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Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic quickly led to the closure of educational institutions in the hope of reducing infections and fatalities due to this disease. Distant education is becoming a policy priority, although institutions and teachers are neither experienced nor accustomed to its use. The purpose of this study is to determine secondary school teachers' perceptions and requirements of distance education during confinement. To our knowledge, none of the similar studies conducted in this area has approached this issue in Morocco. To determine teachers' perceptions regarding distance education, we conducted an analytical and descriptive survey among secondary school teachers in May, June, and July 2020.The chi-square test has been used to test the association between all variables. The association was considered significant when the p-value0.05. The calculation of the chi² (X²) and the p-value is performed using R software. The grouping of responses show that most teachers have been teaching remotely during confinement using Whatsapp. They confirmed that this is a useful way to ensure pedagogical continuity during the break from classroom teaching, and they also indicated a preference for both face-to-face and hybrid tutoring.Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the subjects taught and distance education (X2= 67.4 with

Africa is one of the richest continents in floral biodiversity in the world because of its geographical spread. It’s estimated to contain almost 40 000 - 45 000 plant species. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eugenia caryophyllus (clove) are two plants imported by Morocco and have a wide range of application, especially in traditional cuisine. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and the antibacterial properties of C. zeylanicum and E. caryophyllus essential oils. The bacterial inhibiting activity was evaluated against 3 bacterial strains isolated from foods and 4 bacteria referenced ATCC using agar-disc diffusion and broth macrodilution methods, while the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH assay. The results of the cinnamon essential oil prove that the disc diffusion method shows an important antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria with inhibition zones at 29.66±1.7mm for Pseudomonas putida isolated from food and 77.66±3.8 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was equal to 1.25µL/ml for all bacteria and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were between 1.25 µL/ml and higher than 80µL/ml. Regarding the clove results, the inhibition zones were between 14.6±1.7mm and 35.6±2.7mm for pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC, respectively. The MICs were between 1.25 and 10µL/ml and the MBCs between 5µL/ml and higher than 80µL/ml. Free radical scavenging potentials showed values for IC50 in the order of 1.1 and 1.8 µL/ml for cinnamon and clove essential oils respectively, which are close to the synthetic antioxidant (BHA) with an IC50 of 0.7 µL/ml.

Summary Context of the study The use of pesticides in the field of public health involves a risk for both humans and the environment. Objective The purpose of this study, carried out for the first time in the center of Morocco, was to evaluate chronic intoxication by organophosphate insecticides. This was done through the evaluation of cholinesterase activity as a biomarker of pesticide intoxication among a population of hygiene workers who daily handled these products, in six districts of the city of Fez. Method This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 30 consenting hygiene workers carried out during a period of 4 months (February-May 2015). The study included a physical examination and biotoxicological measurements: plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was determined by spectrophotometric method at ambient laboratory temperature (25 °C) using the kit “Test Mat - model 400”. Results Twenty-nine subjects of the studied population were of male gender with an average age of 48 ± 8 years and a body mass index of 25.67 ± 2.09 kg/m 2 ; and only one subject was of female gender aged 56, and a body mass index of 26.25 kg/m 2 . The somatic clinical examination of the participants in this study revealed neither serious clinical history nor cases of pesticide poisoning. The mode value of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was 54, and that of plasmatic cholinesterase activity was 65. The measured cholinesterase activity is not correlated with age but it is correlated with the body mass index. Three cases showed a decrease in cholinesterase activity of the order of (35%, 36%, and 25%) compared to 30% as recommended by the World Health Organization. Conclusion These results relating to the determination of cholinesterase activity, although preliminary, should reassure the exposed persons and the authorities concerned without neglecting the systematic control of the three cases detected. The use of organophosphates in the field of public health requires regular checking, precautions, and training of the hygiene workers to avoid any serious health risk.

Resume Le nombre d’infections nosocomiales et leur resistance croissante aux antibiotiques sont une preoccupation mondiale et peuvent toutefois etre reduits par le respect des bonnes pratiques. Les objectifs principaux de ce travail ont consiste a evaluer le respect des precautions standard ainsi que la conception du centre d’hemodialyse et a apprecier leur evolution suite aux actions mises en place. Deux enquetes transversales ont ete realisees au centre d’hemodialyse de l’hopital Al Ghassani de la ville de Fes (Maroc), la premiere avant amenagement du centre, la seconde apres sensibilisation du personnel soignant et renovation du centre. Les donnees ont ete recueillies par observation et suivi de la population cible, sur des grilles comportant 58 questions. Une amelioration generale dans l’infrastructure du centre renove et une defaillance de la pratique de certaines precautions standard aussi bien par le personnel que par les patients ont ete mises en avant. Des efforts restent a poursuivre en termes de formation et de diffusion des recommandations, d’elaboration et de mise en place de procedures, de protocoles manquants et de fiches d’enregistrements.

Objective To evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oil of Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Morocco against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Methods The analysis and the identification of the various constituents of essential oil were carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Biological test was performed according to a standard methodology inspired by the World Health Organization protocol with slight modification. Results This oil mainly consisted of monoterpene and sesquiterpenes. The majority compounds are 4-terpinene (28.96%), γ-terpinene (18.57%), α-terpinene (12.72%) and sabinene (8.02%). The lethal concentrations (LC 50 and LC 90 ) measured for the essential oil Origanum majorana , were respectively of the order of 258.71 mg/L and 580.49 mg/L. Conclusions The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents.