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The Civril Graben System (CGS) is one of the important tectonic structures developed within the Western Anatolia extensional tectonic regime. The CGS has an arcuate geometry looking south, and comprises two main geometric sections of the NW-striking Dinar Graben and the NE-striking Baklan Graben, with a total length of 100 km. The main faults limit the north edge of the CGS, while the south edge is bounded by their antithetic structures. The northern boundary structures of the graben comprise two main fault segments of Dinar and Civril. Graben fill is Plio-Quaternary lacustrine-fluvial sediments with Late Pleistocene-Holocene flood plain, lacustrine-marsh and alluvial fan sediments. Historical records and destructive earthquakes occurred in the last century indicate the region is one of the significant seismogenic zones. The last destructive earthquake in the graben was the 1995 Dinar Earthquake (Mw 6.2) which caused approximately 10 km-long surface rupture on the Kizilli segment of the Dinar Fault. Field-based geological mapping and structural geology in this study and available seismic and paleoseismological data reveal that the other sub-segments of the Dinar and Civril faults which have not ruptured in the last 150 years have the potential to produce earthquakes with Mw 6.0 and larger. The paleoseismic rate is assessed to be 1 mm/year for the Kizilli segment, while the geologically long term slip rate range is calculated to be 0.27 ± 0.05 mm/year.

WOS: 000457140200010, Detection and avoiding of power lines and cables is a critical issue in aircraft flight safety. Despite various improvements in image analysis literature, most of the safety issues depend on visual capabilities of pilots. It is aimed that proper scene detection methods may help the pilot by igniting alarms. The presented work basically considers frequency based features (in the real valued discrete cosine transform - DCT domain) as candidates of signatures for existence of power lines in the image. Since DCT provides spectral distribution along all frequencies, a domain-search method is adopted to see where in DCT samples the most signatures are carried. The developed software searches most candidates of DCT regions, compares them with performances of other saliency-based popular methods (such as LBP and HOG), and tests their representation powers via various classifiers. Image pre-processing and feature extraction parts are implemented in MATLAB (TM) R2013b simulation environment, the classification step was implemented on WEKA 3.8.0. A flowchart is formed where pre-processing is sequentially performed, and features are simultaneously extracted; finally, the outputs are fed to WEKA environment for classification evaluation., Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission [1508F598], This work is supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission under the grant No. 1508F598. The authors would like to thank Turkish Electricity Transmission Company for providing power line videos. The authors also thank Dr. Bilal KARTAL and Yusuf BASKAYA for their valuable support in technical issues.

WOS: 000432635500011, This paper presents results of power line scene detection methods that use new feature extraction/selection strategies based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) of scenes obtained from aircraft-based cameras. Whenever a scene from an aircraft contains power lines (may that be a visible-light image or infrared), the spectrum image or DCT matrix naturally exhibits coefficients with large magnitudes. On the other hand, since the direction of cables is arbitrary, the location of the DCT extrema may appear in different positions. This work attacks the problem of extracting signatures from the DCT coefficients by systematically changing the DCT matrix sizes and applying known classifiers to the DCT sub-matrices. These sub-matrices were selected at six different sizes (4 x 4, 8 x 8, 16 x 16, 32 x 32, 64 x 64, 128 x 128) with three types of starting points: (i) top-leftner (around DC), (ii) bottom-right corner (high frequency) and (iii) block-wise scanning the complete DCT matrix. A thorough dataset that contains thousands of aerial images with cables are used for testing the efficiencies of these DCT region selection approaches. Fast and successful detection performances are obtained and presented, Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission [1508F598], This work is supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission under the grant No. 1508F598. The authors would like to thank Turkish Electricity Transmission Company for providing power line videos. The authors also thank Assistant Professor Cihan TOPAL for his valuable support in technical issues and Fatih SAGLAM for his valuable discussions during development of the algorithms.

In this paper, the main alternative propulsion systems based on internal combustion engines and batteries of a tugboat operating in harbour duties of the tugboat that include Emission Control areas are comparatively assessed. A hybrid propulsion system and two gas systems that one is with gas engines, other with dual-fuel engines are compared with a diesel system. For all cases, the harbour tugboats are investigated with 3 similar tugboat operation profiles. The gas and dual-fuel engines are assumed to operate using Liquefied Natural Gas and a small amount of diesel as pilot fuel, whereas diesel was regarded as the fuel for the case of the diesel engine propulsion systems. In the case of diesel-electric hybrid propulsion systems, the installation of hybrid components is also taken into account for reducing emissions and fuel consumptions. The propulsion systems are modelled and the techno-economical results were analysed in order to compare these systems. These results have been obtained by Life Cycle Cost that mainly consists of two main expenditures; Capital and Operational expenditures. Finally, these four alternative systems have been compared according to the calculated propulsion system costs for the 20-years operating period within the accepted assumptions and constraints.

