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Introduction : Les adolescents présentent les taux de prévalence et d’incidence de la délinquance les plus élevés. Selon plusieurs auteurs, le rejet des figures d’autorité à l’adolescence permettrait d’expliquer ces taux. D’autres études ont également établi un lien positif entre la délinquance et l’attitude négative envers la loi et ses représentants. Objectifs : L’objectif est d’effectuer un inventaire des connaissances scientifiques actuelles concernant le lien entre le contact avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale et l’attitude des adolescents envers la loi et ses représentants. Nous souhaitons également identifier les médiateurs de ce lien. Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique de la littérature. Sur les 802 articles recensés, nous avons sélectionné les travaux menés auprès d’adolescents et portant sur les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale (i.e., agents des forces de l’ordre, personnels des tribunaux, avocats, personnels des prisons, personnels de sécurité, travailleurs sociaux) et l’attitude envers la loi et ses représentants. Notre revue porte finalement sur les 46 articles correspondant à nos critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion. Résultats : La plupart des études mettent en évidence que les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale sont associés à une attitude plus négative envers la loi et ses représentants. Les études longitudinales suggèrent que ce lien est causal : les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale amènent les adolescents à avoir des attitudes moins positives envers la loi et ses représentants. Il semble cependant exister des différences selon le type de contact étudié. Conclusion : Ces résultats, questionnant les réponses pénales apportées aux adolescents, seront discutés tant sur le plan théorique que pratique. Des questionnements méthodologiques seront également abordés. Introduction: Adolescents have the highest prevalence and incidence rates of delinquency. Several authors have suggested that the rejection of authority figures in adolescence may explain these rates. Other studies have also found a positive relationship between delinquen-cy and negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Objective: The objective was to make an inventory of the current scientific knowledge con-cerning the link between contact with the penal actors and the adolescents' attitude towards the law and its representatives. We also want to identify the mediators of this link. Method: We conducted a systematic review. Of the 802 articles identified, we selected those involving adolescents and focusing on contact with penal actors (i.e., law enforcement offic-ers, court personnel, lawyers, prison personnel, security personnel, social workers) and on attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Our review finally covers the 46 articles cor-responding to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Most studies show that contact with penal actors lead to more negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Longitudinal studies suggest that this relationship is causal: contact with penal actors leads adolescents to have less positive attitudes towards the law and its representatives. However, there seem to be differences according to the type of contact studied. Conclusion: These results, questioning the penal responses brought to adolescents, will be discussed, both on a theoretical and practical level. Methodological issues will also be ad-dressed.

International audience; Background: The exact architecture of the human auditory cortex remains a subject of debate, with discrepancies between functional and microstructural studies. In a hierarchical framework for sensory perception, simple sound perception is expected to take place in the primary auditory cortex, while the processing of complex, or more integrated perceptions is proposed to rely on associative and higherorder cortices. Objectives: We hypothesize that auditory symptoms induced by direct electrical stimulation (DES) offer a window into the architecture of the brain networks involved in auditory hallucinations and illusions. The intracranial recordings of these evoked perceptions of varying levels of integration provide the evidence to discuss the theoretical model. Methods: We analyzed SEEG recordings from 50 epileptic patients presenting auditory symptoms induced by DES. First, using the Juelich cytoarchitectonic parcellation, we quantified which regions induced auditory symptoms when stimulated (ROI approach). Then, for each evoked auditory symptom type (illusion or hallucination), we mapped the cortical networks showing concurrent high-frequency activity modulation (HFA approach). Results: Although on average, illusions were found more laterally and hallucinations more posteromedially in the temporal lobe, both perceptions were elicited in all levels of the sensory hierarchy, with mixed responses found in the overlap. The spatial range was larger for illusions, both in the ROI and HFA approaches. The limbic system was specific to the hallucinations network, and the inferior parietal lobule was specific to the illusions network. Discussion: Our results confirm a network-based organization underlying conscious sound perception, for both simple and complex components. While symptom localization is interesting from an epilepsy semiology perspective, the hallucination-specific modulation of the limbic system is particularly relevant to tinnitus and schizophrenia.

International audience; Introduction : Un impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les émotions et comportements des enfants a été retrouvé dans plusieurs études. Cependant, cet impact n’a pas été retrouvé dans toutes les études. L’attachement pourrait être lié à des réactions et des niveaux d’anxiété différents. Objectif : L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’analyser les liens entre l’attachement insécure des enfants et les variables liées à l’anxiété et à la gestion émotionnelle et comportementale des enfants pendant la pandémie.Méthode : Les participants de l’étude (n=83 parents et leur enfant âgé de 6 à 12 ans) ont complété de façon anonyme des questionnaires en ligne évaluant l’insécurité d’attachement, l’anxiété-état, les stratégies de coping et la régulation émotionnelle. Ils ont également répondu à des questions socio-démographiques et liées à leur contexte de vie et vécu de la pandémie.Résultats : L’anxiété-état est liée de façon significative à la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants mais pas à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion. Des liens significatifs ont été observés entre l’insécurité d’attachement d’une part, et l’anxiété-état des enfants, la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion et la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants d’autre part. La dysrégulation émotionnelle médiatiserait le lien entre attachement désorganisé et anxiété-état.Conclusion : Les liens entre l’insécurité d’attachement et l’anxiété-état des enfants d’une part, et à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion d’autre part montrent l’importance de prendre en compte les facteurs individuels et interactionnels dans les manifestations socio-émotionnelles des enfants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.

International audience; Can memory ensembles recruit neurons in connected brain regions? In this issue of Neuron, Lavi et al. 1 drove the allocation of memory to selected cells in one area, causing their presynaptic partners to become part of a cross-regional ensemble.

International audience; Conversation represents a considerable amount of the daily language usage and plays an important role in language acquisition. In conversation, listeners simultaneously process their interlocutor's turn and prepare their own next turn. As such the turn-taking dynamics heavily relies on prediction. In other words, listeners avail prior knowledge to constrain both speech perception and production. Here we explored the relation between prediction and comprehension while watching two interlocutors having a conversation. We capitalize on gaze switch as a proxy of predictive behaviour to class dialogue turns as more or less well predicted and explore how this affects dialogue comprehension. Moreover, we study the extent to which speech degradation, by increasing the global uncertainty of the context, affects the relation between predictions, brain correlates of prediction errors (N400) and 2 global comprehension. Results show that 1) listeners direct gaze to the current speaker, in particular in challenging conditions, 2) gaze behaviour possibly affects the semantic processing of the upcoming turn (N400), 3) participants with a more efficient gaze predictive behaviour better solve semantic uncertainties at the turn onset, in particular in the most challenging listening condition. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the relation between predictions, neural predictions errors and speech comprehension under challenging conditions.

