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Recent literature suggests that there was a marked intensification of consumerism in the Anglophone world in the latter half of the nineteenth century, though little systematic empirical evidence of the phenomenon or its origins has to date been provided. This paper develops an economic model to redress this situation. Using a fixed-effects panel data model, it shows that the enduring racial ties, cultural affinity and sense of connectedness of British emigrants in Australasia, Canada and the US between 1879 and 1913, as evidenced by their remittance flows, were reflected in a strong preference for consuming British products.

This article uses the court records of a sample of individuals, aged between 15 and 62, tried for high treason in Nazi Germany to analyze a rare, real-world prisoner's-dilemma-like scenario that resisters faced once taken into custody: keep quiet and protect their collaborators or turn informant in the hope of obtaining leniency? We find that, although self-interest and defection to the authorities was the norm for most, significant rates of cooperation remained. We also find evidence that the size of the stake, age, education, beliefs, affiliations, and sense of community could play roles in facilitating cooperative behavior.

We study the effect of legally irrelevant events on the sentencing outcomes of around 2,500 individual defendants, heard before the People's Court in Nazi Germany. Our analysis exploits exogeneous variation in battle deaths and estimates their effect on the likelihood of receiving the death penalty. According to our results, higher German fatalities on the battlefield systematically increased the chances of receiving the death penalty. We show that decisions by experienced judges were less affected by battle deaths, while judges who were more ideologically committed to the regime were more likely to impose the death penalty in response to hearing news of higher German fatalities. Our results are not driven by particular types of offenses or defendants, time periods, or changes in arrest patterns and are robust to the use of major bombing raids of German cities instead of battle deaths. We also find some evidence that victories of the German national soccer team decreased the chances of capital punishment.

Candida albicans is a diploid organism that exhibits high levels of heterozygosity. Although the precise manner by which this heterozygosity provides advantage for the commensal/pathogenic life styles of C. albicans is not known, heterozygous markers are themselves useful for studying genomic rearrangements, which occur frequently in C. albicans. Treatment of CAI-4 with UV light yielded histidine auxotrophs which could be complemented by HIS4, suggesting that strain CAI-4 is heterozygous for HIS4. These auxotrophs appeared to have undergone mitotic recombination and/or chromosome loss. As expected from a heterozygote, disruption of the functional allele of HIS4 resulted in a his4::hisG-URA3-hisG strain that is auxotrophic for histidine. Sequencing of random clones of the HIS4 ORF from CAI-4 and its precursor SC5314 revealed the presence of 11 SNPs, seven synonymous and four non-synonymous. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that only one of those SNPs, T929G (Gly310Val), is responsible for the non-functionality of the encoded enzyme. HIS4 analysis of five commonly used laboratory strains is reported. This study provides a new, easily measured nutritional marker that can be used in future genetic studies in C. albicans.

Economists have typically not devoted much attention to the act of invention. This paper attempts to redress this situation by exploring a form of cognition, analogical transfer, which is thought by some researchers to lie at the heart of successful creativity. An analogical transfer is said to have occurred when information and experiences from one known situation is retrieved and utilized in the search for the solution to an entirely different situation. This paper shows how such analogical thought can give rise to a theoretical framework, in which disparate factors pertaining to technological creativity can be pieced together to yield an explanation of the level of inventive output experienced.

Most Candida albicans strains are heterozygous at the MTL (mating-type-like) locus, but mating occurs in hemi- or homozygous strains. The white-opaque switch process is repressed by the heterodimer of the MTLa1 and MTLalpha2 gene products, while mating genes are induced by a2 and alpha1. Mating occurs in opaque cells and produces tetraploid progeny. A small percentage (3-7%) of clinical isolates are homozygous at the MTL locus and most are mating-competent. MTL gene expression is controlled in part by a gene which activates MTLalpha genes and represses MTLa genes in response to hemoglobin. A failure to find meiosis and the lack of evidence of mating in vivo, together with some of the properties of opaque cells, leads to the suggestion that mating may have persisted because the tightly associated switch facilitates the commensal lifestyle of this fungus.