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the Gulf of Izmit, eastern Marmara Sea, consists of three subsegments linked by bends. The present study focuses on the Hersek Peninsula, which is a ridge of Pleistocene and Holocene deposits emerged by tectonic uplift at a left-stepping, 7° restraining double bend between the Karamursel and Darica segments of the NAF. The Hersek bend has acted as a local barrier to westward rupture propagation, whereby the marine substrate was deformed by transpressional thrusting combined with underwater slumping. The record of the Hersek ridge emergence has been analyzed in excavation trenches by the methods of sedimentology, geomorphology and radiocarbon dating. The time of initial emergence is unknown, but the highest recognized palaeoshoreline terrace indicates that, around 2250 yrs BC, a narrow ridge was already standing at least 13 m above the sea level. The uplift rate of the ridge is about 3.5 m/kyr for the past 4250 years. The development of the three lower-lying, successively younger palaeoshoreline terraces involved episodes of uplift accompanied and/or followed by tsunami events. The ridge's stepwise uplift above the sea level amounted to at least 28 m. On the basis of radiocarbon dates, the deciphered seismotectonic events have been tentatively correlated to the region's historical earthquakes, which allowed the fault bend's behavior to be reconstructed and time-constrained. The study gives new insights into the dynamics of an NAF restraining bend and the non-characteristic behavior of the NAF segments in the quake-stricken region of eastern Marmara Sea.

Freshwater Lake Ulubat (c. 1.5 m deep and c. 138 km2) receives sediment from a 10.414 km2 area in the seismically active Susurluk Drainage Basin (SDB) of NW Turkey. The B and trace element contents of the lake infill seem to be a link between the fresh landforms of the SDB and the lacustrine sediment. Deposition in Lake Ulubat has been 1.60 cm a−1 for the last 50 a according to radionucleides; however the sedimentation rate over the last millennium was 0.37 cm a−1 based on 14C dating. The B content of the lacustrine infill displays a slight increase at 0.50 m and a drastic increase at 4 m depth occurring c. 31 a and c. 1070 a ago, respectively. Probably the topmost change corresponds to the start of open mining in the SDB and the second one to the natural trenching of borate ore-deposits. These dates also show indirectly a 1.4 cm a−1 erosion rate during the last millennium as the borate beds were trenched up to 15 m. By extrapolation, it is possible to establish that the formation of some of the present morphological features of the southern Marmara region, especially river incision, began in the late Pleistocene, and developed especially over the last 75 ka.

This paper deals with modern and ancient sedimentation in fresh water lakes and the marine shelf of the southern Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Most of the information has been obtained from monitoring of suspended load discharged into two lakes (Manyas and Ulubat) in the last 45 years and from 8 to 11 m thick lacustrine sediments, in addition to radiocarbon-dated shelf sediments. This allows a holistic approach to the drainage basin denudation over time. The results show that the sedimentation rates in the lakes were low 0.22 cm year−1, from 4000 to 2000 years BP and then they increased (0.29 cm year−1) up to sub-recent times and reached 0.44 cm year−1 in the last century. It is suggested that deforestation created high rates of sedimentation in the basins and/or strong denudation of the region during the Late Holocene. This study also shows that for shallow freshwater lakes the calculation of sedimentation rates must include fine particles lost by the outlets and coarse-grained bed load deposited on their shores. In addition, a high rate of sedimentation has been created by short, but repetitive intense depositions. During the last century particularly during the last 45 years, the rate of sedimentation or denudation has increased dramatically in NW Turkey. The two World Wars and mismanagement of the land had important local effects by increasing deforestation and resulting in the present erosive conditions.

A coring campaign in Lake Manyas (Kus Golu) on the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) has provided insights into basin infilling processes during the upper 11 metres of the sedimentary record. Combined sedimentary features between 5 and 4 m depth have been explained by a seismite. A brittle mixed layer (uniquely rich in seeds and ostracod valves) was widely detected at 4 m downcore. This has been interpreted as being the result of a seiche either through a salt inundation linked to a tsunami in the Sea of Marmara (the large-scale scenario) or a local hydrothermal fluid discharge (the small-scale scenario). Ostracod valves, which are usually not preserved in Lake Manyas sediment, are either incorporated here as tsunami debris (providing a spatially averaged snapshot of the regional assemblage) or are locally preserved following a temporary geochemical/hydrochemical change of the water of unknown duration (but probably several decades). The brittle mixed layer overlies cracks resulting from the direct effects of the seismic shock wave on slightly compacted sediment. At around 964 cm depth palynological and particle-size analyses indicate a change from backswamp to open lacustrine conditions. The end of the backswamp has been correlated with a decrease in the level of the Sea of Marmara from 4000 to 3000–2800 yr ago (uncal.), caused by regional tectonic movements. An age–depth model is presented based on two AMS radiocarbon dates, on the palynological detection of the end of the Beysehir Occupation Phase (130 cm above the event) and on maximal sedimentation accumulation rates obtained by radionuclide analyses. The entire study sequence covers the last 4300 yr. The paper examines the possibility of an Early Byzantine age for the seismic event. This may have been the historical event at AD 460 that destroyed Cyzicus (the ancient Erdek, 20 km north of the lake) and various villages in the interior and was felt widely in the then-known world. Other possibilities include various local and regional events in that same period: the Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm and the large earthquake in AD 447 that affected the entire Sea of Marmara region.

Sedimentological and chronostratigraphic studies of the coastal plain sediments of the Black Sea near the Sakarya River (Turkey) and seismic–stratigraphic survey of the shelf sediments off this river's mouth were carried out. The results indicate that just prior to its flooding by the Mediterranean waters at about 7200 yr bp , the Black Sea was a fresh water lake, emptying its waters into the Sea of Marmara. The water level of this lake was about 18 m lower than the present sea level, but above the −35 m sill depth of the Bosphorus. This finding contradicts with Ryan et al., 1997a , Ryan et al., 1997b hypothesis that the Black Sea ‘lake’ water level was more than 100 m below the sill depth of the Bosphorus and that the drowning of the Black Sea shelf at 7150 yr bp was abrupt.