International audience; The neural circuitry involved in moral decisions has been studied since the early days of cognitive neuroscience, mainly using moral dilemma. However, the neurocomputational mechanisms describing how the human brain makes moral decisions and learns in various moral contexts are only starting to be established. Here we review recent results from an emerging field using model-based fMRI, which describes moral choices at a mechanistic level. These findings unify the field of moral decision making, extend a conceptual framework previously developed for value-based decision making and characterize how moral processes are computed in the brain. Moral dilemma can be modeled as value-based decisions that weigh self-interests against moral costs/harm to others and different types of prediction errors can be distinguished in different aspects of moral learning. These key computational signals help to describe moral choices and moral learning at an algorithmic level and to reveal how these cognitive operations are implemented in the brain. This researches provide a foundation to account for the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying moral decision making.

International audience; Orphans' needs are barely identified, barely acknowledged, and barely treated notably in France. Yet, parental loss might generate specific needs associated with cognitive, relational/behavioral, and emotional difficulties. In turn, such difficulties are likely to give rise to lower academic achievement. In this theoretical paper, we argue that, due to the detrimental impact of parental loss on academic achievement, orphaned students should be considered as students with special educational needs. This is important to provide appropriate educational responses consistent with inclusive education. The present paper aims to identify different specific needs of orphaned children, as a way to limit neglect of orphans. We discuss various ways to reduce the risks of neglecting orphans in French schools by using Bronfenbrenner's ecological development model and propose avenues for relevant pedagogical responses.

International audience; Multiple transitions between gravity levels will occur during planetary exploration missions. In reaction to these gravitational transitions, physiological adaptation will be initiated. However, the physiological effects of longduration exposures to hypogravity and hypergravity are poorly understood. In this review we present an overview of how humans perceive gravity, review sex-based differences in adaptation to changes in gravity, and introduces rather limited evidence currently available related to the effects of partial gravity. The paper then argues that there is a need for more research to better understand the extent and dynamics of physiological adaptation mechanisms during gravity level transitions in spaceflight and proposes a need for artificial gravity (AG) as a multi-system countermeasure and explore the efficacy of AG as countermeasure between short and very long-arm centrifuges. Discussed here are the effects of acute short-arm AG application. The topical review also discusses the usage of chronic AG application via the innovative large-radius Hypergravity Human Habitat, H 3 , concept.

International audience; Caregiving and other interpersonal interactions often require accurate perception of others' pain from nonverbal cues, but perceivers may be subject to systematic biases based on gender, race, and other contextual factors. Such biases could contribute to systematic under-recognition and undertreatment of pain. In 2 experiments, we studied the impact of perceived patient sex on lay perceivers' pain estimates and treatment recommendations. In Experiment 1 (N = 50), perceivers viewed facial video clips of female and male patients in chronic shoulder pain and estimated patients' pain intensity. Multi-level linear modeling revealed that perceivers underestimated female patients' pain compared with male patients, after controlling for patients' self-reported pain and pain facial expressiveness. Experiment 2 (N = 200) replicated these findings, and additionally found that 1) perceivers' pain-related gender stereotypes, specifically beliefs about typical women's vs. men's willingness to express pain, predicted pain estimation biases; and 2) perceivers judged female patients as relatively more likely to benefit from psychotherapy, whereas male patients were judged to benefit more from pain medicine. In both experiments, the gender bias effect size was on average 2.45 points on a 0−100 pain scale. Gender biases in pain estimation may be an obstacle to effective pain care, and experimental approaches to characterizing biases, such as the one we tested here, could inform the development of interventions to reduce such biases. Perspective: This study identifies a bias towards underestimation of pain in female patients, which is related to gender stereotypes. The findings suggest caregivers' or even clinicians' pain stereotypes are a potential target for intervention.

International audience; IntroductionPrediction of performance and well-being are two essential keys in sports performance.ObjectiveThe study aimed to map different positions regarding the way in which individuals integrated mentally five elements of eudaimonic well-being (relatedness, autonomy, competence, mental vitality and physical vitality) for predicting the degree of performance at the beginning of a match.MethodTwenty-four non-athletes, 44 amateur athletes and 26 professional athletes indicated their prediction of performance in 32 scenarios constructed from the combination of these elements of well-being. Cluster analysis, ANOVAs, and chi-square test have been done.ResultsTwo positions on prediction of performance were found. The first cluster was called “Sometimes Performance Prediction” and the second cluster was named “Seldom Performance Prediction”. The five elements had a positive effect on the prediction of performance. The composition of both clusters was linked to the level of involvement in sport.ConclusionOffering athletes a “well-being environment” may lead to predict the sports performance.; éIntroduction. – La prédiction de la performance et le bien-être sont deux clés essentielles de la performancesportive.Objectif. – L’objectif de la présente étude était de cartographier différentes positions caractérisant lafac¸ on dont les individus intègrent mentalement 5 éléments du bien-être subjectifs (affiliation sociale,autonomie, compétence, vitalité mentale, et vitalité physique) pour prédire le degré de performance endébut de rencontre sportive.Méthode. – Vingt-quatre non-sportifs, 44 sportifs amateurs et 26 sportifs professionnels ont indiqué leurjugement dans 32 scénarios construits à partir du croisement de ces 5 éléments de bien-être. Une analyseen cluster, des ANOVAs et un chi2ont été effectués.Résultats. – Deux positions de prédiction de performance ont été trouvées. Le premier cluster a été appelé« Prédiction Quelquefois Performant » et le second cluster a été nommé « Prédiction Rarement Per-formant ». Les 5 éléments du bien-être ont eu un effet positif sur la prédiction de la performance. Lacomposition des deux clusters est associée au niveau d’implication sportive.Conlusion. – Mettre les sportifs dans un « environnement de bien-être » semble favoriser la performance

International audience; Biscriptuality is the ability to read and write using two scripts. Despite the increasing number of biscripters, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on investigating graphomotor processing in French–Arabic biscripters. We chose the French and Arabic alphabets because they have comparable visuospatial complexity and linguistic features, but differ dramatically in their graphomotor characteristics. In a first experiment we describe the graphomotor features of the two alphabets and showed that while Arabic and Latin letters are produced with the same velocity and fluency, Arabic letters require more pen lifts, contain more right-to-left strokes and clockwise curves, and take longer to write than Latin letters. These results suggest that Arabic and Latin letters are produced via different motor patterns. In a second experiment we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to ask whether writing the two scripts relies upon partially distinct or fully overlapping neural networks, and whether the elements of the previously described handwriting network are recruited to the same extent by the two scripts. We found that both scripts engaged the so-called “writing network”, but that within the network, Arabic letters recruited the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the left primary motor cortex (M1) more strongly than Latin letters. Both regions have previously been identified as holding scale-invariant representations of letter trajectories. Arabic and Latin letters also activated distinct regions that do not belong to the writing network. Complementary analyses indicate that the differences observed between scripts at the neural level could be driven by the specific graphomotor features of each script. Overall, our results indicate that particular features of the practiced scripts can lead to different motor organization at both the behavioral and brain levels in biscripters.