Poor patenting performance is often taken as a sign of low inventiveness. This article explores this belief by looking at the case of 19th-century Victoria, where the level of foreign patenting consistently grew at a much faster rate than that of local patenting. By mapping movements in both foreign and Australian revealed technological advantage in Victoria in this period, this article demonstrates that this faster rate of foreign patenting was due not to the technological weaknesses of the Australian colonies, but rather to the nature and timing of their economic development.

The DNA sequence of a Candida albicans genomic fragment known to complement the arginine mutation designated arg57 in strain 1006 contains an ORF of 1404 nucleotides (nt) predicting a protein of 468 amino acids (aa). Database searches indicated that the deduced protein shares 75% identity and 85% similarity with the ARG4 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of the percent aa identity between C. albicans and S. cerevisiae sequences included in available databases suggested these values are within the range expected for biosynthetic enzymes from the two organisms which share similar function. Experiments to isolate C. albicans ARG4 by complementation in an arg4 strain of S. cerevisiae yielded a plasmid (pARG4-1) with a restriction map identical to that of the sequenced clone. From these data, we conclude that the gene previously designated ARG57 is in fact ARG4 encoding the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). These results were unexpected, since ARG57 had been localized to chromosome 7, while a mutation causing an ASL deficiency had been linked to ade1, which is on chromosome R. Transformation of C. albicans strains with pARG4-1 indicated it complemented the arginine auxotrophy in strains TMSU221 and 1435, a derivative of 1006. Examination of commonly utilized C. albicans arginine auxotrophs by spheroplast fusion analysis indicated these strains comprise two complementation groups: one consisting of 1006 and TMSU221, which are arg4, and the other of A642, hOG318, hOG357, FC18-6 and WC-5-4, which possess an undefined defect in the arginine biosynthetic pathway which we designate arg100.

The delivery of radiotherapy to the young child can be a challenging process, particularly where the primary disease is well advanced, involves the central nervous system or requires involuntary immobilisation. Radiotherapy units often sedate children to overcome these problems, which may lead to suboptimal nutrition and sleep disruption. We have reviewed our own practice in preparing young children for radiotherapy and factors influencing use of sedation. Our practice encompasses providing radiotherapy from a paediatric unit, encouraging parents and children to stay until radiotherapy is accepted by the child, structured and unstructured play therapy, and timing radiotherapy to reflect the child's natural sleep pattern.

The structures of four families of intermetallic compounds are analyzed in terms of the number, sizes, positions and symmetry properties of tetrahedral interstitial holes. The structure types considered are hexagonal AB5 (D2d), cubic AB2 (C15), hexagonal AB2 (C14) and orthorhombic AB (Bf). Holes and clusters of holes are considered in terms of their suitability for hydrogen occupancy in the formation of intermetallic compound hydrides. In the cases of the hydrides LaNi5H6 and LaCo5H4, the parent hexagonal structure P6/mmm is changed on hydriding to trigonal P31m in the former case and to orthorhombic Cmmm in the latter case. The symmetry changes that correspond to these transformations are shown to be directly related to the amount of hydrogen absorbed; i.e. some potential sites in the parent compound are retained and others are not, depending on the structural change. In those cases where structural data for the hydride phases are not available or where the parent structure does not change on hydriding, it is shown that reasonable estimates of the extent of hydrogen absorption can be made based on the number and the sizes of available holes or hole clusters in the parent compound.

A correlation has been established between the stabilities of metal hydrides (measured in terms of the free energies of formation of the hydride phase per mole H 2 ) and the radii of tetrahedral holes in both hexagonal AB 5 (D2 d ) and cubic AB (B 2 ) intermetallic compounds. The correlation demonstrates that as the tetrahedral hole size increases, the stability increases. The results of this correlation show conclusively that hole size can be employed effectively in determining the stabilities of intermetallic compound-hydrogen phases. A model, which depends solely upon lattice parameters, was developed to compute the radii of tetrahedral holes in hexagonal AB 5 intermetallic compounds. A similar model, which requires a ratio of metallic radii in addition to the lattice parameter, has been employed to compute the radii of tetrahedral holes in the cubic AB intermetallic compounds. The thermodynamic and structural properties of hexagonal AB 5 -hydrogen systems and cubic AB-hydrogen systems have been compiled and are presented. The quantitative correlations are excellent. A change in valence of the A atom in the hexagonal AB 5 intermetallic compounds may have a significant effect on the stabilities of the hydride phases formed. In those cases where the B atoms were partially substituted in the hexagonal AB 6 and the cubic AB intermetallic compounds, a good correlation of stability with hole size was found. Gross deviations of the Ce-base AB 5 hydride data from the correlation line established by all the other AB 5 hydrides were observed. These were rationalized on the basis of well-documented stress-induced lattice contractions of Ce intermetallic compounds. The resulting contracted hole sizes of the CeNi 5 and CeCo 5 compounds modified the stability of their hydrides. These compound hydrides demonstrate a displaced but similar correlation to the other AB 5 hydrides, i.e . the smaller the hole size, the less stable is the system.

