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This study presents ethanol's fabrication by fermenting the golden trumpet flower (Allamanda schottii L) with the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The changes in different parameters during fermentation were studied and optimized while producing the ethanol and the end product was subjected to emission test study by blending petrol and ethanol. The Allamanda floral substrate contains 65% polysaccharides. The strain S. cerevisiae was obtained in the form of baker’s yeast from a domestic shop. For 100 ml of slurry, the highest bioethanol yield recorded was about 18.75 ml via optimization of different culture conditions, including a 1:8 ratio for slurry preparation, maintained under 35 ⁰C, 5.5 pH, 72 h. old inoculum with a quantity of 3.75 g 100 ml−1, fermented for120 h. The highest yield of bioethanol was acquired under the addition of urea. This technique & design is capable of industrial-scale fabrication of bioethanol by using A. schottii floral substrates. This research was conducted to fabricate ethanol by fermentation (A. schottii L) floral substrate with S. cerevisiae. The optimum physiochemical parameters required to obtain the highest yield of bioethanol from A. schottii flower by fermentation was studied. The immobilization strategy with a cheap agricultural substrate and magnetic nanoparticles were also studied. The engine performance and emission studies were done with different blends of petrol and bio-ethanol.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fractions obtained from the leaf, stem and roots of Allamanda schottii, Pohl, Apocynaceae, responsible for the cytotoxicity, using several cell lines. Cytotoxicity was correlated with the season the part of the plant, and the major compounds were assessed. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots obtained at dif- ferent seasons were evaluated in the human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia cell line (K562). Subsequently the ethanol extracts and dichloromethane fractions collected in winter were evaluated in mouse fibroblast cell line (Mus musculus) (L929), cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human pre-B leukemia (Nalm6), as well as K562 cell line. The compounds plumericin, plum- ieride and ursolic acid isolated from ethanol extracts of the stems were evaluated in the same cell lines, as well as on breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and Mus musculus skin melanoma cell line (B16F10). The chromatographic profiles of the dichloromethane fractions were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed that the season during which A. schottii was collected, and the part of the plant analyzed, influence the cytotoxicity on the K562 cells tested. On the other hand the dichloromethane fractions, mainly from the stems and roots, are responsible for the cytoxicity on the cells tested. These results may be associated with the seasonal variation of plumericin in these parts of the plant. This information is in accordance with the HPLC analysis. The results clearly show the potential for the phytotherapeutic use of this species, and suggest that the cytotoxic activity observed may be due to the presence of plumericin, or to minor com- pounds not yet identified. The seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabo- lites was verified. Keywords: Allamanda, Chromatography, Iridoids, K562 and Nalm6 cells, Plumericin

Objectives The objective of the study was to evaluate Allamanda blanchetii extractives for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. Methods The plant extractives were evaluated for their phenolic content and their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted to identify cytotoxic potential of the extractives. The test samples were also involved in thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activity assays to evaluate their abilities to promote clot lysis and to stabilize erythrocyte membrane under hypotonic and heat induced conditions. The extractives were involved in disc diffusion assay to measure their ability to give zones of inhibition in cultured bacterial medium. Results In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 40.50 ± 0.32 μg/ml) where as, in brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the hexane soluble fraction revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with LC 50 value of 0.78 ± 0.74 μg/ml. While evaluating the thrombolytic activity of the extractives, the chloroform soluble fraction showed 32.50 ± 0.63% of clot lysis. This fraction at 1.0 mg/ml concentration also inhibited 46.74 ± 0.73% and 41.33 ± 0.59% of haemolysis of RBCs induced by hypotonic solution and heat as compared to 71.90% and 42.12% by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. In disc diffusion assay, the extractives of A. blanchetii revealed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. Conclusion Further chemical and bioassay guided investigation on violet Allamanda must be conducted for isolation, identification and characterization of the bioactive constituents.

A new iridoid glucoside, allamanoid (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Allamanda neriifolia, together with three known glucosides, plumieride, protoplumericin, and nicotiflorin. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D spectroscopic analyses, hydrolysis, and comparison with literature data.

The phospholipid fatty acid composition of Malvaviscus arboreus DC. (Malvaceae) and Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae) was studied. The fatty acids, 17-methyl-5,9-octadecadienoic acid, 16-methyl-5,9-octadecadienoic acid, and 5,9-nonadecadienoic acid were identified in the phospholipid (mainly phosphatidylcholine) extract of M. arboreus by GC-MS. 17-Methyl-5,9-octadecadienoic acid was also identified in A. cathartica . This is the first report of iso - anteiso branched Δ5,9 fatty acids from a plant source.

Summary Based on the functional morphology of the stylar head of the Apocynaceae , described in part I [Flora (1980) 170 : 394 — 432], the architecture and mechanical principle of the pollination apparatus as a whole, and its principal evolutionary trends, have been investigated. According to the degree of integration and differentiation of the style-anther complex, five steps of advancement are distinguishable, represented in the series Plumeria, Catharanthus, Vinca, Thevetia, Allamanda and Apocynoideae . In primitive Plumerioid genera with club-shaped style apex, pollen uptake by, and receipt from insects are still unprecise due to the absence of coadaptive arrangements. In all other Apocynaceae , a complicated, strictly herkogamous apparatus is formed by anthers, stylar head, and auxiliary channelling structures of the corolla. It is longitudinally divided into three superposed compartments: stigmatic chamber (lower end), glue zone (middle), and pollen depository (upper end). In radial dimension, the single anthers tend to join and even to fuse postgenitally with the stylar head in the more advanced groups. Five separate pollination units are thus formed, each containing a separate stigmatic zone, adhesive zone, and pollen mass. The sterile basal tails of thecae serve to force the insect's proboscis to pass one of the units, where eventually adherent cross pollen is scraped off by sharp edges (pollen scrapers) of the stylar head and conducted to the stigma beneath. The pollination process has been directly observed in Vinca minor . Bees first insert their mouthparts smoothly to extract nectar from the base of the corolla tube. Only during withdrawal is the tongue directed centripetally; thereby it passes first the pollen scraper and stigma, then the glue zone (here becoming sticky), and finally the pollen depository. The five functional units of the Asclepiadaceous gynostegium, in which the stylar adhesive is replaced by the secreted translators, show a principal relationship to the mechanism of the advanced Apocynaceae . The Periplocoideae exhibit a transitional position.

A total synthesis of (±)-allamcin(1), which also constitutes formal syntheses of plumericin(2) and allamandin(3) found in Allamanda neriifolia , is described.

Two new iridoid glycosides, plumieride coumarate and plumieride coumarate glucoside, have been isolated from Allamanda cathartica and detected in other Allamanda and Plumeria spp.

9α-Hydroxypinoresinol and 9α-hydroxymedioresinol were isolated along with seven known lignans, pinoresinol, medioresinol, syringaresinol, and their glucosides, from Allamanda neriifolia.