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Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la incorporacion de un farmaceutico de hospital a la actividad habitual de una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Diseno Estudio observacional prospectivo para evaluar las intervenciones farmaceuticas, realizadas por un farmaceutico adscrito temporalmente a una UCI, sobre las prescripciones medicas. Ambito UCI medico-quirurgica con 21 camas. Pacientes Se incluyeron los pacientes con al menos una estancia en UCI y se excluyeron los pacientes con ingreso y alta en periodos en los que no se conto con la presencia fisica del farmaceutico. Intervenciones Se realizaban tras la revision diaria de las prescripciones y se comunicaban de forma verbal o escrita al medico responsable. Variables principales Intervenciones realizadas, grupo terapeutico de los medicamentos implicados, forma de realizacion de la intervencion y el grado de aceptacion. Resultados Se realizaron 194 intervenciones en 62 pacientes. La mayoria estaban relacionadas con aspectos de seguridad (33%) y optimizacion de la terapia (32%). Las mas frecuentes se dirigieron a la administracion de medicamentos por sonda nasogastrica (19%) y a la monitorizacion farmacocinetica (14,4%). Los grupos de medicamentos mas implicados fueron los antiinfecciosos en un 33% de los casos y los del aparato digestivo en un 27%. El 56,2% de las intervenciones se realizaron verbalmente y el 80% fueron aceptadas. Conclusiones La adscripcion de un farmaceutico a una UCI y la realizacion de intervenciones sobre las prescripciones han permitido mejorar la seguridad y optimizar la farmacoterapia en mas de la mitad de los pacientes. La alta tasa de aceptacion de las mismas apoyaria la implementacion de este tipo de programas en las unidades de criticos.

Objective To evaluate incorporation of the hospital pharmacist to the routine activity of an intensive care unit (ICU). Design A prospective observational study was carried out to evaluate the impact of pharmacist interventions, made by a pharmacist temporarily assigned to the ICU, upon medical prescriptions. Setting A medical and surgical ICU with 21 beds. Patients Patients with at least one ICU stay were included, while patients with admission and discharge in periods when the pharmacist was not present were excluded. Interventions The interventions were made after daily review of the prescriptions, and were communicated verbally or in writing to the supervising physician. Main variables Number of interventions, therapeutic group of the drugs involved, type of intervention and degree of acceptance. Results A total of 194 interventions were made in 62 patients. The majority were related to safety aspects (33%) and the optimization of therapy (32%). The most frequent interventions were the administration of drugs via the nasogastric tube (19%) and pharmacokinetic monitoring (14.4%). The most frequently involved groups of drugs were anti-infectious agents (33%) and digestive system medications (27%). A total of 56.2% of the interventions were made verbally, and 80% were accepted. Conclusions Pharmacist adscription to an ICU and the implementation of interventions on prescriptions have allowed improvement of safety and the optimization of pharmacotherapy in more than 50% of the patients. The high rate of acceptance of these interventions would support the implementation of such programs in critical care units.