Deboned, skinless white and dark meat from fowl was pretreated by overnight soaking at 3 C in either deionized water, 2% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, 3% Kena solution (sodium polyphosphate), or 2% NaCl plus 3% Kena solution. Meat was subsequently water cooked 90 min at 92 C: then diced and batched with ground cooked skin, fat, and broth. Ingredients were packaged and sealed in flexible retortable pouches and retorted at 121 C (250 F). Finished products were evaluated for proximate composition, mineral content, and sensory properties. Presoaking the meat in water or 2% NaCl had little effect on product composition or sensory properties after retorting. Soaking in Kena, with or without NaCl, increased moisture, decreased percentage protein, and increased ash. Kena plus NaCl had significantly higher Na and CI contents than all other treatments. Finished products made from meat presoaked in Kena, with or without NaCl, were lighter in color, more tender, and less off-flavored than products presoaked in water or 2% NaCl only. Product made from Kena plus NaCl differed significantly from product made from Kena alone in higher initial juiciness, increased perception of seasoning, and higher Na and CI contents; however, there were no significant differences in other parameters. The value of increased juiciness and seasoning perceived versus the value of increased Na content would need to be considered in making a recommendation on the use of polyphosphates with or without NaCl to improve fowl meat products. If dietary sodium content is a concern, small differences in quality may be negated by increased sodium content resulting from treatment with polyphosphates plus NaCl.

The CaF2-type dihydrides of the group IIIa elements represent a relatively large family of similar metallic hydrides for which relationships between interatomic distances and stabilities can be derived. Available data for the thermodynamic properties of formation of these dihydrides were assembled and the enthalpies and free energies of formation are compared with the metal-hydrogen distances in the hydrides. The data show that for these hydrides there is a maximum in the stability-distance curve; the most stable dihydrides are HoH2 and DyH2 with metal-hydrogen distances of 2.237A and 2.252 A respectively. A modified Born-Mayer ionic model is applied to this family of dihydrides. In addition to the usual Coulomb (attraction) and overlap (repulsion) terms, an additional attraction term is introduced to take into account residual metallic cohesion in the hydride lattice. The results obtained from this model are compared with the thermochemical data using the BornHaber cycle. In making this comparison a parameter β (which has units of length) is introduced which accounts for the influence of the 4f electronic structure on the repulsive potential for the lanthanide dihydrides. It is shown that the relation between stability and the sum of the metallic radius and the tetrahedral hole radius (in the metal) is similar to that between stability and the actual metal-hydrogen distance in these dihydrides. This similarity is used to rationalize observed correlations between stability and tetrahedral hole sizes in intermetallic compound hydrides.

A study of mortality following major emergency abdominal operations in a community hospital from 1955 to 1960 is presented. An analysis of the charts of the twenty-four deaths in this series seems to indicate that eleven were unavoidable while thirteen might have been prevented. The difficulties which caused death in decreasing order of frequency were: (1) inadequate preoperative evaluation and diagnosis, (2) presence of additional disease, (3) patient delay in seeking medical care and (4) physician delay in seeking surgical consultation. In the group of cases studied, the causes of mortality in twenty-four patients in decreasing order of frequency are: (1) age and general debility, eleven, (2) inadequate preoperative evaluation and misdiagnosis, five; (3) additional disease, three; (4) patient delay and failure to cooperate, three; (5) physician delay, two.