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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful deep learning models to generate node embeddings on graphs. When applying deep GNNs on large graphs, it is still challenging to perform training in an efficient and scalable way. We propose a novel parallel training framework. Through sampling small subgraphs as minibatches, we reduce training workload by orders of magnitude compared with state-of-the-art minibatch methods. We then parallelize the key computation steps on tightly-coupled shared memory systems. For graph sampling, we exploit parallelism within and across sampler instances, and propose an efficient data structure supporting concurrent accesses from samplers. The parallel sampler theoretically achieves near-linear speedup with respect to number of processing units. For feature propagation within subgraphs, we improve cache utilization and reduce DRAM traffic by data partitioning. Our partitioning is a 2-approximation strategy for minimizing the communication cost compared to the optimal. We further develop a runtime scheduler to reorder the training operations and adjust the minibatch subgraphs to improve parallel performance. Finally, we generalize the above parallelization strategies to support multiple types of GNN models and graph samplers. The proposed training outperforms the state-of-the-art in scalability, efficiency and accuracy simultaneously. On a 40-core Xeon platform, we achieve 60x speedup (with AVX) in the sampling step and 20x speedup in the feature propagation step, compared to the serial implementation. Our algorithm enables fast training of deeper GNNs, as demonstrated by orders of magnitude speedup compared to the Tensorflow implementation. We open-source our code at https://github.com/GraphSAINT/GraphSAINT., 43 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1810.11899

The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) harbors a well-orchestrated Clp (caseinolytic protease) proteolytic machinery consisting of two oligomeric segments, a barrel-shaped heterotetradecameric protease core comprising the ClpP1 and ClpP2 subunits, and hexameric ring-like ATP-dependent unfoldases composed of ClpX or ClpC1. The roles of the ClpP1P2 protease subunits are well-established in Mtb, but the potential roles of the associated unfoldases, such as ClpC1, remain elusive. Using a CRISPR interference–mediated gene silencing approach, here we demonstrate that clpC1 is indispensable for the extracellular growth of Mtb and for its survival in macrophages. The results from isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation–based quantitative proteomic experiments with clpC1- and clpP2-depleted Mtb cells suggested that the ClpC1P1P2 complex critically maintains the homeostasis of various growth-essential proteins in Mtb, several of which contain intrinsically disordered regions at their termini. We show that the Clp machinery regulates dosage-sensitive proteins such as the small heat shock protein Hsp20, which exists in a dodecameric conformation. Further, we observed that Hsp20 is poorly expressed in WT Mtb and that its expression is greatly induced upon depletion of clpC1 or clpP2. Remarkably, high Hsp20 protein levels were detected in the clpC1(−) or clpP2(−) knockdown strains but not in the parental bacteria, despite significant induction of hsp20 transcripts. In summary, the cellular levels of oligomeric proteins such as Hsp20 are maintained post-translationally through their recognition, disassembly, and degradation by ClpC1, which requires disordered ends in its protein substrates.

Objective: 17-α-Hydroxylase deficiency (17-OHD) is a very rare disorder of adrenal and gonadal steroidogeneis. The patient usually presents as a phenotypic female with hypertension, hypokalemia, and delayed puberty due to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Karyotype may be 46,XX or 46,XY. Timely diagnosis leads to effective management of the patient and appropriate screening of family members.Methods: Case report and review of the literature.Results: A 24-year-old woman presented with primary amenorrhea and poor development of secondary sexual characters along with persistent hypokalemia and hypertension of several years duration. Examination did not show any stigma of Turner syndrome, features of any pituitary hormone deficiency, or hypothyroidism. Further evaluation revealed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with persistent hypokalemia and refractory hypertension. The karyotype was 46,XX. Possible diagnosis of 17-OHD was considered, which was supported by low serum cortisol, high adrenocorticotropic hormone, and very high serum progesterone level and suppressed plasma renin activity. The patient had a younger sister (11 years old) whom we called for evaluation. She was found to have diffuse skin and mucosal hyperpigmentation along with hypertension. Analysis of the CYP17A1 gene of these two patients revealed a homozygous mutation, p.R362C (c.1084C>T), which has been shown to completely abolish the activity of both 17-α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase.Conclusion: The p.R362C (c.1084C>T) mutation led to 17-OHD in two sisters. One sister was diagnosed as a result of family screening. This is the first report of this mutation in India.Abbreviations: 17-OHD 17-α-hydroxylase deficiency; ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone; CYP17A1 cytochrome P450 17-α-1; PRA plasma renin activity

On April 18, 2019, the Indian Central Board of Direct Taxes released a public consultation document on amending India’s rules for profit attribution to permanent establishments. This remarkable document is the first time a national government has proposed what in essence amounts to an abandonment of the arm’s length standard (ALS), the governing standard in transfer pricing for over 80 years, in favor of a formulary system. Given that the OECD has also raised the option of using formulas to allocate profits to market jurisdictions, India’s unilateral move may signal the proverbial break in the ALS dam, with the potential of leading to an abandonment of the ALS in favor of a unitary tax system.

