and quadratic trends: p0.05). The proportion of adults who walked for both transportation and leisure in the past week increased steadily (linear trend: p0.05), and this group reported the greatest total volume of walking.Although the prevalence of self-reported transportation and leisure walking increased during the last decade, the time spent walking decreased. Strategies that encourage walking for multiple purposes may present an opportunity for increasing both participation in walking and the amount of time spent walking.

Diffusivities of helium, deuterium and hydrogen have been characterized in diamond. Polished CVD diamond was implanted with either 3He, 2H, or 1H. Implanted samples were sealed under vacuum in silica glass capsules, and annealed in 1-atm furnaces. 3He, 2H and 1H distributions were measured with Nuclear Reaction Analysis. We obtain these Arrhenius relations: DHe = 4.00 × 10−15 exp(−138 ± 14 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1. D2H = 1.02 × 10−4 exp(−262 ± 17 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1. D1H = 2.60 × 10−4 exp(−267 ± 15 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1. Diffusivities of 1H and 2H agree within experimental uncertainties, indicating little diffusive mass fractionation of hydrogen in diamond. To complement the experimental measurements, we performed calculations using a first-principles quantum mechanical description of diffusion in diamond within the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Differences in 1H and 2H diffusivities from calculations are found to be ∼4.5%, reflected in differences in the pre-exponential factor. This small difference in diffusivities, despite the large relative mass difference between these isotopes, is due to the fact that the atomistic process involved in the transition along the diffusion pathway is dictated by local changes to the diamond structures rather than to vibrations involving 1H/2H. This finding is consistent with the experimental results given experimental uncertainties. In contrast, calculations for helium diffusion in diamond indicate a difference of 15% between diffusivities of 3He and 4He. Calculations of diffusion distances for hydrogen using our data yield a distance of 50 μm in diamond in 300,000 years at 500 °C and ∼30 min at 1400 °C. Diffusion distances for He in diamond are shorter than for H at all temperatures above ∼350 °C, but differences increase dramatically with temperature because of the higher activation energy for H diffusion. For example, a 50 μm diffusion distance for He would be attained in ∼40 Myr at 500 °C and 400 yr at 1400 °C. For comparison, a 50 μm diffusion distance for N in diamond would require nearly 1 billion years at 1400 °C. The experimental data indicate that diamonds equilibrate with ambient H and He in the mantle on timescales brief relative to most geological processes and events. However, He diffusion in diamond is slower than in any other mineral measured to date, including other kimberlite-hosted minerals. Under some circumstances, diamond may provide information about mantle He not recoverable from other minerals. One possibility is diamonds entrained in kimberlites. Since the ascent of kimberlite from the mantle to near-surface is very rapid, entrained diamonds may retain most or all of the H and He acquired in mantle environments. Calculations using reasonable ascent rates and T-t paths indicate that He diffusive loss from kimberlite-hosted diamonds is negligible for grains of 1.0–0.2 mm radius, with fractional losses

Lake Winnipeg has experienced dramatic increases in nutrient loading and phytoplankton biomass over the last few decades, accompanied by a marked shift in community composition towards the dominance of cyanobacteria. Comprehensive lake-wide observations of algal blooms are critical to assessing the lake's health status, its response to nutrient management practices, and an improved understanding of the processes driving blooms. We present an analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of algal blooms on Lake Winnipeg using satellite-derived chlorophyll and indices for algal bloom intensity, spatial extent, severity, and duration over the period of ESA's MERIS mission (2002–2011). Imagery documented extensive blooms covering as much as 93% of the lake surface. Bloom conditions were analysed in the context of in-lake and watershed processes to gain further insight on the drivers of bloom events. Day to day bloom variability was driven primarily by intermittent wind mixing events, with quiescent periods leading to the formation of dense surface blooms. Seasonal bloom distribution was consistent with light limitation in the south basin and lake circulation transporting bloom material towards the north-east shore. Inter-annual variability in average bloom severity was related to both total phosphorus (TP) loadings and summer lake surface temperatures. Results provide a valuable historical time series of bloom conditions to which ongoing observations from Sentinel-3's OLCI sensor can be added for longer term monitoring and change detection.

Introduction The Guide to Community Preventive Services recommends combined built environment approaches to increase physical activity, including new or enhanced transportation infrastructure (e.g., sidewalks) and land use and environmental design interventions (e.g., close proximity of local destinations). The aim of this brief report is to provide nationally representative estimates of two types of built environment supports for physical activity: near-home walkable infrastructure and destinations, from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey. Methods Adults ( n =30,453) reported the near-home presence of walkable transportation infrastructure (roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails where you can walk; and whether most streets have sidewalks) and four walkable destination types (shops, stores, or markets; bus or transit stops; movies, libraries, or churches; and places that help you relax, clear your mind, and reduce stress). The prevalence of each, and the count of destination types, was calculated (in 2017) and stratified by demographic characteristics. Results Overall, 85.1% reported roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails on which to walk, and 62.6% reported sidewalks on most streets. Among destinations, 71.8% reported walkable places to relax; followed by shops (58.0%); transit stops (53.2%); and movies, libraries, or churches (47.5%). For most design elements, prevalence was similar among adults aged 18–24 and 25–34 years, but decreased with age >35 years. Adults in the South reported a lower prevalence of all elements compared with those in other Census regions. Conclusions Many U.S. adults report walkable built environment elements near their home; future efforts might target areas with many older adult residents or those living in the South.

A common reading as an educational strategy occurs frequently within the liberal arts; less so as part of interprofessional education (IPE) with students from health professions. In this paper we describe the development and implementation of an IPE common reading experience (ICRE). After the ICRE students will be able to 1. Interact with individuals of other professions while maintaining a climate of mutual respect and shared values 2. Recognize how others skills and knowledge complement and overlap with their own 3. Apply principles of effective communication 4. Demonstrate awareness of team dynamics and relationship building by valuing IP team members contributions. Over 200 students from seven health professional programs participated. Outcomes were assessed using items from the W(e)Learn Interprofessional Program Assessment and the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale (ICCAS). Students reported a positive experience and significant differences in pre and post scores on ICCAS items related to learner objectives.