Optimally collecting information and controlling behaviour require that we constantly scan our visual environment through eye movements. How the dynamic interaction between short-lived retinal images and extra-retinal signals of eye motion results in our subjective experience of visual stability remains a major issue in Cognitive Neuroscience. The present study aimed to assess and determine the nature of the contribution of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to the saccadic remapping mechanisms which contribute to such perceptual visual constancy. Perceptual responses in transsaccadic visual localization tasks were measured in a patient presenting with a PPC lesion and manifesting optic ataxia in the left hemifield with no neglect. Two perceptual localization tasks, each with versus without an intervening saccade, were used: the saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD) task (Ostendorf, Liebermann, & Ploner, 2010) and the peri-saccadic flash localization (LOC) task (Zimmerman & Lappe, 2010). Compared to a group of age-matched healthy subjects, the patient showed a specific pattern of perceptual deficits in the ataxic (left) hemifield. First, a significant impairment occurred in the stationary eye conditions, attesting for an alteration of visuo-spatial encoding. Second, in the saccade conditions, an additional perceptual deficit (an error of ~5° along the saccade direction) was observed in both tasks and mainly in conditions where extra-retinal signals are thought to be critically involved, revealing a constant underestimation by extra-retinal signals of the saccade size, despite preserved saccade accuracy. These findings highlight a crucial role of the PPC in saccadic remapping processes underlying perceptual visual constancy and provide empirical evidence for models such as Ziesche and Hamker's (2014).

Breast cancer patients have frequent complaints of sleep disturbances. Sleep plays a major role in cognitive functioning, especially in executive functions, such as planning or flexibility, and also in memory consolidation. These cognitive functions are among the most frequently impaired in breast cancer. However, the influence of sleep on cognitive performance in patients treated for breast cancer has been little investigated. In addition, the physio-pathological mechanisms associated with sleep disturbances in breast cancer patients are not clear for now. The objective of this non-exhaustive review is to describe sleep alterations encountered in breast cancer, their potential mechanisms and to link these alterations with cognitive difficulties of patients. The studies conducted until now revealed the existence of a sleep complaint, with mainly insomnia symptoms, in breast cancer patients. These results are in accordance with those of studies using actigraphy after chemotherapy. Polysomnography (PSG) studies also suggest alterations in sleep architecture, but these studies are scarce and suffer from several limitations. Sleep alterations have mainly been studied in the context of chemotherapy. However, sleep alterations are little studied in case of other treatments, such as hormonal therapy, or even in the absence of treatment. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of sleep–wake cycle alterations and sleep apnea in breast cancer occurrence and survival; however, this association still needs to be more deeply evaluated. Finally, the links between objective sleep alterations and cognition are still little explored. A better understanding of sleep disorders in breast cancer will allow adapting the treatment in order to improve patients’ quality of life., Les patientes atteintes d’un cancer du sein se plaignent fréquemment d’une altération de leur sommeil. Ce dernier joue un rôle crucial dans le fonctionnement cognitif, notamment dans les fonctions exécutives telles que la planification ou la flexibilité, ou encore dans la consolidation des souvenirs en mémoire à long terme. Ces fonctions cognitives sont fréquemment altérées dans le cancer du sein. Cependant, l’influence du sommeil sur les performances cognitives reste peu documentée dans cette pathologie. En outre, les mécanismes physiopathologiques associés aux troubles du sommeil dans le cancer du sein sont, actuellement, mal compris. L’objectif de cette mise au point est de faire un état de l’art des altérations du sommeil rencontrées dans le cancer du sein, de décrire les potentiels mécanismes impliqués et de mettre en lien ces altérations avec les troubles cognitifs. Les études réalisées jusqu’ici auprès de patientes atteintes d’un cancer du sein révèlent l’existence d’une plainte de sommeil, avec principalement des symptômes évocateurs d’insomnie. Ces résultats sont en accord avec les données obtenues en actimétrie après chimiothérapie. Les études en polysomnographie (PSG) suggèrent également des altérations de l’architecture du sommeil, mais ces études sont encore peu nombreuses et souffrent de plusieurs limites. Les altérations du sommeil ont été majoritairement décrites chez des patientes traitées par chimiothérapie. En revanche, elles sont peu étudiées dans le cadre d’autres traitements, tels que l’hormonothérapie, ou même en dehors des traitements. Des études récentes mettent en avant les effets potentiellement carcinogènes des altérations du rythme activité–repos et des apnées, mais la causalité de ces effets doit être confirmée. Enfin, les liens existant entre les altérations du sommeil et la cognition sont encore peu explorés, notamment à l’aide de mesures objectives du sommeil. Une meilleure compréhension des troubles du sommeil dans le cancer du sein permettra d’adapter la prise en charge afin d’améliorer, à terme, la qualité de vie des patientes.

International audience; Subjective experiences often feel rich, yet are most often quantified with simple metrics, such as a few levels on a predefined scale. What are the dimensions and topological organization of subjective experience? How do they relate to behavioral output, how do they map onto the classical cognitive domains?

Background Sensorimotor control of axial segments, which develops during childhood and is not mature until adolescence, is essential for the development of balance control during motor activities. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have deficits in postural control when standing or walking, including less stabilization of the head and trunk which could affect postural control. Research question Is dynamic stabilization of axial segments during an unstable sitting task deficient in children with CP compared to typically developing children? Is this deficit correlated with the deficit of postural control during standing? Method Seventeen children with CP (GMFCS I-II) and 17 typically-developing children from 6 to 12 years old were rated on the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS). In addition, posturography was evaluated in participants while they maintained their balance in stable sitting, unstable sitting, and quiet standing, under “eyes open” and “eyes closed” conditions. In sitting tasks, the participants had to remain stable while being prevented from using the lower and upper limbs (i.e. to ensure the involvement of axial segments alone). Results Children with CP compared to TD children had significantly larger surface area, mean velocity and RMS values of CoP displacements measured during the unstable sitting task and the standing task, under both “eyes open” and “eyes closed” conditions. No significant group effects were observed during the stable sitting task. The TCMS total score was significantly lower, indicating trunk postural deficit, in the CP group than in the TD group and was significantly correlated with postural variables in the sitting and standing tasks. Significance Children with CP indeed have a specific impairment in the postural control of axial segments. Since the postural control of axial segments is important for standing and walking, its impairment should be taken into account in rehabilitation programs for children with CP.

International audience; Fuzzy set theory has been criticized for building on an ill-understood notion, viz., that of graded membership. To address this concern, recent work has proposed an operational definition of this notion, which experimental studies have subsequently shown to make accurate predictions regarding people's judgments of degrees of membership. It is still an open question whether analogous positive results can be obtained for more complex fuzzy concepts, for instance, concepts that can be modeled as intersections of fuzzy sets. The present paper makes a beginning with answering this question. It reports results of an experimental study that derived degrees of membership for a conjunctive concept from the outcomes of the aforementioned studies and then compared these predicted degrees with the degrees as judged by participants. Degrees of membership were derived using all of the better-known fuzzy intersection operators, and thus the results of the study also shed new light on the question of the empirical adequacy of those operators.

