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This work aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of the performance of combined cycle power plant (CCPP) based on several proposed inlet air cooling systems. Investigators strive to meet the significant need to promote and develop inlet air cooling technologies to recover heat from the wasted energy in the exhaust gasses of the CCPP and diminish the environmental impacts. Various types of cooling systems mainly offer a boost for electric power generation during the peak load hours. The output power of the CCPP directly depends on the mass flow rate of air that flows through the air compressor. Therefore, during extremely hot weather conditions, subsequently, the air density drops, and this leads to a drastic decrease in the power output. This paper reviews available studies investigated the impacts of inlet air cooling systems on the performance of the CCPP. The fogging cooling system contributed by up to 17% in improving the total performance of the CCPP; however, with the use of the evaporative cooling, the performance was enhanced by only 4%. The energy consumption of mechanical chiller compared to that of evaporative cooling is high due to the effectiveness of the evaporative cooler which depends on the humidity of inlet airflow. Further, the mechanical cooling system can provide the CCPP with a cooling effect for around 7-hour on-peak periods. This method increases the gain of the CCPP performance by 13.6%. Ultimately, the CCPP equipped with an absorption chiller demonstrates the best solution to increase the performance by up to 23%.

In this study, the engine performance and emissions of gasoline were examined by applying a response surface methodology (RSM) optimisation approach. Fusel oil–gasoline blends were used to operate an engine at various speeds and loads. The optimal fusel oil–gasoline blend mix ratio was determined to minimise fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions and to maximise the brake power (BP). The results demonstrate that the engine load and speed have a significant effect on performance and emissions. In addition, the blended fuels (F10 and F20) were shown to reduce NOx emissions. Furthermore, insignificant effects on engine performance were observed for fusel oil compared with pure gasoline. The design of experiments (DoE) method, which is a statistical technique, indicated that F20 was the optimum blend ratio among the three studied fuels, based on the RSM. The optimal parameters were a load corresponding to 60% of the wide open throttle engine load and an engine speed of 4500 rpm for the F20 blend, resulting in a high desirability value of 0.852 for the test engine, with values of 67.6 kW, 235.17 g/kW.h, 0.118%vol, and 1931.4 ppm for the BP, brake-specific fuel consumption, CO emission, and NOx emission, respectively.

Cycle to cycle variation of a spark ignition engine is analyzed utilising wavelet analysis technique based on the spectral-temporal approach to stabilizing high cyclic variations. The selected examples of previously published cyclic IMEP measurements from a DISI engine a different percentage of fusel oil blended with gasoline (FAWE10, FAWE20, FBWE10 and FBWE20) under 4500 rpm engine speed and 60% WOT are studied. The results reveal that the increase in spectral power is observed with increasing fusel oil up to 20% with both blends (FBWE20 and FAWE20). The indicates a pronounced influence of fusel oil ratio on the engine CCV of IMEP. However, the maximum peak in GWS observed for FBWE20 fuel blend with more uniform overall spectral power for FAWE20 fuel blend which indicates a noticeable enhancement in cyclic variations behaviour after water extraction. As an outcome, the fusel oil water content has acted negatively to restrict the combustion as the fusel oil increased as well as the cyclic variations affected despite the high oxygen content and octane number of fusel oil.

The arriving optimum improvement of a thermodynamic system of energy conversion such as a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is complicated due to the existence of different factors. Energy and exergy analysis is utilized as effective methods to determine both the quantity and quality of the energy sources. This paper reviews the latest thermodynamics analysis on each system components of a CCPP independently and determine the exergy destruction of the plant. A few layouts of the CCPP plant from different locations considered as case studies. In fact, the most energy losses occurred in the condenser compared with the plant components. It found that in the combustion chamber (CC) the highest exergy destruction occurred. The ambient temperature causes an evident decrement in the power production by the gas turbine (GT). The result has proved that besides energy, exergy analysis is an efficient way to the assessment of the performance of the CCPP by recommending a more advantageous configuration of the CCPP plant, which would lead to reductions in fuel required and emissions of air pollutants.