The chemical industry is under pressure to increase the sustainability of its operations. Key focus areas include the use of more resource-efficient bond-forming methods and replacements for hazardous solvents. In this Synergy article, we discuss the potential benefits of using sustainable solvents in academic method development.

Diffusion of helium has been characterized in silicon carbide of cubic and hexagonal (4H and 6H) forms. Polished sections of SiC were implanted with 3 He at 100 keV at a dose of 1 × 10 15 /cm 2 . The implanted SiC samples were sealed under vacuum in silica glass ampoules, and annealed in 1-atm furnaces. 3 He distributions following all experiments were measured with Nuclear Reaction Analysis using the reaction 3 He(d,p) 4 He. For He diffusion in cubic SiC and 4H hexagonal SiC we obtain the following Arrhenius relations: D cubic = 1.83 × 10 - 6 exp ( - 254 ± 10 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 . D 4 H = 4.78 × 10 - 7 exp ( - 255 ± 29 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 . While He diffusion is considerably slower in SiC than in many silicate phases, He retentivity may be limited under some conditions. For example, helium will be lost from SiC grains over much shorter timescales than potential survival times of SiC presolar grains in the solar nebula. When exposed to impact heating followed by slow cooling, nearly complete loss of He from SiC grains near the site of impact will occur within several hours to a few days. For SiC grains at greater distance from impact sites, He would be better retained, depending on the rapidity of cooling. At tens of km away from a large impactor, where peak T would be ∼800 K, SiC grains would lose about 50% of their He if the grains cooled within a few thousand years, and 5% if they cooled within a few tens of years. At greater distances where heating is more modest (500 K and lower), SiC grains would be quite retentive of He even for cases of very slow cooling. Helium would also be retained in cases of impact heating followed by very rapid cooling. For these short heating pulses, 10 μm diameter SiC grains would retain more than 50% of their He for peak heating temperatures of 2173, 1973 and 1773 K for durations of 3, 10 and 60 s, respectively.

Functioning ecosystems can buffer communities from many negative impacts of a changing climate. Flooding, in particular, is one of the most damaging natural disasters globally and is projected to increase in many regions. However, estimating the value of “green infrastructure” in mitigating downstream floods remains a challenge. We estimate the economic value of flood mitigation by the Otter Creek floodplains and wetlands to Middlebury, VT, for Tropical Storm Irene and nine other floods. We used first principles to simulate hydrographs for scenarios with and without flood mitigation by upstream wetlands and floodplains. We then mapped flood extents for each scenario and calculated monetary damages to inundated structures. Our analysis indicates damage reductions of 84–95% for Tropical Storm Irene and 54–78% averaged across all 10 events. We estimate that the annual value of flood mitigation services provided to Middlebury, VT, exceeds $126,000 and may be as high as $450,000. Economic impacts of this magnitude stress the importance of floodplain and wetland conservation, warrant the consideration of ecosystem services in land use decisions, and make a compelling case for the role of green infrastructure in building resilience to climate change.

Neighborhood supports have been associated with walking, but this association may be modified by reports about the usefulness of these supports for promoting walking. This study examined the association between reported presence of neighborhood supports and walking and whether usefulness modified this association in a nationwide sample of U.S. adults. Measures of reported presence and use or potential use (i.e., usefulness) of neighborhood supports (shops within walking distance, transit stops, sidewalks, parks, interesting things to look at, well-lit at night, low crime rate, and cars following speed limit) were examined in 3,973 adults who completed the 2014 SummerStyles survey. Multinomial regression models were used to examine the association between presence of supports with walking frequency (frequently, sometimes, rarely (referent)) and the role usefulness had on this association. The interaction term between reported presence and usefulness was significant for all supports (p < 0.05). For adults who reported a support as useful, a positive association between presence of the support and walking frequency was observed for all supports. For adults who did not report a support as useful, the association between presence of the support and walking frequency was null for most supports and negative for sidewalks, well-lit at night, and low crime rate. The association between presence of neighborhood supports and walking is modified by reported usefulness of the support. Tailoring initiatives to meet a community’s supply of and affinity for neighborhood supports may help initiatives designed to promote walking and walkable communities succeed.

Background In the setting of vascular injury, vein interposition graft is the preferred conduit, but may have limited availability. This study seeks to develop a large animal model assessing the graft performance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Dacron in the setting of a polymicrobial infection. Methods Thirty-seven animals were placed into 4 groups for a 21-day survival period. Six-millimeter PTFE or Dacron interposition grafts were placed in the right iliac artery with a standardized bacterial inoculation. Native vessel with and without contamination served as control groups. The inoculant was 1 × 10 7 of genetically labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . The primary end points were graft patency (determined by duplex ultrasound and necropsy) and graft infection (culture with molecular analysis). Secondary end points included physiological measurements, blood cultures, laboratory data, and histopathology. Results PTFE and Dacron had similar infection rates of 85.7% and 75%, respectively. There was no significant difference in infectious organisms between graft materials. PTFE and Dacron exhibited bacterial ingrowth and transmigration to the intraluminal portion of the conduit. Forty-five percent of the Dacron group and 40% of the PTFE group remained patent at postoperative day 21 ( P = 0.98). Clinical data, including white blood cell count, percent neutrophils, and lactate, did not vary significantly between groups. Conclusions PTFE and Dacron perform similarly in terms of infection rates and graft failure as both have a propensity toward bacterial ingrowth and occlusion when compared with controls. This is a valid animal model to assess graft performance in the setting of polymicrobial infection and provides an avenue for studying novel prosthetic conduits.