National audience; IntroductionLa pratique sportive, qu’elle soit un sport de contact ou pas (comme le cyclisme) donne lieu, bien souvent, à des commotions cérébrales qui ont des répercussions fonctionnelles sur la cognition et le comportement.ObjectifsDécrire les procédures d’évaluation neuropsychologique en cas de commotion cérébrale à partir des protocoles existant chez les rugbymen. Mettre en évidence les intérêts et les limites de ces protocoles.MéthodesPrésentation (1) de cas cliniques afin d’illustrer les pratiques cliniques d’évaluation neuropsychologique à différents temps après la commotion, et (2) de protocoles de recherche basés sur la mesure des temps de réaction afin de cerner au plus juste les répercussions cognitives de la commotion cérébrale.DiscussionLes troubles neuropsychologiques consécutifs à une commotion cérébrale liée à la pratique sportive persistent à distance de la commotion chez une personne sur cinq. Ces troubles neuropsychologiques impactent la reprise du sport et interrogent sur le vieillissement cognitif du sportif et ce d’autant plus que ce dernier est exposé au risque d’être de nouveau victime d’une commotion.ConclusionL’évaluation des répercussions cognitivo-comportementales des commotions cérébrales constitue un enjeu important afin (1) de mieux identifier les circonstances sportives ainsi que les caractéristiques des individus chez qui ces répercussions persistent au long court, et (2) d’accompagner le sportif lors de la reprise de son activité physique.

International audience; Background: A large number of studies have shown time perception impairment and reaction time (RT) variability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and have discussed the causes of such difficulties. However, very few studies have investigated time knowledge (i.e., the correct representation and use of time units) in children with ADHD.Methods: We evaluated time knowledge in 33 children with ADHD, aged 8-12 years, who had consulted a reference center for learning disabilities in Paris, matched for age and gender with 33 typically developing (TD) children. We used a simple questionnaire-based survey and neuropsychological tests for cognitive and attentional skills.Results: The acquisition of time knowledge was delayed in children with ADHD compared with TD children (P

International audience; Can geriatric technologies really be effective among elderly people with Alzheimer's dementia and living in institutions? Our controlled, randomized, single-blind, comparative study attempted to answer this question. The study was conducted in two nursing homes among 31 subjects with an average age of 79.4 ± 6.9, and an average MMSE score of 12.2 ± 3.6. The results show that the Pepper robot, compared to a soft toy, is capable not only of entertaining, but above all of inducing qualitative and quantitative clinical effects. During the 20-minute sessions, a decrease in apathy was observed with Pepper (6.7 ± 6.5 min vs. 18.4 ± 3.8 min, P < 0.001), a decrease in ambulation (4.5 ± 4.2 min vs. 18.2 ± 4 min, P < 0.001), a decrease in the duration of anger and aggression (3.7 ± 2.86 min vs. 16.22 ± 4.8 min, P = 0.001) and greater interactivity (10.02 ± 0.40 min vs. 4.4 ± 0.42 min, P < 0.001). When residents were asked to choose, they preferred Pepper (65 %) over the soft toy (35 %, P = 0.03). Alongside, we observed an impact on the subjective workload of caregivers: 48 % of the staff (vs. 38 %) considered that the presence of Pepper facilitated their task in situations of crisis. For the soft toy, the proportion of satisfied caregivers was only 14 % (P = 0.017).; La gérontechnologie serait-elle réellement capable d’agir de manière efficace chez des personnes âgées institutionnalisées avec démence d’Alzheimer ? C’est à cette question que notre étude (contrôlée, randomisée en simple aveugle et comparative) a tenté de répondre. L’étude a été menée dans deux EHPAD sur 31 résidents dont la moyenne d’âge était de 79,4 ± 6,9 ans, présentant un score MMSE moyen de 12,2 ± 3,6. Les résultats montrent que le robot Pepper, comparé à une peluche, est capable non seulement de divertir, mais surtout d’induire des effets cliniques qualitatifs et quantitatifs. Lors des séances de 20 minutes, il a été constaté une baisse de l’apathie avec Pepper (6,7 ± 6,5 mn vs 18,4 ± 3,8 mn, p < 0,001), une diminution de la déambulation (4,5 ± 4,2 mn vs 18,2 ± 4, mn, p < 0,001), une baisse du temps de colère et d’agressivité (3,7 ± 2,86 mn vs 16,22 ± 4,8 mn, p = 0,001) et une plus grande interactivité (10,02 ± 0,40 mn vs 4,4 ± 0,42 mn, p < 0,001). Lorsqu’on proposait aux résidents de choisir, ils préféraient Pepper (65 %) à la peluche (35 %, p = 0,03). De plus, nous avons observé parallèlement un impact sur la charge de travail subjective des soignants : 48 % du personnel (vs 38 %) reconnaît que la présence de Pepper soulage leur travail pendant les crises. Pour la peluche, la proportion de soignants satisfaits n’était que de 14 % (p = 0,017).

Soumis aux Annales médico-psychologiques.; International audience; This work starts from the phenomenological observation of the complex and versatile character of conscious experience, at every moment. This flexibility (or versatility) of conscious experience has led psychologists and philosophers to think of it as a flow and not as a state. In this work, a 17-item Conscientious Fluid Assessment Questionnaire (EQFC) was created using experiential phenomenological interviews. It was then evaluated a) in a population of healthy subjects, b) in doctoral students following an internship of explicit conscious experience (introspective method) and c) in some patients at the end of hypnotherapy. The internal validation (symmetry, flattening, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) is very satisfactory. It was possible to highlight 4 dimensions in this test: self and environmental availability, "letting go" itself, relative passivity to the world, and acceptance of change. Moreover, it has been compared to the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) with which it is partially correlated. The results show that the flexibility of consciousness is not equal in all subjects and that hypnotherapy and introspective methods increase the fluidity of consciousness, as measured by the EQFC test.; Ce travail part de l’observation phénoménologique du caractère complexe et versatile de l’expérience consciente, à chaque instant. Cette flexibilité (ou versatilité) de l’expérience consciente a amené les psychologues et les philosophes à penser celle-ci comme un flux et non comme un état. Dans ce travail, un questionnaire d’évaluation de la fluidité de la conscience (EQFC), comprenant 17 items, a été créé en utilisant des entretiens phénoménologiques expérientiels en groupe. ll a été ensuite puis évalué a) dans une population de sujets sains, b) chez des doctorants à la suite d’un stage d’explicitation de l’expérience consciente (méthode introspective) et c) chez quelques patients à l’issue d’hypnothérapie. La validation interne (symétrie, aplatissement, coefficient alpha de Cronbach) est très satisfaisante. Il a été possible de mettre en évidence 4 dimensions dans ce test : disponibilité à soi et à l’environnement, « lâcher prise » proprement dit, relative passivité face au monde, et acceptation du changement. Par ailleurs, il a été comparé au teste FFMQ (Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire) avec lequel il est partiellement corrélé. Les résultats montrent que la flexibilité de la conscience n’est pas égale chez tous les sujets et que l’hypnothérapie et les méthodes introspectives augmentent la fluidité de la conscience, telle que mesurée par le test EQFC.

To understand the brain is to understand behaviour. However, understanding behaviour itself requires consideration of sensory information, body movements and the animal's ecology. Therefore, understanding the link between neurons and behaviour is a multi-level problem, which can be achieved when considering Marr's three levels of understanding: behaviour, computation, and neural implementation. Rather than establishing direct links between neurons and behaviour, the matter boils down to understanding two transitions: the link between neurons and brain computation on one hand, and the link between brain computations and behaviour on the other hand. The field of insect navigation illustrates well the power of such two-sided endeavour. We provide here examples revealing that each transition requires its own approach with its own intrinsic difficulties, and show how modelling can help us reach the desired multi-level understanding.

