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Fouling has significant economic influences on sea transportation and other submerged surfaces. This work aims to compare between sarcophine and synthesized ZnO nanospheres as active antifouling ingredients. The two compounds were applied on unprimed steel and were immersed in the seawater of the Eastern Harbour (E.H.), Alexandria, Egypt. Seawater hydrographic parameters were measured. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were carried out to study the structural analysis of sarcophine. ZnO nanospheres were characterized through SEM, XRD, and UV-V instruments. Each of sarcophine and ZnO nanospheres was blended solely by 2% (w/w) with a designed paint formulation of two paint ingredients besides the blank. Duplicate paint formulations were applied on unprimed steel, hanged, and immersed in the E.H. on 30/12/2018. Panels’ surfaces were followed visually and by photographic inspection for fouling succession over different interval times. They lasted for 200 days. Sarcophine showed the least fouled surface by about 15% of tubeworms and barnacles than ZnO or the blank. Most fouling were around the edges of the panel. This is due to its smoother surface, besides it has higher molecular weight than ZnO nano-particles. The hydrographic parameters of the E.H. seawater were within the normal range that these paint formulations are environmentally safe.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T07:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-08 After the Tributyltin world ban, Irgarol 1051 and Diuron have been the most commonly used biocides in antifouling paints. When adsorbed to suspended particulate matter or introduced as paint particles, these compounds accumulate in marine sediments and potentially cause ecological damage to benthic organisms. Therefore, a microcosm experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron, individually, on a meiofaunal community with emphasis on the dominant nematode assemblages. The experiment tested two factors: Treatment (two types of controls and three environmentally relevant concentrations of each contaminant) and Exposure time (5, 15 and 30 days). Significant declines in meiofauna density, nematode species richness and diversity, and changes in multivariate community structure were observed for both biocides at all exposure levels when compared to controls. Decreases occurred early on, within five days of exposure, which suggests that mortality, and not sub-lethal effects, has befallen upon the organisms. Sediment chlorophyll a and pheopigment concentrations, and redox potential were monitored to verify any indirect effects to the fauna through changes in the environment and results gave no indications of such mediated effects pointing to a direct toxic effect of both Irgarol and Diuron on the meiofauna. Although contaminated treatments showed a significant decline in the relative abundances of a particular functional group represented by the larger, longer-lived species, we did not observe the typical expected switch to smaller, more opportunistic taxa. Indeed, differences between controls and contaminated treatments were mainly due to an overall reduction in densities of the most abundant species in contaminated treatments. The high mortality (ca. 50% decline in total abundances), changes in community structure and species loss observed at biocide levels frequently encountered in the field suggest Irgarol and Diuron as a threat to benthic communities. Such severe effects contrast to other studies that have detected lower impacts, suggesting the free-living nematodes as potential indicators of marine pollution and the microcosm approach using natural communities as an impending tool for ecotoxicological studies. Instituto Do Mar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89 Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hypólito Do Rego, km 131.5 Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Praca Do Oceanografico, 191, Cidade Universitária Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Campus Experimental Do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n Centro de Estudos Do Mar da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Campus Experimental Do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n

Cuprous oxide is the most commonly used biocide in antifouling paints. However, copper has harmful effects not only on the fouling community but also on non-target species. In the current study, we investigated the use of thymol, eugenol and guaiacol in this role combined with small quantities of copper. Phenolic compounds were tested for anti-settlement activity against cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite and for their toxicity to nauplius larvae. Thymol, eugenol and guaiacol were active for anti-settlement but guaiacol had the disadvantage of being toxic to nauplius larvae. However, all of them showed therapeutic ratio>1. Antifouling paints with thymol (low copper content/thymol, LCP/T), eugenol (low copper content/ eugenol, LCP/E) and guaiacol (low copper content/guaiacol, LCP/G) combined with small copper content were formulated for field trials. After 12 months exposure in the sea, statistical analysis revealed that LCP/T and LCP/E paints were the most effective combinations and had similar performances to control paints with high copper content (traditional cuprous oxide based paints). In contrast, LCP/G paint was only partially effective in preventing and inhibiting biofouling and was colonized by some hard and soft foulers. However, this antifouling paint was effective against calcareous tubeworm Hydroides elegans. In the light of various potential applications, thymol, eugenol and guaiacol have thus to be considered in future antifouling formulations. Fil: Perez, Miriam Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo En Tecnología de Pinturas (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina Fil: García, Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (i); Argentina Fil: Blustein, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo En Tecnología de Pinturas (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina

A growth inhibition test has been developed based on two clones of the red macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne, one originating from 7 PSU and the other from 20 PSU. The species can be adapted to different salinities and the test can be carried out between 4 and 32 PSU. This test became an ISO standard in 2010 (ISO 107 10) for testing of chemicals and water effluents. In this study new and published data has been compiled on toxicity of single substances, waste waters from pulp mills, leachates from antifouling paints, harbour sediments and soil used for maintenance of leisure boats. The results show that the alga is sensitive to both metals and organic compounds and to biocides used in antifouling paints. By testing leachates from antifouling paints these could be ranked according to their toxicity. Similarly, the toxicity of waste waters from pulp mills was determined and the efficiency of secondary treatment evaluated. Further, the test method proved useful to test the toxicity in sediment samples. Sediments from small town harbours and ship lanes were shown to be harmful and compounds originating from antifouling paints were responsible for a large part of the inhibiting effect. The alga proved to be sensitive to contaminants leaking from boat yard soil. The growth inhibition test is a robust test that has high repeatability and reproducibility and easily can be applied on water, soil and sediment samples without being too costly. The species is found worl-wide in temperate waters, which makes the results relevant for large areas. In the Baltic Sea C. tenuicorne is the most common red alga species and is thus particularly relevant for this area. The overall results show that contaminants from boat activities and the use of antifouling paints in particular pose a threat to the environment.

Copper is currently the most common biocide in antifouling paints. Levels of this metal were measured in the water, particulate matter and sediments from a shellfish farming area in the Sacca di Goro (Northern Adriatic Sea) over one year. With respect to the 1980s, copper environmental level increased twofold. The release of copper from shellfish farmers' boats was also estimated to be > 250 kg Cu y(-1). Clams Tapes philippinarum were collected in the same area and seasonally exposed to a sublethal (10 microg Cu l(-1)) concentration of copper. Physiological traits were significantly affected by copper exposure (scope for growth declined as a result of reduced clearance rate, increased oxygen consumption and a generally lower absorption efficiency). The results of this study are cause for concern for shellfish farming activities at least in Northern Adriatic, where shellfish farming is a monoculture of T. philippinarum. A strict interpretation of the precautionary principle might suggest that more rigorous regulatory action to control copper inputs in the field would be justified.

Imposex, namely the superimposition of male characteristics, such as penis and vas deferens, on females of gonochoristic gastropods is one of the most harmful effects of TBT on marine organisms. The development of such malformations on marine organisms have led to limitations in the use of TBT in antifouling paints in several countries. Regulation 782/2003 by the EU prohibits the application of organotin compounds. However, in other non EU Mediterranean countries, such as Croatia, the IMO convention has failed to be transposed into domestic legislation and TBT-based antifouling paints are still used. Different restrictions to TBT use and, consequently, likely different levels of TBT contamination between Italy and Croatia gave the cue to this work, whose aims are: (a) monitoring organotin compound levels and imposex degree in Hexaplex trunculus, a common gastropod in the Mediterranean Sea, and an exhibitor of imposex; (b) assessing the level of organotin compounds build-up in the visceral coil and in the rest of the soft body (ROSB) of this organism, in order to try to understand how H. trunculus metabolizes these pollutants; (c) investigating the relationship between organotin compound concentrations in tissues of H. trunculus and the level of imposex development. The results indicate that the incidence of imposex is still high in Italy (Lagoon of Venice) after more than 10 years from the ban of TBT-based antifouling paints. The sampling in Croatian coasts indicates that the absence of restrictions on the use of TBT is likely to cause very high levels of OTC contamination.

The release of tributyltin (TBT) from maritime traffic represents one of the main problems of direct, diffuse, and continued contamination of the marine environment. In the present survey, the concentrations of TBT and dibultytin (DBT) in brackish waters, sediments, and the gastropods Nassarius nitidus were evaluated in order to estimate the contamination of the southern part of the Venice lagoon. TBT and DBT were determined by GC-MS/MS. Recent contamination of TBT was found in brackish waters near marinas, whereas the highest concentrations of TBT and DBT were observed in surface sediments at dockyards and harbours. High content of organotin in the gastropods sampled near the dockyards, harbours, and marinas showed a mobilisation from the sediments through the food web. The present study allowed assessment of whether, despite the ban on the use of TBT paints, waters, sediments, and biota were still being contaminated by organotin compounds in the southern Venice lagoon.

Fouling organisms attached to man-made surfaces submerged in seawater constitute a major worldwide technical and economical problem. Protection against biofouling is essential for efficient service of boats and ships. Due to recent and imminent restrictions of the use of traditional toxic antifouling paints, there is a growing need for new alternative compounds that ensure a good performance without polluting the marine ecosystem. The aim of this work is to develop a new antifouling formulation using compounds of natural origin, i.e. tannates, in combination with a minimum concentration of a known bioactive pigment, i.e. copper. Laboratory assays have shown that cupric tannate has a narcotic effect on biofouling larvae. In the field, after 12 months of immersion in Mar del Plata harbor (Argentine), none of the tested painted panels showed macrofouling organisms. This result was obtained with a large decrease in copper content in the order of 40 times relative to conventional cuprous oxide based paints. Because copper tannate is not lethal at low concentrations, this pigment has an excellent potential as an antifouling agent. Fil: Perez, Miriam Cristina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas; Argentina Fil: Blustein, Guillermo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Monica Teresita. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas; Argentina Fil: del Amo, Delia Beatriz. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas; Argentina Fil: Stupak, Mirta Elena. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnología de Pinturas; Argentina