Characterization of diffusion behavior in minerals is key to providing quantitative constraints on the ages and thermal histories of Earth and planetary materials. Laboratory experiments are a vital source of the needed diffusion measurements, but these can pose challenges because the length scales of diffusion achievable in a laboratory time are commonly less than 1 μm. An effective strategy for dealing with this challenge is to conduct experiments involving inward diffusion of the element of interest from a surface source, followed by quantification of the resulting diffusive-uptake profile using a high-resolution depth-profiling technique such as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), or ion microprobe (SIMS). The value of data from such experiments is crucially dependent on the assumption that diffusion in the near-surface of the sample is representative of diffusion in the bulk material. Historical arguments suggest that the very process of preparing a polished surface for diffusion studies introduces defects—in the form of dislocations and cracks—in the outermost micrometer of the sample that make this region fundamentally different from the bulk crystal in terms of its diffusion properties. Extensive indirect evidence suggests that, in fact, the near-surface region of carefully prepared samples is no different from the bulk crystal in terms of its diffusion properties. A direct confirmation of this conclusion is nevertheless clearly important. Here we use transmission electron microscopy to confirm that the near-surface regions of olivine, quartz and feldspar crystals prepared using careful polishing protocols contain no features that could plausibly affect diffusion. This finding does not preclude damage to the mineral structure from other techniques used in diffusion studies (e.g., ion implantation), but even in this case the role of possible structural damage can be objectively assessed and controlled. While all evidence points to the reliability of diffusivities obtained from in-diffusion experiments, we do not recommend experiments of this type using a powder source as a means of obtaining diffusant solubility or partitioning information for the mineral of interest.

Significant evidence shows that nitrogen (N) supply may influence microbial community structure and, in some cases, the rate of primary productivity in fresh waters. To date, however, most focus has been on dissolved inorganic N (i.e., ammonia and nitrate), or dinitrogen gas. Far less is known about the effects of dissolved organic N such as urea on plankton activity, although this compound is both produced by in-lake processes and is a significant component of external loading. We evaluated the urea distribution and the activity of the major enzyme responsible for its assimilation (urease) in Lake Erie, which has a significant history of eutrophication. During 2012 and 2013, lake-wide surveys estimated surface urea concentrations and urease activity, along with phytoplankton composition and biomass, cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin), major nutrients and other physico-chemical parameters. In parallel, in situ 48-h microcosm experiments were executed to test whether different chemical forms of dissolved N could stimulate phytoplankton biomass. Results confirmed urea was a bioavailable form of N with in situ urea turnover times ranging from hours (for summer, i.e., Aug. 2012 and July 2013) to days (May 2013). Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between urease activity and both microcystin concentrations and cyanobacterial dominance. Results also indicated a potential seasonal shift in the nutrient limiting phytoplankton biomass from phosphorus (P) to N. Our results reinforce the importance of both N and P in promoting phytoplankton growth and highlighted the need to consider organic nutrient sources as potentially important drivers of cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production.

Lake Erie supplies drinking water to more than 11 million consumers, processes millions of gallons of wastewater, provides important species habitat and supports a substantial industrial sector, with >$50 billion annual income to tourism, recreational boating, shipping, fisheries, and other industries. These and other key ecosystem services are currently threatened by an excess supply of nutrients, manifested in particular by increases in the magnitude and extent of harmful planktonic and benthic algal blooms (HABs) and hypoxia. Widespread concern for this important international waterbody has been manifested in a strong focus of scientific and public material on the subject, and commitments for Canada-US remedial actions in recent agreements among Federal, Provincial and State agencies. This review provides a retrospective synthesis of past and current nutrient inputs, impairments by planktonic and benthic HABs and hypoxia, modelling and Best Management Practices in the Lake Erie basin. The results demonstrate that phosphorus reduction is of primary importance, but the effects of climate, nitrogen and other factors should also be considered in the context of adaptive management. Actions to reduce nutrient levels by targeted Best Management Practices will likely need to be tailored for soil types, topography, and farming practices.

Cyanobacteria are one of the principal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which cause offensive taste and odor (T&O) in drinking and recreational water, fish, shellfish and other seafood. Although non-toxic to humans, these T&O compounds severely undermine public trust in these commodities, resulting in substantial costs in treatment, and lost revenue to drinking water, aquaculture, food and beverage and tourist/hospitality industries. Mitigation and control have been hindered by the complexity of the communities and processes which produce and modify T&O events, making it difficult to source-track the major producer(s) and the factors governing VOC production and fate. Over the past decade, however, advances in bioinformatics, enzymology, and applied detection technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathways, the enzymes and the genetic coding for some of the most problematic VOCs produced by cyanobacteria. This has led to the development of tools for rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring for the VOC production at source, and provided the basis for further diagnostics of endogenous and exogenous controls. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the major cyanobacterial VOCs, the producers, the biochemistry and the genetics and highlight the current applications and further research needs in this area. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Elucidating patterns and mechanisms that shape phytoplankton assemblages is a popular area of research for empirical and theoretical ecologists. Despite the daunting complexity of phytoplankton dynamics, much of our current understanding has been based on simple models describing food-web interactions with few differential equations. Skeptical views in the literature raise concerns about the increasing model complexity and advice to seek parsimony rather than simplicity. To address this controversy (simple versus complex models), we propose the introduction of an extra layer of causality into plankton models by connecting algal processes (maximum growth rates, nutrient kinetics, settling velocities, metabolic rates) with species-specific morphological features (cell volume, surface-to-volume ratio, shape). In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of a size-based plankton model to reproduce observed water quality patterns (phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrate, total ammonia, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and total zooplankton biomass) in the Hamilton Harbour, Ontario. Consistent with empirical evidence, our modeling analysis showed that small algal species have a distinct competitive advantage in summer epilimnetic environments across the range of cell volume and nutrient loading conditions examined; especially, when they are characterized by higher optimal temperature for growth. Strong top-down pressure mediated by high zooplankton abundance effectively controls the standing biomass of phytoplankton species that can otherwise realize high growth rates under the conditions typically prevailing in the end-of-summer epilimnetic environments (e.g., higher temperature optima, higher tolerance in low water clarity). Under high zooplankton control, the secondary variations of phytoplankton are modulated by the ambient phosphorus levels and the size-based strategies for resources procurement, such as the regulation of nutrient transport kinetics. By contrast, when the summer algal assemblage is released by the zooplankton grazing, the exceedance of critical phytoplankton biomass levels and the likelihood of harmful algal blooms are determined by the multitude of factors that shape inter-specific competition patterns (e.g., relative abundance of competing species, nutrient uptake kinetics). Our study evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this approach and identifies future directions that would provide operational models founded upon concepts of allometry.