Resume Du fait de la myopie forte, l’accommodation fusionnelle et la convergence accommodative sont peu sollicitees, aboutissant a une augmentation du rapport AC/A. De plus, la deformation du segment posterieur de l’œil retentit sur la position des muscles droits horizontaux. Lors d’un changement de correction optique, l’equilibre de l’accommodation/convergence peut etre rompu, entrainant une EEt dont la symptomatologie n’a rien de specifique. Le traitement repose avant tout sur la prescription d’une correction optique optimale. Mais, le recours a la chirurgie est souvent necessaire du fait de la gene fonctionnelle ou esthetique.

International audience; Patients with psychiatric disorders have a decrease in their life expectancy. Excess mortality of patients with schizophrenia was demonstrated by a meta-analysis in the late 1990s and has not decreased for the past 30years. A recent meta-analysis including nearly 250,000 patients with schizophrenia found an average decrease in life expectancy of 14.5years (CI95: 11,2-17,8), more important for men than for women: 15.9 (CI95: 13,8-18,0) vs 13.6 (CI95: 11,4-15,8). A closer look at the somatic comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome, and investigation of causes of death of these patients highlighted already well-known factors, namely late diagnosis and insufficient treatment of physical diseases, side effects of antipsychotics, unhealthy lifestyle (poor diet, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and lack of exercise), and higher risk of suicide and accident. Concerning ultra-high risk (UHR) patients, a 2016 meta-analysis of 47 studies evaluated the cardiovascular risk factors. They reported a higher prevalence of smoking in UHR (odds ratio 2,3) and a lower level of physical activity associated with a normal BMI (Body Mass Index) compared to the control population. A meta-analysis about patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) found reduced total and LDL cholesterol levels and an increased triglyceride level compared to the control population. One study found alteration of the fasting plasmatic levels of glucose and insulin, as well as insulin resistance in FEP patients, compared to controls albeit the HbA1c level was not significantly different. A meta-analysis reported a prevalence of metabolic syndrome of 10 % in FEP or drug naïve patients versus 35 % and 20 % in treated and untreated patients with chronic schizophrenia respectively. Somatic comorbidities usually appear during the first two years of the disease. Some interventions have proven their efficacy in reducing the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors. For instance, metformin, a treatment for type 2 diabetes that is allowed from the age of 10, has shown benefits in children and adolescents receiving second-generation antipsychotics in a recent meta-analysis, with a mean weight loss of 3.23kg (IC95 % -5.59 -0.86) after 16 weeks. Dietary-hygienic interventions are also effective in reducing cardiovascular risk. Other interventions such as omega-3 supplementation, vitamin D, N-acetylcysteine, and fasting have not proven to be effective. Comprehensive care programs have been developed to promote somatic care in psychiatric patients, such as the Canadian HeAL (Healthy Active Lives) program. These programs are more effective when proposed from the beginning of the disease and the introduction of antipsychotics. In this review, because there is no French recommendation, we translate a tool for the prescription of metformin and the Canadian recommendations from the HeAL program. Generalization of these programs to all young psychotic patients could improve their life expectancy and reduce the overall mortality. Prevention of cardiovascular risk factors and cardio-metabolic monitoring of treatments must be part of the standard of care in early psychosis. These programs aim at providing patients with the quality of somatic and mental care they are entitled to. This requires the involvement of all stakeholders, including patients and their families but also psychiatrists and other caregivers.

International audience; OBJECTIVES:Compared to the general population, psychiatric patients are more exposed to physical illness but have reduced access to care.METHODS:We conducted a descriptive study in Montpellier between November 2011, 2nd and December 2012, 21st. Every Wednesday and Friday, the last two inpatients admitted in the psychiatric post-emergency unit of the University Hospital of Montpellier were assessed by a general practitioner and included in the study. This unit takes care of suicidal patients suffering from mood and/or personality disorders. The general practitioner assessed lifetime somatic history, current somatic comorbidities and medical follow-up for non-psychiatric issues.RESULTS:One hundred patients were included. The sample consisted of 81% women with a mean age of 43 years (18-79 years). The majority of patients had a lifetime history of somatic disease (96%) and was followed by a general practitioner (99%). Six patients had no met general practitioner for at least one year. Dyslipidemia was reported in 32 patients, among those only one patient was on lipid-lowering drug (96.88%). Among patients with impaired dental condition, 29 (55.77%) had not met a dentist for at least one year. Among those with impaired near visual acuity and/or impaired distance visual acuity, 19 (65.52%) had not met an ophthalmologist for at least one year.CONCLUSION:Although detected, somatic comorbidities seem outsourced in psychiatric patients. Greater awareness among different health professionals about the medical care of such patients could improve healthcare management and life expectancy

Resume La varicelle est une maladie quasi obligatoire si on ne vaccine pas les enfants. Benigne chez l’enfant sain qui represente 95 % des cas, elle est plus grave chez les adolescents, les adultes et les immunodeprimes. Les surinfections bacteriennes, dont la fasciite necrosante, sont les complications les plus frequentes, suivies des complications neurologiques (cerebellite et encephalite) et pulmonaires. L’âge de moins de 1 an, les corticoides et les anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens representent des facteurs de risque de complication chez les enfants sains. Le deficit de l’immunite cellulaire est un risque eleve de varicelle grave, voire mortelle. Une varicelle survenant avant la 20e semaine de grossesse expose a une fœtopathie severe. Le zona est du a la reactivation du virus varicelle-zona (VZV) qui, apres la primo-infection, installe une latence dans les ganglions nerveux. Sa survenue chez l’enfant ne justifie pas la recherche de pathologie sous-jacente. La survenue de la varicelle avant 1 an, l’exposition in utero au VZV, l’immunodepression et les pathologies malignes majorent le risque. Bien que la vaccination contre la varicelle protege les enfants du zona, le virus vaccinal OKA peut causer la maladie. Le zona est habituellement benin mais peut se compliquer de meningite ou d’encephalite, d’atteinte ophtalmique, de paralysie faciale. Le VZV est par ailleurs implique dans la survenue d’accident vasculaire cerebral. Les soins de peau representent l’essentiel du traitement de la varicelle et du zona. L’aciclovir (par voie intraveineuse) est reserve au traitement des formes graves et compliquees et aux immunodeprimes. La vaccination contre la varicelle n’est pas recommandee chez l’enfant en France. Les immunoglobulines specifiques sont a nouveau disponibles (autorisation temporaire d’utilisation) et doivent etre utilisees en prophylaxie post-contact chez les immunodeprimes et les nouveau-nes. La vaccination contre le zona ne concerne pas les enfants.