The Bou Azzer ophiolite in the Moroccan Anti-Atlas represents the suture of the Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogen. The Bou Azzer inlier includes, from NE to SW, three main geological units: a volcanic-arc, an ophiolite and a continental platform. Several subduction-related plutons intrude the ophiolite and the volcanic-arc, and syn-to-late orogenic deposits unconformably cover the three terranes. The Eburnean (≈2 Ga) continental basement observed in other inliers of the Anti-Atlas appears not to crop out at Bou Azzer, where rocks traditionally attributed to that old basement are in fact Neoproterozoic rocks, either metagranitoids of the continental margin or ophiolitic metagabbros. The age of a metagabbro of the ophiolite is reported here for the first time, as 697 ± 8 Ma (SHRIMP U–Pb on zircons). U–Pb geochronological data are also presented for two syn-kinematic subduction-related plutons which, together with previous data, establish a time-span of ca. 655–635 Ma for these arc-type rocks. Moreover, the Oumlill granite, previously attributed to the Eburnean basement, has been dated as 741 ± 9 Ma. The earliest tectonometamorphic event affecting the ophiolite is recorded as a relic foliation and a garnet–rutile metamorphic assemblage, which might attest to an early peak-pressure exceeding the 5–6 kbar medium pressure reported so far. Thus, we suggest a first stage of ophiolite underthrusting below a volcanic-arc, followed by ophiolite exhumation and the concomitant development of the main low-grade planar–linear tectonic fabric. The ages of the calc-alkaline, syn-kinematic subduction-related plutons (655–635 Ma) might be taken as the end of subduction and the beginning of the ophiolite exhumation-obduction. The author's work in the Bou Azzer region supports the ophiolite-continental platform interpretation of Leblanc (1975) and Leblanc and Moussine-Pouchkine (1994) , rather than the tectonic melange interpretation proposed by Saquaque et al. (1989b) and others. A recumbent anticlinal and the basal thrust of the ophiolitic terrane are the main macrostructures formed during the obduction stage, characterized by top-to-the-W/SW kinematics. This deformational event is also recorded in the rocks of the underlying continental platform. A syn-orogenic unit, namely the Tiddiline Formation, unconformably overlies the arc volcanics, the ophiolite and the continental platform. Further collisional deformation affected the Tiddiline sediments, giving way to ESE-WSW striking upright folds and oblique reverse faults. The latest structures in this Neoproterozoic suture were left-lateral strike-slip faults, pointing to an increase in the left-lateral component of the continental collision.

The northern border of the Variscan Moroccan Meseta is characterized by the presence of Cambrian rocks affected by pre-Variscan deformation (the Sehoul block) thrust to the south onto Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian sediments and volcanics of the Bou Regreg corridor. A correct appraisal of the significance of this tectonic contact in the framework of the Variscan orogen needs new data on the age, geochemical features and field relationships of granitoids cropping out in the Sehoul block (Rabat granitoids) and the Bou Regreg corridor (Tiflet granitoids). Accordingly, we provide here with new geochemical data and accurate U–Pb geochronology of these granitoids, which lead us to conclude that: (i) the Rabat granitoids are Late Devonian in age (367 Ma); (ii) the Tiflet granitoids are Late Proterozoic in age (605–609 Ma) and display Andean-arc features, thus being genetically linked to the Cadomian/Pan-African subduction and forming part of the Variscan basement during the Palaeozoic; (iii) the previously accepted 430 Ma Rb–Sr age, common for the Rabat and Tiflet granitoids, which would imply a trivial Carboniferous displacement of the Sehoul thrust, must be rejected; and (iv) the Sehoul thrust might be a major Variscan boundary, perhaps hiding the Rheic Ocean suture.

A new bisindole alkaloid, bisleuconothine A (1) consisting of an eburnane-aspidosperma type skeleton, was isolated from the bark of Leuconotis griffithii. The structure including absolute stereochemistry was elucidated on the basis of 2D NMR data and X-ray analysis. Bisleuconothine A (1) showed cell growth inhibitory activity against various human cancer cell lines.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Undergraduate Pharmacy students on the use of skin whitening product. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire on the use of skin whitening product was distributed to IIUM Kuantan Undergraduate Pharmacy students at IIUM Kuantan Malaysia. RESULTS: Three hundred and nine (309) of four hundred (400) students responded (77% response rate). The highest percentage of participants is from year three students which is 33.3% while year four students are the least which is 18.8%. The mean of knowledge score, regardless of their year of study is 6.75 over 14. Among the user and non-user of skin whitening products, user shows higher mean knowledge score which is 7.5041 than non-user which is 6.2527.Of the participants, 39.8% (123/309) are using the skin whitening products. 90.8% (108/119) of the respondent read the instruction of the products before using them. CONCLUSIONS: It is proven that the user of skin whitening products has better knowledge about the product than the non-user. Half of the participants are still practicing poor practice in using the skin whitening products. There is a need to educate the students about the proper usage of skin whitening products to avoid any misuse of these products.