Insecticide resistance has been and continues to be a significant problem for invertebrate pest control. As such, effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) is critical to maintain the efficacy of current and future insecticides. A technical group within CropLife International, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was established 35 years ago (1984) as an international association of crop protection companies that today spans the globe. IRAC's focus is on preserving the long-term utility of insect, mite, and most recently nematode control products through effective resistance management to promote sustainable agriculture and improved public health. A central task of IRAC has been the continual development and documentation of the Mode of Action (MoA) Classification scheme, which serves as an important tool for implementing IRM strategies focused on compound rotation / alternations. Updates to the IRAC MoA Classification scheme provide the latest information on the MoA of current and new insecticides and acaricides, and now includes information on biologics and nematicides. Details for these new changes and additions are reviewed herein.

Background The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, second edition, recommend that all adults participate in moderate-intensity equivalent aerobic physical activity at least 150–300 min/week for substantial health benefits and muscle-strengthening activities involving all major muscle groups 2 or more days a week. The prevalence of the general population meeting the Guidelines and the types of physical activity in which they engage have been described elsewhere. Similar descriptions are lacking for individuals with mobility disability whose physical activity profiles may differ from the general population. Objective This study examined patterns of aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity among US adults with mobility disability. Methods We used 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 66,635 adults with mobility disability. We estimated the percentage who engaged in any aerobic physical activity, met the aerobic and/or muscle-strengthening guidelines, and who participated in specific activities. Results Less than half (45.2%) of US adults with mobility disability reported engaging in aerobic physical activity, and 39.5% met one or both components of the physical activity guidelines. Walking was the most commonly reported activity type (34.0%). Conclusions Walking is a common activity type among adults with mobility disability. Efforts to make walking or wheelchair rolling a safe, viable option are important to helping decrease barriers that may limit the ability of those with mobility disability to engage in walking or other physical activity types.

We investigate the retention of volatile species and we analyze the volatile species released on low temperature crushing of a microcrystalline quartz (

Conservation organizations increasingly target ecosystem services alongside biodiversity, yet it remains unclear whether ecosystem service goals reinforce or detract from those for biodiversity. We assess tradeoffs between biodiversity and ecosystem services and test the hypothesis that the severity of this tradeoff is a function the breadth of taxa and ecosystem services targeted. We identify optimal conserved lands networks for four taxa, four ecosystem services, and all possible combinations of each. We then assess the amount of biodiversity and ecosystem service contained within each network, its conservation cost, and its overlap with every other network. We find that overlap varies widely across individual ecosystem services and taxa, and that networks targeting multiple services contain more biodiversity than networks targeting a single service. Safeguarding a given amount of ecosystem service and biodiversity through joint optimization requires a 13% increase in conservation budgets relative to achieving targets for biodiversity alone, and results in a 22% budget savings relative to achieving targets for each though separate efforts. We conclude that including ecosystem services goals alongside those for biodiversity is likely have a net positive impact on biodiversity, especially when a broad suite of services are targeted.

Diffusion of helium has been characterized in four carbonates: calcite, dolomite, magnesite, and aragonite. Cleaved or oriented and polished slabs of carbonate minerals were implanted with 100 keV or 3 MeV 3He at doses of 5 × 1015 3He/cm2 and 1 × 1016 3He/cm2, respectively, and annealed in 1-atm furnaces. 3He distributions following diffusion experiments were measured with nuclear reaction analysis using the reaction 3He(d,p)4He. Our results show that He diffusion in calcite is the fastest among the carbonates studied, with diffusivities progressively slower in magnesite, dolomite and aragonite. In the case of the isomorphic trigonal carbonates (calcite, dolomite, magnesite), these observations are broadly consistent with predictions based on lattice characteristics such as unit cell size and inter-atomic apertures, with diffusivities faster in more open carbonate structures. Dolomite is an exception to this trend, suggesting that its unique ordered R3 crystal structure may play a role in slowing helium diffusion. Diffusion is anisotropic in all of the trigonal carbonates, and is typically slowest for diffusion along the c direction, and faster for diffusion normal to c and in directions normal to cleavage surfaces. The patterns of diffusional anisotropy are predicted to first order by the size of limiting inter-atomic apertures along any given crystallographic direction, providing additional support to the concept of modeling crystal lattices as “molecular sieves” with regard to diffusion of helium. When the effects of anisotropy and diffusion domain size are considered, our results are in reasonable agreement with previous results from bulk degassing of natural samples. Modeling of helium diffusive loss shows that calcite and magnesite are unlikely to be retentive of helium on the Earth’s surface for typical grain sizes and time/temperature conditions. Dolomite and aragonite may be retentive under cooler conditions, but because helium retention is strongly dependent on diffusion domain size, general predictions are difficult given the structural complexities of natural samples. Our axis-specific diffusion measurements across a range of carbonate compositions, evaluated through direct profiling, offer important constraints for modeling helium mobility in carbonates, and for understanding the influence of the complexities of carbonate structures on He outgassing patterns.

In this study the long-term trends of non-refractory submicrometer aerosol (NR-PM1) composition and mass concentration measured by an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are discussed. NR-PM1 data was recorded at ∼30 min intervals over a period of 19 months between November 2010 and June 2012. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was performed on the measured organic mass spectral matrix using a rolling window technique to derive factors associated with distinct sources, evolution processes, and physiochemical properties. The rolling window approach also allows us to capture the dynamic variations of the chemical properties in the organic aerosol (OA) factors over time. Three OA factors were obtained including two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors, differing in degrees of oxidation, and a biomass burning OA (BBOA) factor. Back trajectory analyses were performed to investigate possible sources of major NR-PM1 species at the SGP site. Organics dominated NR-PM1 mass concentration for the majority of the study with the exception of winter, when ammonium nitrate increases due to transport of precursor species from surrounding urban and agricultural areas and also due to cooler temperatures. Sulfate mass concentrations have little seasonal variation with mixed regional and local sources. In the spring BBOA emissions increase and are mainly associated with local fires. Isoprene and carbon monoxide emission rates were obtained by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the 2011 U.S. National Emissions Inventory to represent the spatial distribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The combined spatial distribution of isoprene emissions and air mass trajectories suggest that biogenic emissions from the southeast contribute to SOA formation at the SGP site during the summer.

