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When it was first introduced, the concept of sustainability in the forestry sector had a narrow focus on sustainable wood production. Since then, this concept has evolved and it now considers now the three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social) of the whole forest wood supply chain. The main objective of this study is then to review assessment and optimization studies that consider the forest wood supply chain and at least one of the sustainability dimensions. To accomplish this goal, a total number of 188 papers, published in English-speaking peer-reviewed journals from 1995 to 2017, were reviewed. These papers have been classified according to the sustainability dimensions explored, the stakeholder’s involvement, the modeling approaches applied, the supply chain decision levels treated, the uncertainty inclusion, and case study analyzed. Most of the studies reviewed (84.6%) considered only two sustainability dimensions: economic (31.9%), environmental (13.8%), or a combination of both (38.8%). The first study including the three sustainability dimensions was published in 2005. Most of the studies reviewed (64.9%) focus on the bioenergy industry in Europe and North America, due to the growing interest in using biomass to substitute fossil fuels in energy production. The final part of the paper presents the identified specific features of sustainable forest wood supply chains and discusses a future research agenda in the area.

Rendered fats can be sustainable alternatives to fish oil due to their lower price and wider availability. This study evaluates the effects of replacing fish oil by increasing levels of poultry fat (PF) on the nutrient utilization, growth performance, tissue composition and lipid metabolism of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Homogeneous groups of 20 fish (19.1 ± 2.6 g) were subjected to a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod regime and kept in a recirculating saltwater system (salinity 35‰, 21 ± 1 °C) for 16 weeks. Triplicate groups of fish were fed a commercial-based diet as control (FO) and four isonitrogenous experimental diets, with 25 (25PF), 50 (50PF), 75 (75PF) and 100% (100PF) fish oil replacement. Soy lecithin was also tested in the diet with 100% PF (100PFL) as an emulsifier agent. The inclusion of PF did not affect nutrient's digestibility nor plasma metabolites at 24 h post-feeding. Final body weight (62–67 g), feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and whole-body composition were similar among experimental diets. Selected lipogenic enzymes' activities were similar among FO and PF diets. The fatty acids profile of muscle, liver and heart reflected the dietary lipid source, decreasing PUFA and increasing MUFA contents with PF inclusion. Fish fed 25PF and 50PF were still able to provide the EPA and DHA muscle levels recommended for human consumption, but 100PF resulted in increased liver lipid accumulation and reduced muscle omega-3 levels. Including soy lecithin could significantly attenuate liver lipid content in fish fed PF-based diets.

Highlights • An ecological extension of the current SEEA EEA is proposed. • Broad typologies setting how ecosystem deliver services are identified. • Concepts of ES potential, ES potential flows, ES demand, ES actual flows are defined. • Capacity accounts are built based on measurement of ES overuse. • Examples of water purification, outdoor recreation and crop pollination are shown in EU., Ecosystem services (ES) accounts are essential to quantify and monitor the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being. The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting – Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) is the first attempt to provide a set of standards to compile ecosystem accounts. We argue for the inclusion of an ecological perspective in the SEEA EEA that considers ecosystems to be more than input providers to the economy. Ecosystems can act as accounting units capable of producing, consuming and recording changes in regeneration and absorption rates. To account for that we propose (i) to identify ES typologies according to the way in which energy, biomass and information is released to generate services; (ii) to use these typologies to define the concepts of ES potential, ES potential flows, ES demand and ES actual flows; and (iii) to build the ES capacity accounts in monetary terms based on these concepts. These arguments are illustrated with case studies for water purification and crop pollination accounts in European countries. Extending the production boundary would allow the measurement of the sustainable use of ES and the establishment of causality between the use of ES and the value accrued by the economic actors and households.

Participatory research with children and adolescents may increase their responsiveness toward interventions. This study focuses on the development of a program to promote social and emotional skills in middle school students, using educational dance. The main goal was to assess students’ social and emotional needs and their interests in education through art activities, duly supported by the opinions of experts. Initially, focus groups were conducted and a questionnaire given out to students (N = 22), in addition to interviews with school representatives (N = 2). Next, students (N = 6) participated in a workshop and responded to a questionnaire. Experts (N = 3) then evaluated the program. Results revealed (a) students’ social and emotional needs; (b) that music and dance matched students’ interests; (c) students’ high interest and satisfaction with the program; and (d) that the experts’ assessment served to validate the program. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

The ability of microalgae to grow in nutrient-rich environments and to accumulate nutrients from wastewaters (WW) makes them attractive for the sustainable and low-cost treatment of WW. The valuable biomass produced can be further used for the generation of bioenergy, animal feed, fertilizers, and biopolymers, among others. In this study, Scenedesmus obliquus was able to remove nutrients from different wastewaters (poultry, swine and cattle breeding, brewery and dairy industries, and urban) with removal ranges of 95-100% for nitrogen, 63-99% for phosphorus and 48-70% for chemical oxygen demand. The biomass productivity using wastewaters was higher (except for poultry) than in synthetic medium (Bristol), the highest value being obtained in brewery wastewater (1025 mg/(L.day) of freeze-dried biomass). The produced biomass contained 31-53% of proteins, 12-36% of sugars and 8-23% of lipids, regardless of the type of wastewater. The potential of the produced Scenedesmus obliquus biomass for the generation of BioH(2) through batch dark fermentation processes with Enterobacter aerogenes was evaluated. The obtained yields ranged, in mL H-2/g Volatile Solids (VS), from 50.1 for biomass from anaerobically digested cattle WW to 390 for swine WW, whereas the yield with biomass cultivated in Bristol medium was 57.6 mL H-2/gvs. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Conserving and managing global natural capital requires an understanding of the complexity of flows ofecosystem services across geographic boundaries. Failing to understand and to incorporate these flowsinto national and international ecosystem assessments leads to incomplete and potentially skewed conclusions,impairing society’s ability to identify sustainable management and policy choices. In this paper,we synthesise existing knowledge and develop a conceptual framework for analysing interregionalecosystem service flows. We synthesise the types of such flows, the characteristics of sending and receivingsocio-ecological systems, and the impacts of ecosystem service flows on interregional sustainability.Using four cases (trade of certified coffee, migration of northern pintails, flood protection in the Danubewatershed, and information on giant pandas), we test the conceptual framework and show how anenhanced understanding of interregional telecouplings in socio-ecological systems can inform ecosystemservice-based decision making and governance with respect to sustainability goals.&nbsp

Microalgae can be used for wastewater bioremediation with simultaneous CO 2 biofixation producing valuable biomass. Wastewater from a brewery was treated using the Scenedesmus obliquus microalga in bubble-column photobioreactors (PBRs). The PBRs were fed with ambient air and the effect of a 10% (v/v) brewery CO 2 supplement was studied. The PBRs were inoculated and a range of mean hydraulic residence time (HRT) values were tested (2.1–10.4 days). The maximum ash-free dry weight (AFDW) biomass productivity was obtained for a HRT of 3.5 days (0.29 d −1 dilution rate; 0.2 g L −1 d −1 (in terms of AFDW). The highest pollutant removal efficiencies were 92.9 and 88.5% for ammonia and total nitrogen, respectively, 40.8% for phosphorus, and 61.9% for COD. Except a dilution rate of 0.48 d −1 trial, the treated wastewater always met the Portuguese legislation quality standard for discharge into natural water bodies. Aiming to simultaneously maximize biomass volumetric productivity, CO 2 biofixation rate and wastewater treatment efficiency, while minimizing residence time, 0.29 d −1 represents the optimal dilution rate value. The potential of the produced Scenedesmus obliquus biomass was evaluated for the generation of biohydrogen through dark fermentation with Enterobacter aerogenes , and of bio-oil, bio-char and bio-gas through a pyrolysis process. The yields obtained were 67.1 mL H 2 g −1 (in terms of volatile solids - VS) for bioH 2 and 64, 30 and 6% for bio-oil, bio-char and bio-gas, respectively (dry mass content (%) calculated over freeze dryer biomass basis).