Online Social Networks (OSNs), which are among the most popular sites on the Web today, are experiencing an exponential rise in the number and activity of users in recent years, leading to problems of scalability and increasing spam. Most OSNs currently impose restrictions on the number of social links that a user can have, in order to reduce strain on the OSN infrastructure and to prevent spammers from linking to large number of users indiscriminately. However, such restrictions are increasingly being criticized for being too prohibitive for socially active and popular users. Hence there is a growing need for the OSN authorities to design restrictions that fulfill their objectives while minimizing user-dissatisfaction; this is evident from the innovative 'soft' cut-off imposed in Twitter instead of the traditional 'hard' cut-offs in other OSNs. In this scenario, the goal of the current work is to develop an analytical framework, taking the restriction in Twitter as a case-study, to aid the design of restrictions which balance the two conflicting objectives of controlling system-load and minimizing user-dissatisfaction. We consequently define a simple utility function for restrictions considering the two objectives, and find that Twitter's policy well balances both. However, we find that the imposed restriction has limited effectiveness in controlling the linking activity of spammers. From a Complex Network Theoretical perspective, this is the first analysis of 'soft' cut-offs in any sort of network, to the best of our knowledge.

The behavior of binary mixed Langmuir monolayers from the mixture of non-amphiphilic bathophenanthroline (BPH) and behenic acid (BA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spread on aqueous subphase was investigated on the basis of the analysis of surface pressure–average area per molecule (π–A) isotherms complemented with UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the miscibility of the components in the two investigated mixed systems (BPH/BA and BPH/PMMA) was also tested by using additivity and surface phase rules. The plots of area per molecule versus mole fraction suggest that BPH and BA are immiscible, whereas BPH and PMMA mixtures show non-ideal behavior at low surface pressures and complete miscibility or immiscibility at higher surface pressures. Spectroscopic study reveals that J-type of aggregates is formed in the mixed films. Scanning electron microscopic study supports the presence of aggregates.

There are conflicting opinions on whether postural tachycardia syndrome predisposes to syncope. We investigated this relationship by comparing the frequency of syncope in postural tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic hypotension.We queried our autonomic laboratory database of 3700 patients. Orthostatic hypotension and postural tachycardia syndrome were defined in standard fashion, except that postural tachycardia syndrome required the presence of orthostatic symptoms and a further increase in heart rate beyond 10 minutes. Syncope was defined as an abrupt decrease in blood pressure and often, heart rate, requiring termination of the tilt study. Statistical analysis utilized Fisher's exact test and Student's t test, as appropriate.Of 810 patients referred for postural tachycardia syndrome, 185 met criteria while another 328 patients had orthostatic hypotension. Of the postural tachycardia syndrome patients, 38% had syncope on head-up tilt, compared with only 22% of those with orthostatic hypotension (P.0001). In the postural tachycardia group, syncope on head-up tilt was associated with a clinical history of syncope in 90%, whereas absence of syncope on head-up tilt was associated with a clinical history of syncope in 30% (P.0001). In contrast, syncope on head-up tilt did not bear any relationship to clinical history of syncope in the orthostatic hypotension group (41% vs 36%; P=.49).Our results demonstrate that syncope (both tilt table and clinical) occurs far more commonly in patients who have postural tachycardia syndrome than in patients with orthostatic hypotension. These findings suggest that one should be clinically aware of the high risk of syncope in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome, and the low-pressure baroreceptor system that is implicated in postural tachycardia syndrome might confer more sensitivity to syncope than the high pressure system implicated in orthostatic hypotension.