ObjectiveVascular extremity injuries can be a significant burden on a patient's long-term quality of life. Currently, no limb-specific surveys have been used to quantify the relation between injury pattern and the resultant physical or psychological impact. The objective of this study was to validate the use of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) in the setting of extremity vascular injury.MethodsThe Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried and filtered for U.S. troops with an extremity vascular injury isolated to a single limb. Injury and management data were obtained, and the SMFA was administered after patient contact and consent. Validity was analyzed by characterization of SMFA score distribution, correlation with 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores, and assessment of its discriminative capability to external measures of injury severity (ie, Injury Severity Score [ISS], Mangled Extremity Severity Score [MESS], and Medicare Part A disability qualification).ResultsAt mean follow-up of 5 years, 164 patients (median age, 25 years; interquartile range, 22-31 years) completed both surveys. The overall SMFA Dysfunction Index was 24.8 ± 15.2 (range, 0-78; skewness, 0.60; floor/ceiling effect, 0%-1.2%; and nonresponse, 0%), and the overall Bother Index was 29.4 ± 20.2 (range, 0-96; skewness, 0.58; floor/ceiling effect, 0%-4.3%; and nonresponse, 0.6%). SF-36 physical component summary scores correlated inversely with the Dysfunction Index (r = −0.64; P < .01), whereas mental component summary scores correlated inversely with the Bother Index (r = −0.59; P < .01). No difference was found in reported scores between those considered severely injured (ISS > 15) and those not severely injured (ISS ≤ 15). However, those with mangled extremities (MESS ≥ 7) reported higher Dysfunction and Bother indices than those with lower scores (P < .05). In addition, patients considered disabled (per Medicare Part A qualifications) reported higher Dysfunction and Bother indices compared with those not considered disabled (P < .05).ConclusionsUse of the SMFA is validated in those with extremity vascular injuries, and it should be considered an adjunctive tool in evaluating long-term patient outcomes.

A series of enantioenriched six-membered metallocyclic amidomagnesium naphtholates were prepared and used to probe the structure–reactivity/selectivity relationships of heteroleptic magnesium base complexes within asymmetric deprotonation reactions. An effective complex was identified and applied within enantioselective enolisation processes, delivering good levels of enantioselectivity and also revealing key structural requirements for achieving such selectivity.

The Laurentian Great Lakes are among the most prominent sources of fresh water in the world. Lake Erie's infamous cyanobacterial blooms have, however, threatened the health of this valuable freshwater resource for decades. Toxic blooms dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa have most recently been one of primary ecological concerns for the lake. These toxic blooms impact the availability of potable water, as well as public health and revenues from the tourism and fishery industries. The socioeconomic effects of these blooms have spurred research efforts to pinpoint factors that drive bloom events. Despite decades of research and mitigation efforts, these blooms have expanded both in size and duration in recent years. However, through continued joint efforts between the Canadian and United States governments, scientists, and environmental managers, identification of the factors that drive bloom events is within reach. This review provides a summary of historical and contemporary research efforts in the realm of Lake Erie's harmful cyanobacterial blooms, both in terms of experimental and management achievements and insufficiencies, as well as future directions on the horizon for the lake's research community.

Geosmin is a potent earthy-smelling sesquiterpene responsible for the majority of biologically induced taste-and-odor (T/O) episodes in drinking and recreational water, and major economic losses to commercial, farmed and sports fisheries. Geosmin is produced by a range of microorganisms, notably by cyanobacteria and actinomycetes. However, the effective management of geosmin T/O episodes has been hindered by our inability to identify the major biological sources, and absence of sensitive methods for early detection of T/O events. The main goal of this study was to develop taxon-specific PCR and RT-PCR assays that facilitate early detection of potential geosmin releases and identification of the likely biological sources. We developed a molecular assay for the detection and expression of geosmin synthase ( geoA ), a gene involved in geosmin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria and actinomycetes. Using the molecular probes, we detected geoA in a wide range of geosmin-producing taxa in both laboratory cultures and environmental samples which provided an important new database of geoA sequences from a diversity of GSM producers, allowing an evaluation of their phylogenetic relationships based on this gene. This study indicated that potential geosmin producers in the Laurentian Great Lakes water and sediment samples are predominantly represented by members of the Nostocaceae, and in particular Anabaena spp. No correlations were apparent between gene expression and ambient temperature, nutrient concentrations and total phytoplankton biomass. Rather, evaluation of the geoA expression pattern in the environmental samples tested from various watersheds and seasons suggested constitutive gene expression.

Lattice diffusion of neon in single, gem-quality crystals of quartz, forsterite, and natural iron-bearing olivine was determined from experiments using two different methods to introduce Ne. In the first set of experiments, 22Ne was implanted into polished samples, which were then annealed for various times and temperatures in 1-atm furnaces. In the second group of experiments, referred to as soaking experiments, polished slabs of crystals were placed in open containers and inserted into cold-seal type pressure vessels where they were exposed to Ne gas at 340–1340 bars Ne pressure and elevated temperatures. Nuclear reaction analysis, using the reactions 22Ne(p,γ)23Na and 20Ne(α,γ)24Mg for the implantation and soaking experiments, respectively, was used to directly measure Ne distributions in the samples following diffusion anneals. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained for Ne diffusion parallel to c: Forsterite : D Fo = 1.4 x 1 0 ‐ 13 exp ‐ 131 ± 6 kJ mo l ‐ 1 / RT m 2 s ‐ 1 Quartz : D Qtz = 1.6 x 1 0 ‐ 14 exp ‐ 115 ± 4 kJ mo l ‐ 1 / RT m 2 s ‐ 1 There are no significant differences in Ne diffusion along the investigated crystallographic axes in either quartz or olivine, and Ne diffusivities for synthetic forsterite and natural Fe-bearing olivine are similar. In addition, diffusivities determined from the soaking experiments and the implantation experiments are similar, indicating little effect on diffusion of any lattice damage that might be induced by the 22Ne ion implantation. The lack of damage is also confirmed by imaging with high-resolution electron microscopy. Ne diffusivities in quartz measured in this study are about 10 orders of magnitude slower than those determined from the bulk-release experiments of Shuster and Farley (2005). In the case of olivine, Ne diffusivities in olivine measured in the present study are 1–3 orders of magnitude slower than diffusivities determined by Futagami et al. (1993) and 2–5 orders of magnitude slower than Ne diffusivities determined by Gourbet et al. (2012) over the temperature range of overlap of the respective studies. In addition, activation energies for diffusion differ widely, with the value from of Futagami et al. (1993) significantly lower (87 kJ/mol) than that measured in the present work, and the preferred values of Gourbet et al. (2012) (360–370 kJ/mol) significantly higher than our findings. These differences may reflect the influence of factors that may disproportionately affect measurements of Ne diffusion determined through bulk-outgassing methods compared with direct profiling techniques measuring lattice diffusion such as those employed in this study. Our data indicate that both quartz and olivine may be very retentive of Ne at temperature conditions typical near the surface of the earth, with 100 μm radius quartz and olivine grains experiencing less than 1% Ne loss over times on order of the age of the earth at 100 and 150 °C, respectively. Under mantle conditions, effective diffusion distances for Ne in olivine would be about 1 m and 0.2 m over 1 billion years at 1550 and 1100 °C, respectively. In contrast to Ne, helium is much more mobile, with effective diffusion distances of 1500 m over 1 billion years at 1500 °C, compared with 0.8 m for Ne under the same time–temperature conditions.