The present study sets out to assess the efficacy of a socio-emotional learning after-school program, Experiencing Emotions, on the socio-emotional skills of middle school pupils, as well as on their well-being and school engagement. The program provides educational dance within the curriculum. The sample included 83 middle school pupils from three portuguese state schools, aged between 9 and 13 years, 45 of the pupils participated in the program and 38 of the pupils participated in individual after-school control activities. Self-report questionnaires were filled in by the pupils and questionnaires were completed by the teachers at the beginning and the end of the program. Results revealed a significant increase in the socio-emotional skills of the pupils who participated in the program in the domains of self-management and relationship skills, comparing with the pupils who participated in the control condition. No significant differences were found between the intervention and the control groups in emotional, psychological and social well-being, or in the behavioral dimension of school engagement. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The integration of the outbound and the inbound logistics of a company leads to a large transportation network, allowing to detect backhauling opportunities to increase the efficiency of the transportation. In collaborative networks, backhauling is used to find profitable services in the return trip to the depot and to reduce empty running of vehicles. This work investigates the vertical collaboration between a shipper and a carrier for the planning of integrated inbound and outbound transportation. Based on the hierarchical nature of the relation between the shipper and the carrier and their different goals, the problem is formulated as a bilevel Vehicle Routing Problem with Selective Backhauls (VRPSB). At the upper level, the shipper decides the minimum cost delivery routes and the set of incentives offered to the carrier to perform integrated routes. At the lower level, the carrier decides which incentives are accepted and on which routes the backhaul customers are visited. We devise a mathematical programming formulation for the bilevel VRPSB, where the routing and the pricing problems are optimized simultaneously, and propose an equivalent reformulation to reduce the problem to a single-level VRPSB. The impact of collaboration is evaluated against non-collaborative approaches and two different side payment schemes. The results suggest that our bilevel approach leads to solutions with higher synergy values than the approaches with side payments.

Sea urchin gonads are receiving increasing attention for their exclusive sensorial attributes. However, the sensory profile of this highly demanded gourmet product has not yet been well described, and it may potentially help enhancing the gonads’ marketability and acceptability. The main goal of this study was to build a sensory profile of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads, to evaluate differences between sex, harvest location, as well as the impact of presentation on consumer acceptance. Sixty untrained panellists (regular consumers of seafood) were asked to evaluate eight samples of raw sea urchin gonads, divided by sex, harvest location and presentation (in a clear translucent glass bowl or inside a sea urchin test). The panellists evaluated overall liking and acceptance (Food Action Scale), followed by a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) ballot with a list of 38 sensory attributes divided into four dimensions: appearance (9), odour (8), texture (7) and taste (14), launched in Sense Gest. From a three-way ANOVA, no significant effect of sex, harvest location and presentation were identified for both liking and acceptance. However, a significant interaction between presentation and sex was identified: females with gourmet presentation were rated higher than females presented in a bowl; and males presented in a bowl were favoured in relation to gourmet presentation. Sensory profiling clearly separates gonads according to sex, with females being more appealing than males that presented a milky white fluid. Gonads were also separated according to the presentation method: the white background of the bowl seemed to highlight the orange colour of females; the gourmet presentation favoured the females in relation to the males, mainly because the male gonad colour and white-colour exudate were emphasized by the background of the sea urchin test. Moreover, the gourmet presentation in both sexes was correlated with a fresh, tropical and pleasant odour. This study concluded that sea urchin with an orange gonad and a sweet, fresh and tropical flavour is preferable, which will allow future nutritional research efforts to be focused on the enhancement of these gonad attributes.