Understanding others in everyday situations requires multiple types of information processing (visual, auditory, higher order…) which implicates the use of multiple neural circuits of the human brain. Here, using a multisensory paradigm we investigate one aspect of social understanding less explored in the literature: instead of focusing on the capacity to infer what a specific person is thinking, we explore here how people with high functioning autism (HFA) and matched controls with typical development (TD) infer the “population thinking”. For this we created an audio-visual ‘social norm inference’ task. Participants were required to imagine how most people would judge the appropriateness of vocal utterances in relation to different emotional visual contexts. Behavioral findings demonstrated that HFA individuals show more interindividual variability in these judgments despite equal within-participant reliability relative to TD. This was also the case for judgements of the valence of these vocalizations when presented in isolation. At the neural level, multivoxel pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed strikingly similar neural representations between HFA and TD participants at the group level across different hierarchical levels and neural systems. However, analyses at the individual-participant level revealed that the “Temporal Voice Area” (TVA) shows more interindividual variability in the HFA group, both for neural representations and functional connectivity. Thus, this larger neural idiosyncrasy in a high-level auditory area matches with the larger behavioral idiosyncrasy in HFA individuals, when judging auditory valence and its adequacy in different social scenarios. These results suggest that idiosyncrasy in task-relevant sensory areas in HFA participants could underlie their greater difficulties to estimate how others can think. ispartof: Cortex vol:125 pages:90-108 ispartof: location:Italy status: published

International audience; We review and analyze evidence for an evolutionary rooting of human economic behaviors and organization in non-human primates. Rather than focusing on the direct application of economic models that a priori account for animal decision behavior, we adopt an inductive definition of economic behavior in terms of the contribution of individual cognitive capacities to the provision of resources within an exchange structure. We spell out to what extent non-human primates’ individual and strategic decision behaviors are shared with humans. We focus on the ability to trade, through barter or token-mediated exchanges, as a landmark of an economic system among members of the same species. It is an open question why only humans have reached a high level of economic sophistication. While primates have many of the necessary cognitive abilities (symbolic and computational) in isolation, one plausible issue we identify is the limits in exerting cognitive control to combine several sources of information. The difference between human and non-human primates’ economies might well then be in degree rather than kind.

Pneumococci (more than 90 different serotypes have been identified) are the leading cause of bacterial infections in humans and a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The risk of pneumococcal infection is particularly high in children in the first 2 years of life, in subjects over 65 years of age, and at any age in patients with risk factors. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has led to a significant reduction in pneumococcal infections significantly reducing mortality and morbidity, but infections will not disappear: the selection pressure exerted by vaccines that have led to serotypic replacement. These vaccines are now included in the vaccination schedules of more than 180 countries around the world., Les pneumocoques (plus de 90 sérotypes différents ont été identifiés) représentent la première cause d’infections bactériennes chez l’homme et une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité dans le monde. Le risque d’infection à pneumocoque est particulièrement élevé chez les enfants dans les 2 premières années de vie, chez les sujets âgés de plus de plus de 65 ans, et à tout âge chez des patients présentant des facteurs de risque. L’introduction des vaccins contre le pneumocoque a permis une diminution franche des infections pneumococciques réduisant significativement la mortalité et la morbidité, mais les infections ne vont pas disparaître : la pression de sélection exercée par les vaccins ayant conduit à un remplacement sérotypique. Ces vaccins sont aujourd’hui inclus dans les calendriers vaccinaux de plus de 180 pays dans le monde.

International audience; Social cognition impairment predicts social functioning in schizophrenia. Several studies have found abnormal brain activation in patients with schizophrenia during social cognition tasks. Nevertheless, no coordinate-based meta-analysis comparing the neural correlates of theory of mind and empathy had been done in this population. Our aim was to explore neural correlates related to theory of mind and empathy in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls, in order to identify abnormal brain activation related to emotional content during mental state attribution in schizophrenia. We performed a neural-coordinate-based Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of existing neuroimaging data in the literature to distinguish between abnormal brain maps associated with emotional attribution and those associated with intention/belief inference. We found that brain activation in patients group was significantly decreased in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) during emotional attribution, while there was a significant decrease in the left posterior temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) during intention/belief attribution. Using a meta-analytic connectivity modeling approach (MACM), we demonstrated that both regions are coactivated with other brain regions known to play a role in social cognition, including the bilateral anterior insula, right TPJ, left amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, abnormal activation in both the left TPJ and right VLPFC was previously reported in association with verbal-auditory hallucinations and a "jumping to conclusions" cognitive bias. Thus, these regions could be valuable targets for therapeutic interventions in schizophrenia.

The impact of memory loss on the self in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood. Previous research is mixed on whether episodic or semantic memories are most important for supporting identity. The present study examined autobiographical memories cued by self-images (e.g., I am a father) and non-self-related cues in 16 AD patients and 29 healthy older adults. The AD group generated fewer self-images and memories compared to controls, but demonstrated similar temporal organization of self-cued memories. In both groups, self-images were supported by semantic memories that were temporally clustered around times of identity-formation. These self-supporting memories are proposed to form a scaffold to support the self and may persist the longest in AD, as opposed to memories from early adulthood per se. In both AD and control groups, self-images cued more semantic memories than non-self-relevant cues, further suggesting that semantic autobiographical memories play a fundamental role in supporting the self. These findings demonstrate that the self remains largely intact in AD, in spite of severe episodic memory deficits and global cognitive decline. In later stages of the disease, these self-supporting memories could provide effective tools for reminiscence therapy.

A central goal in cognitive science is to parse the series of processing stages underlying a cognitive task. A powerful yet simple behavioral method that can resolve this problem is finger trajectory tracking: by continuously tracking the finger position and speed as a participant chooses a response, and by analyzing which stimulus features affect the trajectory at each time point during the trial, we can estimate the absolute timing and order of each processing stage, and detect transient effects, changes of mind, serial versus parallel processing, and real-time fluctuations in subjective confidence. We suggest that trajectory tracking, which provides considerably more information than mere response times, may provide a comprehensive understanding of the fast temporal dynamics of cognitive operations.

International audience

Previous behavioral, clinical, and neuroimaging studies suggest that the neural substrates of adaptation of saccadic eye movements involve, beyond the central role of the cerebellum, several, still incompletely determined, cortical areas. Furthermore, no neuroimaging study has yet tackled the differences between saccade lengthening ("forward adaptation") and shortening ("backward adaptation") and neither between their two main components, i.e. error processing and oculomotor changes. The present fMRI study was designed to fill these gaps. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal and eye movements of 24 healthy volunteers were acquired while performing reactive saccades under 4 conditions repeated in short blocks of 16 trials: systematic target jump during the saccade and in the saccade direction (forward: FW) or in the opposite direction (backward: BW), randomly directed FW or BW target jump during the saccade (random: RND) and no intra-saccadic target jump (stationary: STA). BOLD signals were analyzed both through general linear model (GLM) approaches applied at the whole-brain level and through sensitive Multi-Variate Pattern Analyses (MVPA) applied to 34 regions of interest (ROIs) identified from independent 'Saccade Localizer' functional data. Oculomotor data were consistent with successful induction of forward and backward adaptation in FW and BW blocks, respectively. The different analyses of voxel activation patterns (MVPAs) disclosed the involvement of 1) a set of ROIs specifically related to adaptation in the right occipital cortex, right and left MT/MST, right FEF and right pallidum; 2) several ROIs specifically involved in error signal processing in the left occipital cortex, left PEF, left precuneus, Medial Cingulate cortex (MCC), left inferior and right superior cerebellum; 3) ROIs specific to the direction of adaptation in the occipital cortex and MT/MST (left and right hemispheres for FW and BW, respectively) and in the pallidum of the right hemisphere (FW). The involvement of the left PEF and of the (left and right) occipital cortex were further supported and qualified by the whole brain GLM analysis: clusters of increased activity were found in PEF for the RND versus STA contrast (related to error processing) and in the left (right) occipital cortex for the FW (BW) versus STA contrasts [related to the FW (BW) direction of error and/or adaptation]. The present study both adds complementary data to the growing literature supporting a role of the cerebral cortex in saccadic adaptation through feedback and feedforward relationships with the cerebellum and provides the basis for improving conceptual frameworks of oculomotor plasticity and of its link with spatial cognition. ispartof: NEUROIMAGE vol:262 ispartof: location:United States status: published