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore changes in the vacancy-formation energy for Ti atoms and Ti–O bond characteristics in the outermost monolayers of the (1 0 0) and (0 1 0) prism faces of α quartz. Within 2 or 3 polyhedral layers of the crystal surface, the Ti vacancy-formation energy is substantially smaller than the bulk-lattice value of 11.8 eV. This is true of both oxygen-terminated surfaces and the geologically more realistic case in which the outermost oxygens are bonded to hydrogen. A key additional finding is that the Ti vacancy-formation energy near the H-terminated (1 0 0) surface differs by 1–2 eV from that near the H-terminated (0 1 0) surface. This difference means that the energy change accompanying Ti ↔ Si exchange between the bulk lattice and the near surface is also different for (1 0 0) and (0 1 0). Ultimately, therefore, the equilibrium concentrations of Ti near these two prism faces will not be the same. During crystal growth, this compositional difference may be “captured” by the quartz lattice and preserved as sectoral variation in Ti content—a feature commonly observed in both synthetic and natural α quartz. In this respect, the MD simulations provide direct support for the growth entrapment model (GEM; Watson, 2004 ) for non-equilibrium uptake of trace elements. To complement the vacancy-formation energy results, we used the first-principles metadynamics method to calculate diffusion pathways and free energy barriers for Ti diffusion in the bulk α quartz lattice and in the near-surface region. The computed estimate of the bulk-lattice activation energy compares favorably with the experimentally determined value of 2.8 eV ( Cherniak et al., 2007 ), lending credence to the method. Diffusion results for the near-surface reveal a steep decrease in the activation energy for Ti diffusion approaching the surface in the outermost 2–3 polyhedral layers of the crystal. This finding implies depth-dependent Ti diffusion in the near-surface (∼0.5 nm), which is also a key aspect of the growth-entrapment model. Although our results are strictly applicable only to Ti in α quartz, the demonstration that impurity atom energetics and diffusion are functions of depth in the near-surface region may be broadly applicable, given the similarity in measured length scale of the near-surface relaxed region in a wide variety of minerals. Kinetic models of impurity uptake that do not consider these factors may be incomplete.

Hypoxia is a common feature in the offshore central basin of Lake Erie. In the late summer of 2012, a strong wind-induced upwelling event transported oxygen depleted water to the nearshore zones of northern Lake Erie. Wind speed, duration and direction relative to the shoreline of individual wind events determined the extent of nearshore zone affected by the hypoxic waters. The upwelling event resulted in adverse water quality along some stretches of the northern shoreline of Lake Erie with persistent anoxia, which was mainly responsible for the mortality of fish.

In this study, our primary aim is to evaluate the capacity of past and current modelling efforts to depict the causal relationships between major water quality indicators (e.g., chlorophyll a, harmful algal blooms, dissolved oxygen) and nutrient loading in Lake Erie. We first conduct a review of nearly all the modelling projects documented in the pertinent literature, and then evaluate the performance of six of these models applied over the past thirty years. We examine the strengths and weaknesses of the different modelling strategies, their adequacy in representing the processes underlying plankton dynamics, and their ability to reproduce the spatiotemporal variability in hypoxia or harmful algal blooms. Our analysis shows that these models have mainly offered heuristic tools to examine different ecological hypotheses and dictate future data collection efforts. Our study critically discusses the most appropriate next steps to improve the reproduction of the spatiotemporal patterns of major phytoplankton groups, e.g., cyanobacteria, the functional role of dreissenid mussels, and the relative importance of diagenesis processes on the manifestation of hypoxia in Lake Erie. Finally, we advocate the standpoint that a single “correct” strategy does not exist, and therefore we should strive for a synthesis of multiple modelling approaches which can contribute to an integrative view on the functioning of the system.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how the therapeutic alliances (TA) of graduate student clinicians and adult clients who stutter relate to perceived treatment outcomes. Methods Student clinicians (N = 42) and adult clients who stutter (N = 22) completed a survey assessing their TA strength and perception of treatment outcomes. Responses were analyzed to determine similarities and differences in how clinicians and clients relate the TA to perceptions of treatment effectiveness, progress, and outcome satisfaction. Results Results suggest that clinicians and clients who stutter both relate the TA to treatment outcome, but in different ways. While clinicians associate the TA most with treatment effectiveness and client progress, clients relate the TA most to outcome satisfaction. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware that for adult clients who stutter, outcome satisfaction is related to the degree of shared understanding, agreement on daily tasks, and bond they experience with their clinician. To ensure a strong TA and client satisfaction, clinicians should actively seek their clients’ perspective regarding TA status.

