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Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP) remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with respiratory infections. Accurate diagnosis of PCP is still a diagnostic challenge. Hence, the main objectives were to study the incidence of Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia infection among respiratory problems patients and to compare the real-time quantitative PCR technique with various diagnostic methodologies. Patients who have respiratory symptoms of PCP like breathlessness, cough, and fever were enrolled. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected and homogenized, and then smears were prepared for examination by Gomorimethanamine silver staining (GMSS), Immunofluorescent staining (IFAT), Toludine blue O (TBO), and Giemsa staining. Further, RT-PCR was also performed for the detection of PCP. The mean patients’ age was 52 (SD ±16) years. 41% were female, and 59% of the patients were male. Weight loss (80%), fever (92%), cough (100%), and dyspnea (76%) were the most common complaints. Twenty-eight patients have been diagnosed with pulmonary infiltrates using chest X-ray. Out of 100 patients, 35% were positive for PCP. The organism was detected using IFAT in all the 35 specimens, 15 of 35 (42.86%) by GMSS, 8 of 35 (17.6%) by Giemsa stain, and 1 of 35 (2.8%) was detected by TBO stains. RT-PCR showed that 39 patients was found to be positive for PCP. Thirty-five of these 39 patients had a positive IFAT (89.74%); the IFAT was negative or undefined in 4 samples. All 39 patients (100%) had signs and symptoms for PCP. Our results suggest that RT-PCR is still the most highly sensitive method for Pneumocystis Jirovecii detection. In poor resource settings where RT-PCR and IFAT is not available, diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia remains a complicated issue. In settings where RT-PCR & IFAT are not available, GMSS staining may be the next best choice to detect PCP.

Objectives This study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence and possible infectivity factors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in children affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Aseer Region of KSA. Methods A total of 205 children diagnosed with T1 DM who routinely attended the Diabetic Centre (DC) of Aseer Central Hospital (ACH) in Abha KSA were randomly selected. Another control group of 51 non-diabetic children were also selected. Sera of both groups were tested for HCMV-specific IgG and IgM using an indirect enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Results The recorded HCMV-IgG seroprevalence rates were found to be higher in both groups of children than the IgM responses, which were consistently low. There were no obvious differences between the two groups in terms of HCMV responses. No significant variations were observed between girls and boys in terms of the seroprevalence rates. The highest positive IgG prevalence rates to HCMV were observed among 11- to 15-year-old children, and the least positive rates were noted in children younger than 5 years of age. Children from Abha city and its vicinity showed relatively higher HCMV-specific IgG and IgM responses rates than children from other localities. Conclusions Despite the presence of high HCMV-IgG response rates among the studied group of children, this study could not identify the associated clinical manifestations. There is no correlation between T1 DM and virus infectivity, as this research could not find differences in serological responses to the virus between the diabetic and non-diabetic children.