This study analyzed how student characteristics influenced the effects of a Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) program implemented in the first grade. A total of 14 teachers and 228 children participated in the study: 144 children participated in the SEL intervention program (including 65 pre-school children, group II), and 84 children composed the control group. The pre- and post-test assessments involved hetero- (teacher) and self-reporting (child) scales. The SEL intervention produced significant gains in the children's relationships with their peers, academic behavior, social skills, emotional knowledge, school learning skills, and school, behavioral, and social adjustment, independent of their previous skill level or gender. The SEL intervention was effective at improving the interpersonal strength of children with previously low skill levels, the intrapersonal and total strength of children of parents with a secondary level of education (groups I and II), and preventing the disruption of school functioning in children with parents with a higher education level (group II).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate: 1) the in vitro bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of four selected marine hydrolysates, from anchovy or giant squid, against several fish pathogens, and 2) if the inclusion of 3% of those hydrolysates in a plant-protein-based diet could result in similar growth, feed efficiency, humoral immune status and haematological parameters of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), compared to a fish meal-based diet, during an in vivo trial. Four marine hydrolysates from anchovy (ANC) or giant squid (GS) were obtained by hydrolysis using either a single protease (P1, endopeptidase activity; or P2, endo - and exopeptidase activities) or a mixture of P1 and P2 (MIX). Bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of each hydrolysates were evaluated in vitro against several fish pathogens. Afterwards, four experimental diets with ANC (ANC-P1 and ANC-P2) or GS (GS-MIX and GS-P2) hydrolysates, a positive control (PC) diet with a higher content of a fishmeal (25%), and a negative control (NC) diet, where 50% of fishmeal of PC diet was replaced by plant sources, were formulated for an in vivo trial. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile European seabass (7.0 ± 2.0 g) distributed into tanks of 250 L each, at a density of 3.7 kg m−3, for 60 days. At the end of the in vivo trial, growth performance, nutrient utilization, whole body composition and humoral immune status of fish were evaluated. The in vitro trial showed that all marine hydrolysates conferred resistance against fish pathogens, as they had bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities against a great number of bacteria belonging to the Vibrionaceae family. However, GS hydrolysed by a single peptidase (P2) resulted in a lower bactericidal activity (P .050) growth compared to fish fed PC diet, whereas fish fed GS-P2 had lower (P ≤ .001) final body weight and specific growth rate than fish fed PC. However, the experimental diets barely affected innate immunity. These results showed that the 3% inclusion of ANC and GS hydrolysates, mainly ANC hydrolysed by a single protease with both endo - and exopeptidase activities (P2) or GS hydrolysed by a protease mix (MIX), in plant-protein-based diets for juvenile European seabass could be good options to hamper the negative effects caused by plant ingredients.

The impact of the management of packaging waste on the environment, economic growth and job creation is analyzed in this paper. This integrated assessment intends to cover a gap in the literature for this type of studies, using the specific case study of the Portuguese packaging waste management system (SIGRE). The net environmental benefits associated with the management of packaging waste, are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that, for the categories studied, the impacts associated to SIGRE's various activities are surpassed by the benefits associated to material and energy recovery, with special focus on recycling. For example, in 2011 SIGRE avoided the emission of 116 kt CO2 equiv. – the equivalent carbon emission of the electricity consumption of 124.000 households in Portugal. The economic impact of SIGRE is evaluated through Input–Output Analysis. It was found that SIGRE's activities also have a significant economic impact. For example, their added value are ranked amongst the upper third of the economic activities with highest multiplier effect at national level: this means that for each Euro of value added generated within SIGRE, 1.25 additional € are added to the rest of the economy (multiplier effect of 2.25). Regarding the social impacts of SIGRE, the number of direct jobs associated with the system is estimated to be more than two thousand and three hundred workers. Out of these, 83% are connected to the management of municipal waste packaging (selective collection and sorting), 15% are connected to the management of non-municipal packaging waste and only 2% are connected to the Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, green dot society in English) – the management entity responsible for SIGRE. In general terms, the results obtained provide quantitative support to the EEA (2011) suggestion that moving up the waste hierarchy – from landfilling to recycling – creates jobs and boosts the economy.

In this paper we study how international trade allows the geographical separation between the place where carbon emissions occur and the place where income from those emissions is derived. We do so by studying the carbon emissions enabled by the primary inputs of products downstream along the production chain. We find that 18% of global carbon emissions are enabled abroad and that Developed Economies, Fossil Fuel Exporters and Asia account for 80% of the downstream emissions enabled by international trade. Both Developed Economies and Fossil Fuel Exporters exhibit a positive trade balance of enabled emissions while for Asia the opposite is true. Developed Economies and Fossil Fuel Exporters enable emissions mainly through the export of manufactured products (690 Mt) and fossil fuels (684 Mt), respectively, while Asia exhibits an outflow of enabled emissions through the import of fossil fuels (209 Mt). The measurement of enabled emissions allows the understanding of how a region's income is derived from carbon emissions occurring abroad.

A strong mitigation effort is underway to reduce the levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. An allocation of the mitigation effort among multiple agents requires understanding which agent is responsible for what emissions, according to a defined measure of carbon responsibility. The metric adopted by current international climate policy is production-based (or territorial) responsibility. However, other types of responsibility have been discussed in the literature, namely consumption-based (or upstream) responsibility and downstream responsibility. In this paper we study the latter, which is little explored in the literature. We clarify the term through a novel nomenclature, income-based responsibility and present a case-study, with the quantification of income-based responsibility for 112 world regions, and the comparison of the results with production and consumption-based responsibilities.