Sixty to seventy percent of patients undergoing HLA identical transplants will develop grade II-IV acute GVHD, despite using prophylactic immunosuppressants. Several studies have demonstrated that manipulation utilizing ex-vivo CD34+ positively selected grafts result in 4-5 log T-cell depletion with limited T-cell add back follow with early engraftment and decreased aGVHD (Silva et al, Blood Journal, 2015 & Chakrabarti et al, BMT, 2003). We previously demonstrated the safety and efficiency of CD34+ enriched cells with 2 × 105 CD3 (MNC)/kg add back in pediatric SCD patients resulting in rapid engraftment, donor chimerism, and low incidence of aGVHD (Geyer/Cairo et al, BJH, 2012). Utilizing CD34+ cell selection, children, adolescents, and adults with a matched or partially matched family donor or matched unrelated donors allogeneic PB-HPC transplant can safely receive and tolerate with a low incidence of serious (Grade III/IV) acute and chronic GVHD. Patients received CD34+ enriched products processed by using the CliniMACS CD34+ Reagent System (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). The CD34+ enriched HPC product was either a fresh infusion or cryopreserved and stored until time of transplantation. A target of 5 × 106 CD34+enriched/kg recipient weight with a T cell add back of 2 × 105 CD3+/kg (MNC) was infused. Sixteen patients underwent BMT with median age of 55 years (23 months to 71 years). Patients' disease status was as follows: complete remission (CR) 2 in four AML patients, CR1 in 9 AML patients, Lymphohistiocytosis (n=1), Macrophage Activating Syndrome (n=1), CR2 in one Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma patient. Nine patients received 10/10 HLA-matched unrelated donor BMT, two 9/10 HLA-matched unrelated donors, five had 6/6 HLA-matched sibling transplant. PB-HPC products contained 0.59 × 1010 CD3/kg (±0.23), and 6.77 × 106 CD34/kg (±1.27). After CD34 enrichment, the PB-HPC CD34% recovery was 73.1±3.08% with a log T cell depletion of 4.9 (±0.11). The target transplant dose per patient was 5 × 106 CD34 enriched/kg. Sixteen and patients had myeloid and 13 patients had platelet engraftment with a median of 11.5 days and 16 days, respectively (Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b). Two patients died prior to platelet engraftment one due to multi-organ system failure following septic shock and the other patient due to refractory AML. One patient died after myeloid and platelet engraftment secondary to disease progression. Early and late peripheral blood chimerism were ≥ 98.4% at 19.9 days (±12) and 92.5% at 180 days (n=4). The probability of grade II-IV aGVHD was 20% (CI95: 0.1-66.9) (Fig 2). One patient had grade II skin aGVHD and one patient had grade II gut aGVHD. No patient had cGVHD. This study demonstrates the safety and efficiency of CD34+ enriched PB-HPC products with T-cell addback in AlloSCT recipients with a low probability of acute GVHD.

This paper describes a simple modelling framework to predict water quality and algal biomass in large, complex lakes with insufficient and often multifarious data and challenging logistics. We applied a linked model design to Lake of the Woods (LOW) as a case study, using output from hydrodynamic, mass balance and empirical models to predict spatial differences in nutrients (total phosphorus (TP)), and algal and cyanobacterial standing stock (chlorophyll- a (chl a ), biovolume-derived biomass and cyanobacterial dominance). Our models reproduced observed temporal and spatial distribution of TP and chl a well. The central and south segments behaved like shallow lakes with strong variability in TP and phytoplankton biomass, whereas two relatively isolated and deeper segments in the north were characterized with less variability in TP and lower phytoplankton biomass. Algal biomass and cyanobacterial dominance were best predicted in the more eutrophic southern sectors; however the fit was strongly dependent on the source of biomass data. The results reinforce the need to apply a multi segmental model to these systems which cannot be effectively modelled using a single box approach because of spatial differences in hydrodynamics and topography.

The sulfoximines, as exemplified by sulfoxaflor ([ N -[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]- λ 4 -sulfanylidene] cyanamide] represent a new class of insecticides. Sulfoxaflor exhibits a high degree of efficacy against a wide range of sap-feeding insects, including those resistant to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. Sulfoxaflor is an agonist at insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and functions in a manner distinct from other insecticides acting at nAChRs. The sulfoximines also exhibit structure activity relationships (SAR) that are different from other nAChR agonists such as the neonicotinoids. This review summarizes the sulfoximine SAR, mode of action and the biochemistry underlying the observed efficacy on resistant insect pests, with a particular focus on sulfoxaflor.

a b s t r a c t We test the capacity of an existing simple mass-balance total phosphorus (TP) model to evaluate nutrient loading scenarios in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada. Our study examines whether model parameters and loading inputs are well characterized and relevant to the current conditions in the Bay of Quinte and its drainage areas. We also identify critical data gaps and influential assumptions in regard to the uncertainty of model outputs and the credibility of predictive statements about the achievability of delisting objectives of the system. Our analysis shows that the model closely reproduced the observed variability of the TP seasonal averages during the calibration period 1972-2001, but its performance was significantly reduced when the actual predictive capacity was assessed in the 2002-2009 validation period. The most troublesome result is the inability of the model to reproduce the observed TP variability at temporal scales that are more meaningful from an environmental management point of view (i.e., monthly averages or daily snapshots from the system). Sensitivity analysis shows that several parameters associated with the role of the sediments were significant drivers of the model outputs, suggesting that considerable uncertainty exists in regard to the characterization of the sediments. The loadings from Trent River and the TP levels of the inflowing water masses from Lake Ontario predominantly shape the variability in the upper and lower segments of the Bay of Quinte, respectively. We also present a critical review of the suitability of the existing water quality criteria to depict the trophic status throughout the system. Our study contends that the summer average TP concentrations do not adequately reflect the prevailing conditions and that the development of proper water quality criteria should place more emphasis on inshore sites, where the eutrophication problems are more frequently manifested. Finally, we pinpoint factors unaccounted for by the original model that are likely to modulate the response of the system in its present state. We also discuss important directions of model structure augmentation and ways to optimize the spatial segmentation.