International audience; The use of TMS-EEG coupling as a neuroimaging tool for the functional exploration of the human brain recently gained strong interest. If this tool directly inherits the fine temporal resolution from EEG, its spatial counterpart remains unknown. In this study, we explored the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling by evaluating the minimal distance between two stimulated cortical sites that would significantly evoke different response dynamics. TMS evoked responses were mapped on the sensorimotor region in twenty participants. The stimulation grid was composed of nine targets separated between 10 and 15 mm on average. The dynamical signatures of TMS evoked activity were extracted and compared between sites using both local and remote linear regression scores and spatial generalized mixed models. We found a significant effect of the distance between stimulated sites on their dynamical signatures, neighboring sites showing differentiable response dynamics. Besides, common dynamical signatures were also found between sites up to 25-30 mm from each other. This overlap in dynamical properties decreased with distance and was stronger between sites within the same Brodmann area. Our results suggest that the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling might be at least as high as 10 mm. Furthermore, our results reveal an anisotropic spatial resolution that was higher across than within the same Brodmann areas, in accordance with the TMS induced E-field modeling. Common cytoarchitectonic leading to shared dynamical properties within the same Brodmann area could also explain this anisotropy. Overall, these findings suggest that TMS-EEG benefits from the spatial resolution of TMS, which makes it an accurate technique for meso-scale brain mapping.

International audience; Nursing home staff have been adversely impacted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, facing difficulties in providing patient care. The aim of this study was to explore health workers’ perception regarding their own care quality experience in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Amidst the second wave of the pandemic, we investigated the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and care quality experiences in nursing homes with emotional exhaustion (EE) as a mediating role. We hypothesized that EE is associated with fear of COVID-19 and care quality experience among nursing home staff. Furthermore, we predicted that EE would mediate the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and care quality experience.MethodsDuring the second wave of COVID-19 (October to December 2020), we administered surveys to a large sample of 129 French nursing home staff with a mean age of 38.47 ± 10.31 who were directly and repeatedly exposed to COVID-19. We assessed their emotional exhaustion (EE) and care quality experience in the workplace via subjective indicators using self-reported scales.ResultsIn the context of COVID-19, low to severe emotional exhaustion levels were found among nursing home staff, and these levels were associated with care quality experience as well as fear of COVID-19. The groups with low and severe levels of EE reported the highest levels of fear of COVID-19. The groups with moderate and severe levels of EE reported the lowest levels of care quality experience. Lastly, the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and care quality experience were mediated by EE.ConclusionsThe findings made by the present study focused on the role of emotional coping responses to COVID-19. EE was associated positively with fear of COVID-19 and negatively with care quality experience. Furthermore, EE was found to mediate the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and care quality experience. We discuss these findings as they relate to palliative care issues in nursing homes and the manner in which emotional exhaustion ought to be addressed among nursing home staff.

International audience; L1 French participants learned novel L2 English words over two days of learning sessions, with half of the words presented with their orthographic forms (Audio-Ortho) and half without (Audio only). One group heard the words pronounced by a single talker, while another group heard them pronounced by multiple talkers. On the third day, they completed a variety of tasks to evaluate their learning. Our results show a robust influence of orthography, with faster response times in both production (Picture naming) and recognition (Picture mapping) tasks for words learned in the Audio-Ortho condition. Moreover, formant analyses of the Picture naming responses show that orthographic input pulls pronunciations of English novel words towards a non-native (French) phonological target. Words learned with their orthographic forms were pronounced more precisely (with smaller Dispersion Scores), but were misplaced in the vowel space (as reflected by smaller Euclidian distances with respect to French vowels). Finally, we found only limited evidence of an effect of talker-based acoustic variability: novel words learned with multiple talkers showed faster responses times in the Picture naming task, but only in the Audio-only condition, which suggests that orthographic information may have overwhelmed any advantage of talker-based acoustic variability.

International audience

Summary We have recently used randomized controlled trials to examine the impact of a short neuroscience-informed causal intervention using a targeted training to inhibit a deeply rooted visual mechanism (mirror invariance) that hinders literacy acquisition, combined with post-training sleep (for learning consolidation). Using this training protocol, we have shown unprecedented improvements in visual perception of letters, writing, and a two-fold increase in reading fluency in first graders. Here, we describe this ecologically valid school-based intervention protocol to probe inhibition of mirror invariance for letters, including the detailed training instructions, post-training sleep consolidation, as well as practical tips and potential adaptations to different school sizes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Torres et al., (2021)., Graphical abstract, Highlights • School-based protocol to probe inhibition of mirror invariance for letters • Gains in visual perception of letters, writing and reading fluency in first graders • Learning effects sustained for 4 months when sleep followed targeted training • Simple, ecological and cost-effective 3 weeks intervention to double reading fluency, We have recently used randomized controlled trials to examine the impact of a short neuroscience-informed targeted training combined with post-training sleep. Using this training protocol, we have shown unprecedented improvements in visual perception of letters, writing, and reading fluency in first graders. Here, we describe this ecologically valid school-based intervention protocol to probe inhibition of mirror invariance for letters, including the detailed training instructions, post-training sleep consolidation, as well as practical tips and potential adaptations to different school sizes.

International audience

International audience

Two recent studies (Farashahi et al. and Rouault et al.) provide compelling evidence refuting the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) hypothesis as a ground model describing human decision-making. Together, these studies pave the way towards a new model that subsumes the notion of decision-making and adaptive behavior into a single account.