OBJECTIVES: Acne vulgaris is described as a common skin disease involving blockage and inflammation of pilosebaceous unit such as hair follicles and sebaceous gland. As many factors may contribute to the formation of acne, this study attempt to provide an insight regarding interrelationship between the psychological stress as one of the contributing factor towards acne among final year pharmacy students at International Islamic University Malaysia. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted by distributing questionnaire among 98 final year students. Information on severity of acne and level of stress was collected by using the Global Acne Severity Scale (GEA) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) which is a psychological test for assessing stress. RESULTS: The results obtained shows that there is positive correlation between acne vulgaris and stress, however it is not significant. The severity of the acne such as the open and close comedones, into papules, pustules, and nodules and even cysts are also related with several factors which may exacerbate the acne conditions. Among those factors are gender and family history, exposure to sunlight, diet, lifestyle such as sleep and exercise, skin condition, and also intervention in solving acne problem. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, there is a positive relation between acne vulgaris and stress. The acne condition exacerbates in more stressful conditions.

Four known aporphine alkaloids, boldine, norboldine, laurotetanine and lindecarpine were isolated from the bark of Phoebe grandis. The leaves yielded two new alkaloids belonging to the proaporphine-tryptamine dimers series, phoebegrandines A and B. The structure of the new compounds was elucidated by spectral methods. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

The number parents in Malaysia that are hesitant about vaccines has grown in recent years. Identifying these parents is important in order to implement the necessary measures to maintain and improve the vaccines intake. The objectives of this study were to translate the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey into Bahasa Malaysia, and to assess the reliability and construct a validity of the translated survey.

The present paper is the result of a botanical and chemical study of the Indo-Pacific genus Kopsia (Plumerioideae-Rauvolfieae) Apocynaceae. Some of the species of this genus possess medicinal uses. A survey of the accepted taxa and their synonymy, based on the study of types, is presented. Studies on alkaloids provides chemotaxonomic information. Indeed, in some cases, chemical relationships occur between species belonging to the same botanical group.

Monocarpin 1, a new cycloartane derivative, was isolated from the trunk bark of Monocarpia marginalis J. Sinclair and its structure elucidated primarily by 2D NMR.

Bark and leaves of Kopsia lapidilecta Van der Sleesen were extracted. Two new indole alkaloids were afforded: lapidilectine A 1 (bark) and lapidilectine B 2 (leaves). Both possess a novel skeleton with a five membered unsaturated ring. The structures of these alkaloids were elucidated especially by 2D NMR analysis.

Bioactivity guided fractionation of an ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Aglaia leucophylla led to the isolation of two new 3,4-secotirucallane type triterpenoids, namely (24 Z )-3,4-secotirucalla-4(28),7,24-triene-3,26-dioic acid and its 3-monomethyl ester, together with five known triterpenoids [(+)-ocotillone, (+)-ocotillol, (+)-cabraleone, (+)-cabralealactone and (+)-eichlerianic acid] and one known sesquiterpene [(−)-caryophyllene oxide].

Crude glycoside extracts from the plant, Sarcolobus globosus, were tested on the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm, chick biventer cervicis and frog rectus abdominis preparations. Nerve-stimulated twitches were inhibited by the extract. The muscle paralysis was not similar to that by curare-like blockers as it was not reversed by neostigmine or by a tetanus. Although contractures to acetylcholine or carbachol were not affected by 0.6 mg/ml of the extract, higher concentration of the extracts (3 mg/ml) depressed the log dose-response curve of acetylcholine and carbachol. The results suggest that the neuromuscular blocking effect of the extracts is either dose-dependent or due to a mixture of toxins with presynaptic or postsynaptic actions.

Monomargine 1 , a new nitrogenous pigment, was isolated from the bark of Monocarpia marginalis and its structure elucidated by 2D NMR analysis. 1 exibited cytotoxic activity in vitro against the growth of KB and P388 cells (IC 50 0.7 μ/ml).