In developing countries, the power production is properly less than the request of power or load, and sustaining a system stability of power production is a trouble quietly. Sometimes, there is a necessary development to the correct quantity of load demand to retain a system of power production steadily. Thus, Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) includes a Kaplan turbine was verified to explore its applicability. This paper concentrates on applying on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by approaching of Feed-Forward, Back-Propagation to make performance predictions of the hydropower plant at the Himreen lake dam-Diyala in terms of net turbine head, flow rate of water and power production that data gathered during a research over a 10 year period. The model studies the uncertainties of inputs and output operation and there's a designing to network structure and then trained by means of the entire of 3570 experimental and observed data. Furthermore, ANN offers an analyzing and diagnosing instrument effectively to model performance of the nonlinear plant. The study suggests that the ANN may predict the performance of the plant with a correlation coefficient (R) between the variables of predicted and observed output that would be higher than 0.96. Keywords: Himreen Lake Dam, Small Hydropower plants, Artificial Neural Networks, Feed forward-back propagation model, Generation system's prediction

This paper investigates the effect of perforation shape or geometry on the heat transfer of perforated fins. The type of heat exchanger used is heat sink with the perforated fins under the forced convection heat transfer to determine the performance for each perforation shape between circular, rectangular, triangular and also with the non-perforated fins. The experimental result compared between the perforation shape and the heat transfer coefficient to clarify the best perforation shape for the plate heat sink. The fluid and heat transfer properties of plate fins or normally heat sink were studied experimentally and numerically using CFD. The difference between experimental and numerical results was reported to be about 8% and 9% for temperature distributions when the power supplied are 150 W and 100 W respectively. The highest temperature different of the fin are with the circular perforation shape which is 51.29% when compared the temperature at the tip of the fins with the temperature at the heat collector followed by the rectangular perforation shape with 45.57% then followed by the triangular perforation shape by 42.28% then lastly the non-perforated fins by 35.82%. The perforations of the fines show a significant effect on the performance of forced convection heat transfer.

Power systems employ measures of reliability indices to indicate the effectiveness a power system to perform its basic function of supplying electrical energy to its consumers. The amount of energy required in a generating system to ensure an adequate supply of electricity is determined using analytical and simulation techniques. This study focuses on reviewing the generation reliability assessment methods of power systems using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and variance reduction techniques (VRTs). MCS is a very flexible method for reliability assessment of the power systems, by the sequential process it can imitate the random nature of the system components and can be broadly classified into two, sequential and non-sequential simulations. A brief introduction to MCS is provided. Unlike analytical methods, MCS can be used to quantitatively estimate the system reliability in even the most complex system generating capacity situations. The major drawback of the MCS is that it requires more computational time to reach for converging with estimated the values of reliability indices. This paper presents an effective methods for accelerating MCS in power system reliability assessment. VRT used is to manipulate the way each sample of an MCS is defined in order to both preserve the randomness of the method and decrease the variance of the estimation. In addition, the study presents detailed descriptions of generation reliability assessment methods, in order to provide computationally efficient and precise methodologies based on the pattern simulation technique. These methodologies offer significantly improved computational ability during evaluations of power generation reliability.

Energy storage technology plays a role in improving new energy consumption capacities, ensuring the stable and economic operation of power systems, and promoting the widespread application of renewable energy technologies. Several new developments, ideas, approaches, and technologies have been introduced into this area from fields including materials, knowledge manage, electricity, control, and artificial intelligence. Based on the technical characteristics of renewable energy, this study reviews the roles, classifications, design optimisation methods, and applications of energy storage systems in power systems. First, we introduce the different types of energy storage technologies and applications, e.g. for utility-based power generation, transportation, heating, and cooling. Second, we briefly introduce the states of an energy storage system, along with its operation processes and energy storage capacity. Third, a comprehensive review is conducted on artificial intelligence applications in regards to optimisation system configuration, and energy control strategy, along with the applicability of different energy storage technologies. Finally, several issues and insights are discussed, offering new inspiration and concepts for the future study of integrated energy storage systems.

The Objective : This paper presents a method to identify the optimal location and size of DGs based on the power stability index and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Materials and methods : First, a novel maximum power stability index (MPSI) is derived from the well-established theorem of maximum power transfer. The MPSI is utilized as an objective function to determine the optimal DG locations. Next, a PSO-based model with randomized load is developed to optimize DG sizing in view of the system’s real power losses. Results and Conclusion : Lastly, a IEEE 30-bus test system is employed in the simulation. The performance of proposed MPSI index are comparable with other voltage stability indices. The DG optimization model considering voltage stability and loss minimization provides better results compared to that obtained using only loss minimization approach.