In this work, we present 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the homotetramer of the ABAD enzyme, as well as of the structural units, dimer and monomer, that assemble to form the tetramer, in the presence and absence of a NAD-inhibitor adduct. The aim was to compare the stability of the different structures and to study the effects of the inhibitor binding on the flexibility of the enzyme structure. The results indicate that the tetramer, dimer and monomer show a comparable stability and that tetramerization stabilizes some regions of the protein that when exposed to the solvent in dimer and monomer become more flexible. Binding of the cofactor and inhibitor stabilizes the protein, the main effect being a stabilization of the substrate binding loop. In the absence of the ligand, this region was found to have a much higher flexibility and to adopt an open conformation. An interesting result emerging from this work is the conformational flexibility exhibited by the azepane and benzene rings of the inhibitor moiety of the adduct, which appears to be influenced by the mobility of the substrate binding loop. This highlights the importance of integrate the flexibility of the substrate binding loop into de novo design of inhibitors of ABAD.

A fixed-bed reactor (FBR) and an airlift reactor (AR) were compared as to their effectiveness for the bioremoval of cadmium from dilute aqueous solutions (1 mM in Cd(II)), using, as biosorbent, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae collected from the waste of a brewing industry and immobilised by entrapment in polyurethane foam. A liquid recirculation flow rate of 0.027 dm3.dm−3.min−1, in the FBR, and an injection of air at a flow rate of 0.1 v.v.m., in the AR, both to promote turbulent flow around the biosorbent, were required to maximize Cd(II) removal yields. A pH increase associated with a release of intracellular compounds to the aqueous solution were apparently involved in this effect. The Cd(II) bioremoval capacity attained values of 7.06 mmol Cd.gbiomass−1 and 1.29 mmol Cd.dm−3reactor, in the AR and 1.90 mmol Cd.gbiomass−1 and 6.08 mmol Cd.dm−3reactor in the recirculated FBR.

In cyanobacterial membranes photosynthetic light reaction and respiration are intertwined. It was shown that the single hydrogenase of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is connected to the light reaction. We conducted measurements of hydrogenase activity, fermentative hydrogen evolution and photohydrogen production of deletion mutants of respiratory electron transport complexes. All single, double and triple mutants of the three terminal respiratory oxidases and the ndhB-mutant without a functional complex I were studied. After activating the hydrogenase by applying anaerobic conditions in the dark hydrogen production was measured at the onset of light. Under these conditions respiratory capacity and amount of photohydrogen produced were found to be inversely correlated. Especially the absence of the quinol oxidase induced an increased hydrogenase activity and an increased production of hydrogen in the light compared to wild type cells. Our results support that the hydrogenase as well as the quinol oxidase function as electron valves under low oxygen concentrations. When the activities of photosystem II and I (PSII and PSI) are not in equilibrium or in case that the light reaction is working at a higher pace than the dark reaction, the hydrogenase is necessary to prevent an acceptor side limitation of PSI, and the quinol oxidase to prevent an overreduction of the plastoquinone pool (acceptor side of PSII). Besides oxygen, nitrate assimilation was found to be an important electron sink. Inhibition of nitrate reductase resulted in an increased fermentative hydrogen production as well as higher amounts of photohydrogen.

In this work two distinct (flocculent and non-flocculent) yeast wastes from Portuguese breweries were used for the selective removal of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. One of the goals was to establish both the pH profiles for the removal of each metal ion (1.0 mM) and the effect on the biomass biosorption capacity of pH adjustment during the process. The effect of the presence of multiple metal ions, in the 0.1-1.0 mM range, on metal removal efficiency was also studied. The results showed that, in the absence of pH adjustment, the optimum initial pH for the removal of three cations was in the 4.5-5.5 range for both types of biomass. However, a gradual pH increase was observed during the removal process, up to a final equilibrium value of 7.0-8.0. Regarding the biomass efficiency for metal removal in multi-cation systems, it was verified that only Cu2+ was significantly affected by the presence of the other metals in solution and only when the non-flocculent yeast biomass was used as biosorbent. Cd2+ was only slightly affected by the presence of both Cu2+ and Pb2+, and Pb2+ removal was not affected by the presence of any or both of the interferent metals for the two biosorbents used in this work. The highest and lowest metal removal yields were obtained for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Praxis XXI 2/2.1/Bio/3 7/94.