We evaluate the relative importance of the causal connection between exogenous total phosphorus ( TP ) loading and internal nutrient recycling with the water quality conditions in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada. First, we examine the temporal trends of all the major point and non-point loading sources over the last four decades. We then enhance the mechanistic foundation of an existing simple mass-balance total phosphorus ( TP ) model, originally developed to guide the eutrophication management in the system. The structural improvements include the incorporation of macrophyte dynamics, the explicit representation of the role of dreissenids in the system, and the improved portrayal of the interplay between water column and sediments. The upgraded model was in good agreement with the observed TP variability in the system during the study period (2002–2009) and successfully reproduced the TP accumulation patterns toward the end of the summer-early fall. We provide evidence that phosphorus dynamics in the upper Bay are predominantly driven by the inflows from Trent River, while the middle and lower segments likely receive substantial internal subsidies from the sediment diagenesis mechanisms and/or the activity of macrophytes and dreissenids (e.g., pseudofeces production, nutrient pump effect). We also forced the model with scenarios of reduced nutrient loading and examine the likelihood of the system to meet its water quality delisting targets, although we caution that our complex overparameterized modeling construct is primarily intended for heuristic purposes. The present study together with the companion paper by Zhang et al. (2013) illustrate how phosphorus mass balance models can offer useful tools for improving our understanding of freshwater ecosystems.

The diffusive closure temperature of minerals (TC) was originally conceived for application to systems undergoing cooling (Dodson, 1973) and is of limited use for cases of diffusive “opening” during heating or for complete heating–cooling cycles. Here we use a combination of numerical simulations and mathematics to arrive at general equations for progressive diffusive loss from a sphere when temperature increases linearly with time, and also for discrete thermal pulses. For linear heating (T ∝ time), and with constant surface concentration and no radiogenic in-growth, prograde “diffusive opening” is accurately described by T rt% = 0.457 ⋅ E a / R χ h + log E a ⋅ D 0 R ⋅ d T / d t ⋅ a 2 where D0 (m2/s) and Ea (J/mol) are the Arrhenius parameters for the diffusant of interest, dT/dt is the heating rate (°/s), a is the radius (in meters) of the spherical domain under consideration, R is the gas constant (J/°-mol), and χh is a constant. For a given heating trajectory, Trt% is the temperature (in kelvins) at which a specific fractional retention (or loss) is reached, and where the constant χh has a specific value. For retention levels of 50%, 99% and 99.9%, χh has values of − 0.785, 2.756 and 4.751, respectively. The equation is accurate to within 5° for the vast majority of measured diffusion laws, and to within ~ 2° for ~ 90% of them. For noble gases specifically it is accurate to within 1° in almost all cases. There are essentially no restrictions on the grain size or heating rate (up to 2000 °C/Myr) that can be assumed without loss of accuracy. For thermal pulses in which the temperature of the spherical grain of interest rises at a constant rate from 293 K to a maximum value and then falls back linearly to the starting temperature (i.e., a “steeple” T–t path), the diffusive response for the thermal cycle is given by log ζ = log D 0 τ a 2 + 195 T pk − 0.4416 E a R T pk − 1.35 , where ζ = a− 2 ∫ t = 0τD(t)dt, τ is the duration of the heating event (in seconds) and Tpk is the peak temperature in kelvins. The total fractional loss (F) is uniquely determined by the value of ζ; conversion of logζ to F is straightforward, as discussed in the text. Diffusive loss during parabolic T–t paths conforms to a similar relation: log ζ = log D 0 τ a 2 + 140 T pk − 0.437 E a R T pk − 0.8. Given knowledge of the Arrhenius law for the diffusant of interest, these equations provide accurate estimates of the total diffusive loss for a steeple- or parabola-shaped T–t path of any duration and intensity—including asymmetrical paths.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by widespread alpha-synuclein pathology and neuronal loss, primarily of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Inflammation has been implicated in PD, and alpha-synuclein can initiate microglial activation; however, the kinetics and distribution of inflammatory responses to alpha-synuclein overexpression in vivo are not well understood. We have examined the regional and temporal pattern of microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mice over-expressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein driven by the Thy1-promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice). An increased number of activated microglia, and increased levels of TNF-α mRNA and protein were first detected in the striatum (1 month of age) and later in the substantia nigra (5-6 months), but not the cerebral cortex or cerebellum; in contrast, IL-1β and TGF-β remained unchanged in the striatum and substantia nigra at all ages examined. Microglial activation persisted up to 14 months of age in these regions and only minimal increases were observed in other regions at this later age. Increased concentrations of serum TNF-α were observed at 5-6 months, but not at 1 month of age. The expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, TLR 4 and TLR 8, which are possible mediators of microglial activation, was increased at 5-6 months in the substantia nigra but not in the cerebral cortex, and TLR 2 was increased in the substantia nigra at 14 months of age. With the exception of a slight increase in the striatum of 14 month old Thy1-aSyn mice, MHCII staining was not detected in the regions and ages examined. Similarly, peripheral CD4 and CD8-postive T cells were increased in the blood but only at 22 months of age, suggesting later involvement of the adaptive immune response. These data indicate that, despite the presence of high levels of alpha-synuclein in other brain regions, alpha-synuclein overexpression caused a selective early inflammatory response in regions containing the axon terminals and cell bodies of the nigrostriatal pathway. Our results suggest that specific factors, possibly involving a regionally and temporally selective increase in TLRs, mediate alpha-synuclein-induced inflammatory responses in the SN, and may play a role in the selective vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in PD.

Sulfoxaflor [ N -[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-λ 4 -sulfanylidene] cyanamide] is in development as the first product from the new sulfoximine class of insect control agents. Highly effective against a variety of sap-feeding pest insects, available data indicate no cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in pest insect strains that exhibit high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. In vitro studies of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP6G1 from Drosophila melanogaster , expressed in a Drosophila cell line, show very high levels of metabolism for a variety of neonicotinoids, but not for sulfoxaflor and its chloropyridine-analog. A sulfoxaflor analog with nitrogen in place of the carbon in the bridge between the pyridine and sulfoximine moiety shows a modest degree of metabolism. In silico homology modeling of the CYP6G1 with the sulfoximines and neonicotinoids suggests that steric effects may limit interactions of the sulfoximines with the reactive heme-oxo complex. A distinct relationship was identified for the summed Huckel charges and the degree of metabolism observed. These observations help explain the lack of sulfoxaflor metabolism by CYP6G1, and in turn provide a basis for the lack of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in insecticide resistant strains of pest insects.