Over the past several decades, digital information science has emerged to seek answers to the question: can any technique ensure tamper-resistance and protect the copyright of digital contents by storing, transmitting and processing information encoded in systems where digital content can easily be disseminated through communication channels? Today it is understood that the answer is yes. This paper reviews the theoretical analysis and performance investigation of representative watermarking systems in transform domains and geometric invariant regions. Digital watermarking is a technology of embedding watermark with intellectual property rights into images, videos, audios, and other multimedia data by a certain algorithm. The basic characteristics of digital watermark are imperceptibility, capacity, robustness and false positive of watermarking algorithm and security of the hiding place. Moreover, it is concluded that various attacks operators are used for the assessment of watermarking systems, which supplies an automated and fair analysis of substantial watermarking methods for chosen application areas.

Extended surfaces are commonly adopted as a thermal management technique for heat transfer augmentation owing to their ability to facilitate an increment in the available surface area, and hence, the total heat dissipation. This study aims at experimentally and numerically evaluating the performance of fins with and without perforated geometry under forced convection heat transfer. The effect of the circular perforations at different perforation number and size, airflow velocity, and different input powers on the thermal and hydraulic performance of those fins, at a constant perforation area of 24 cm2, has been examined. An excellent agreement has been observed between the experimental and numerical results. The findings of this investigation show that the thermal performance of the perforated fins is superior over the non-perforated ones with a reduction in fin temperature up to 8.5 °C. Further, increasing the size and number of perforations promotes the convective heat transfer process. On the other hand, the perforated fins offer an outstanding hydraulic performance compared to the solid ones since the flow friction factor and the required pumping power will be less, particularly with the increased number of perforations. Adopting the perforation technique has been discussed in detail, as well as significant experimental and numerical information has been reported in this article.

Recently, there has been a growing demand for flow-temperature sensors for industrial, automotive, domestic and medical applications. A quick response and low power consumption. Hot Wire Mass Airflow Sensors are used in automotive industry to measure the mass air flow intake into the internal combustion engine according to heat transfer principles. As the heat transfer process is sensitive both to the velocity and temperature of the air, any changes in temperature must be compensated for in order to achieve accurate mass flow measurements. In this paper, the development of a Fuzzy Temperature Compensation Scheme (FTCS) for Hot Wire Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor is presented. This FTCS used to compensate the measurement error occurred by using Sugeno type FIS for temperature of 60iC-100iC. In order to verify the performance of the proposed Hot Wire MAF Sensor temperature compensation scheme, first a simulation model is developed using Matlab/Simulink. Then, the algorithm for FTCS has been developed using Programming C Language and been implemented in hardware based real-time using Digital Signal Controllers, (dsPIC). The effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy compensation scheme is verified with the estimation error within only ±1% over full-scale value.

The paper focuses on developing a microcontroller-based automated system to replace the conventional PLC. The operation of the proposed system is similar to PLC with better performances in reducing time delay using fast switching transistors. The system was tested in controlling the electro pneumatic and electro hydraulic devices and resulting in the faster time response and stable duty cycle.

The rapid progress in education impacts the significant requirement to manage the educational globalization resources through the use of modern technology. In addition, an online system is the electronic interactive medium that delivers information to users via telephone lines to personal computers (PCs) or via cables to terminals. This paper presents on how to manage the registration of new student intake by using Online Registration New Student Intake System (ORNSIS). Integrated barcode technology with ORNSIS has been developed in order to overcome the manual system weakness, which involves the registration through the traditional methods and time consuming. Understanding the importance and limitations the register process, ORNSIS is a collaborative of web application concept that provides a platform for University Malaysia Pahang administrator to monitor the progress of each new student who did the register online. It has been developed by using the PHP language, Dreamweaver cs4 and database MySQL in the Windows 7. By using ORNSIS, the actual number of student will register in university can be obtain, thus decrease the time-consuming in registration event.

The thermodynamic analysis of combined cycle gas turbine with effect different configuration for gas turbine are presented and discussed in this paper. The effects of ambient temperature and compression ratio have been proposed to select optimum configuration for gas turbine and its effect on CCGT performance. The analysis performance code has been performed used the MATLAB software. The simulating code for gas turbine configuration results show that the simple gas turbine configuration is more suitable with regards to power output, but the regenerative gas turbine configuration has higher efficiency with effect ambient temperature. The simple gas turbine configuration has higher power output with effect the compression ratio, while the regenerative gas turbine configuration has higher efficiency with effect lower compression ratio, therefore the variation of total power output is insignificance at lower compression ratio. The extensive modelling performed in this study reveals that, the ambient temperature and compression ratios are strongly influence on the performance of combined cycle, a higher overall efficiency can be achieved for combined cycle with add regenerative to topping cycle.