Many real-world systems are modeled as evolving bipartite networks and their one-mode projections. In particular, Discrete Combinatorial Systems (DCSs), which consist of a finite set of elementary units and different combinations of these units, can be modeled by a subclass of bipartite networks known as Alphabetic Bipartite Networks or alpha-BiNs, where the bottom partite-set contains a fixed number of nodes (the elementary units) and the top partite-set grows unboundedly with time through the addition of nodes (the combinations). The principal questions in the study of alpha-BIN evolution are to predict the degree distribution of the bottom set and that of the projection onto the bottom set (the bottom projection), from a knowledge of the bipartite growth dynamics. In this paper, we propose a realistic growth model for alpha-BiNs, where the degree distribution of the top set (i.e., the distribution of the number of elementary units in the composite entities in the DCS) can be any arbitrary distribution with finite first and second moments. Utilizing an exact correspondence between the preferential growth of alpha-BiNs and the Polya Urn scheme, we analytically solve the model to compute exact degree distributions of the bottom (fixed) set and the bottom projection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work which proposes and solves such a generalized growth model for alpha-BiNs. We also derive that the degree distributions of both the bottom set and the bottom projection, suitably normalized with time, converge to distributions that are invariant over time. We also verify that this improved model can accurately explain the degree distributions of several real-world DCSs and their projections. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purpose of the article is to study in detail the idea behind the International Trade Organization, and to see why the Havana Charter never actually took off. The author has tried to address the following issues in the article: 1) Whether the basic principles of the Charter are really sound and wise? 2) Are these principles fundamentally ill-suited to the conditions and problems of the modern world? 3) Are the short-run escape clauses of the Charter its biggest problem? 4) Whether the cooperation required between ITO and IMF justified in the Charter? 5) Does the Charter have any positives?

The purpose of this paper is to study the existing democratic system of forming the government in India, and to analyze the legal and ethical justifications for the system. For this, I went through some relevant important events of Indian politics.Among the Legal Justifications, the first issue covered is Role of the President. I have analyzed what the Law says, and what actually happens. The second issue covered is Coalition Politics. I have tried to study the viability of coalition governments in the current unstable political scenario.Among the Ethical Justifications, the first issue covered is Criminalization. I have studied the effectiveness of certain relevant provisions of the Representation of Peoples Act. The second issue covered is Communal Politics. I have tried to analyze how parties use this as an effective weapon of winning seats in elections. The third issue covered is Defection and Horse Trading. I have analyzed that how parties go to the extent of buying and selling of legislators, and the laws present to check this.Finally, I concluded with suggesting a few changes in the existing legal and political system to check the practices that are unjustified both legally and ethically, but nevertheless they exist.

The purpose of this paper is to study in detail the copyright issues relating to customized software, and to analyze the different laws relating to this area. The various copyright laws allover the world provide that the copyright in a work is initially owned by the author of the work. This is a simple enough statement of law, but it frequently presents significant problems when individuals and companies assume that they understand who the 'author' is and under what circumstances commissioning a work results in copyright ownership vesting in someone other than the author. This problem particularly manifests itself in the world of customized software creations. This essay tries to find answers to some very pertinent questions in this area. Firstly, it analyzes the viability of excluding customized software from the ‘work for hire’ doctrine. The software industry is unique, and deserves unique treatment under the doctrine. Computer software differs notably from other copyrightable subject matter. Much of the value of software comes from its utilitarian rather than its aesthetic aspects. Secondly, it inquires into the practicability of the commissioning parties being recognized as ‘joint authors.’ Joint authorship should not be predicated on the contribution of an 'abstract' idea acted upon by another. Conversely, an idea that has been developed in sufficient detail in effect dictates the ultimate expression, making the idea giver the sole author. Between these two rare extremes, the significance of the commissioner’s contribution of ideas depends on the quantity and quality of those ideas as embodied in his instructions to the contractor. Thirdly, it studies whether the source code should be mandatorily provided to the customer under the End User License Agreement. As per the current practice, usually, the software developers, as part of the End User License Agreement, provide only the object code to the customer, and not the source code. Source code control is especially important for customized software programs. Analyzing all these issues in great detail, the author comes to the conclusion that the copyright laws relating to customized software are heavily loaded in favour of the software developer, and need significant changes.

The aim of the paper is to study the relationship between law and social change, as a determinant of social transformation. In the process, the author has analyzed the views of various jurists in this regard, from different schools. The author has also devoted one full chapter to the scenario in India, and in that, he has gone through the effects of the British rule in India. He has also analyzed the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution, and also the landmark judicial decisions in this regard. He has tried to examine that whether law necessarily leads, or it follows social change. He has also tried to examine that whether stability is one of the basic requirements of law.

The article studies the concept of ‘Underwriting’ in the Indian Capital market. Starting with the meaning of ‘underwriting,’ it briefly refers to their working in US and UK. The history of underwriting, that dates back to the seventeenth century, has also been referred to. Then an elaborate study of various provisions of SEBI (Underwriters) Regulations, 1993 has been done. Subsequently, some important issues relating to the working of underwriters in India have been discussed, and changes in the law have been suggested.