International audience; Following brain damage, the patient PS suffers from selective impairment in recognizing individuals by their faces, i.e., prosopagnosia. Her case has been documented in more than 30 publications to date, informing about the nature of individual face recognition and its neural basis. Here we report new functional neuroimaging data obtained on PS with a recently developed fast periodic stimulation functional imaging (FPS-fMRI) paradigm combining high sensitivity, specificity and reliability in identifying the cortical face-selective network (Gao et al., 2018). We define the extent of the large and reliable face-selective activation in the lateral section of the right middle fusiform gyrus, i.e., right FFA, which forms a single cluster of activation lying at the anterior border of the patient's main lesion in the inferior occipital gyrus. The contribution of posterior face-selective responses in the right or left inferior occipital gyrus is ruled out, strongly supporting the view that face-selective activity emerges in the right middle fusiform gyrus of the patient's brain from non-face-selective inputs from early visual areas. Despite this, low-level visual cues, i.e., amplitude spectrum of images, do not contribute to neural face-selective responses anywhere in the patient's cortical face network. This sensitive face-localizer approach also reveals an intact face-selective network anterior to the fusiform gyrus, including clusters in the ventral anterior temporal lobe (occipito-temporal sulcus and temporal pole) and the inferior frontal gyrus, with a right hemispheric dominance. Overall, with the exception of the left inferior occipital gyrus, the cortical face network of the prosopagnosic patient PS appears remarkably similar to typical individuals in non-brain damaged regions. However, unlike in neurotypical adults tested in the present study, including age-matched controls, a novel paradigm based on FPS-FMRI confirms that the patient's face network is insensitive to differences between rapidly presented pictures of unfamiliar individual faces, in line with her prosopagnosia.

According to neuropsychological models of anosognosia, there is a failure to transfer on-line awareness of dysfunction into a more generalised long term belief about memory function in Alzheimer's disease. This failure results in specific metamemory deficits for global predictions: patients overestimate their performance before the task but are able to monitor their memory performance after having experienced the task. However, after a delay, they are still not able to make accurate predictions. As previous work has mainly focused on long-term memory, the present study investigates this issue in short-term and working memory. Using both global and item-by-item metacognitive judgements in a digit span task, we showed that Alzheimer's disease patients are as accurate as older adults in monitoring their performance despite impaired memory. When they have the opportunity to test themselves, or when they have already performed the task, patients are able to use feedback to adjust their metacognitive judgements. Overall, these results show that even for a relatively complex task, patients with Alzheimer's disease are aware of their difficulties in the here-and-now.

Humans can recognize living organisms and understand their actions solely on the basis of a small animated set of well-positioned points of light, i.e. by recognizing biological motion. Our aim was to determine whether this type of recognition and integration also occurs during the perception of one's own movements. The participants (60 females) were immersed with a virtual reality headset in a virtual environment, either dark or illuminated, in which they could see a humanoid avatar from a first-person perspective. The avatar's forearms were either realistic or represented by three points of light. Embodiment was successfully achieved through a 1-min period during which either the realistic or point-light avatar's forearms faithfully reproduced voluntary flexion-extension movements. Then, the "virtual mirror paradigm" was used to evoke kinesthetic illusions. In this paradigm, a passive flexion-extension of the participant's left arm was coupled with the movements of the avatar's forearms. This combined visuo-proprioceptive stimulation, was compared with unimodal stimulation (either visual or proprioceptive stimulation only). We found that combined visuo-proprioceptive stimulation with realistic avatars evoked more vivid kinesthetic illusions of a moving right forearm than unimodal stimulations, regardless of whether the virtual environment was dark or illuminated. Kinesthetic illusions also occurred with point-light avatars, albeit less frequently and a little less intense, and only when the visual environment was optimal for slow motion detection of the point-light display (lit environment). We conclude that kinesthesia does not require visual access to an elaborate representation of a body segment. Access to biological movement can be sufficient.

Resume Les besoins nutritionnels de l’adolescent se definissent par les depenses liees au metabolisme de base, a l’activite physique mais aussi a la croissance. Plusieurs methodes permettent d’estimer les besoins nutritionnels, allant de la mesure directe a l’extrapolation des donnees adultes, en passant par l’observation des donnees de consommation ou l’utilisation de formule pour la depense energetique. Les besoins sont tres differents d’un adolescent a l’autre, en lien avec une corpulence et une activite physique tres variables, et selon le genre. La croissance est acceleree lors de la puberte, avec une acquisition majeure de masse musculaire et de masse grasse mais aussi de masse osseuse, ce qui justifie des besoins parfois superieurs a l’adulte dans cette periode, notamment en proteines, calcium et phosphore. Les mesures des besoins servent a guider les consommations. Les apports nutritionnels conseilles (ANC) correspondent aux apports permettant de couvrir les besoins de la population, et sont precises pour les macronutriments, les mineraux, les elements traces et les vitamines. Ils sont compares aux etudes de consommations faites en France et en Europe. Celles-ci mettent en evidence que les apports proteiques et lipidiques totaux sont plus eleves que les ANC, ce qui expose au risque de developper une obesite. D’autres nutriments sont consommes en quantite insuffisante, exposant a un risque de deficience. Cela concerne le calcium, le fer, les acides gras polyinsatures de la serie n-3, la vitamine D, les folates, et la vitamine E. Les professionnels de sante doivent etre particulierement attentifs a ces nutriments dans une tranche d’âge ou le regime alimentaire peut etre destructure.

International audience; The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of inducing muscle oxygenation using an intermittent cycling exercise on recovery kinetics after exercise-induced muscle damage. Ten soccer players performed single-leg knee flexors exercise: 75 eccentric contractions. The day after, subjects performed an intermittent cycling exercise of 12 min (15 s work - 15 s rest) or recovered passively in a balanced and randomized cross-over design. Force, single and double-leg countermovement jumps, muscle soreness, perceived recovery and creatine kinase concentrations were assessed through a 72 h period. Oxygenation during cycling was assessed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Results showed an increase in knee flexors oxygenation using intermittent cycling (ΔHbO = 70.2 ± 19.8% ; ΔHHb = 68.2 ± 14.1%). Possibly small detrimental effect of cycling on eccentric force was found (ES = -0.58, 90% CI: -1.33 to 0.17). Small detrimental effects of cycling were found for soreness and perceived recovery. Implementing intermittent cycling exercise the day after muscle damage may be detrimental for recovery.

This study aims at increasing knowledge of the best way to design trucks’ gauges on digital instrument clusters. Trucks are equipped with many gauges that the driver has to monitor while driving. Digital instrument clusters offer new design possibilities and the human factors literature presents only limited answers on safe and efficient gauge designs. Eighteen truck drivers were presented with eight gauges with different shapes, orientation and indicators to perform three reading tasks (quantitative, qualitative and check reading). Results showed that gauge design impacted task completion times, eyes on-gauge duration and satisfaction. Horizontal gauges and pointer indicators were more efficient and less demanding visually. On the subjective side, circular and horizontal gauges were preferred by drivers. Specific gauge designs implied a gain in visual demand up to 250 ms. For the design of gauges on digital instrument cluster, information processing can be facilitated thanks to basic design changes.

An utterance of Some of the students are home usually triggers the inference that it is not the case that the speaker believes that all students are home (Primary Scalar Implicature). It may also license a stronger inference: that the speaker believes that not all students are home (Secondary Scalar Implicature). Using an experimental paradigm which allows to distinguish between these three distinct readings as such (literal reading, primary SI, secondary SI), we show that the secondary SI can be accessed even in contexts where the speaker is not presented as being well-informed, a result which goes against classical neo-Gricean pragmatic approaches to Scalar Implicature, but is compatible with both the ‘grammatical’ approach to Scalar Implicatures and some more recent game-theoretic pragmatic models in which speakers and listeners engage in sophisticated higher-order reasoning about each other. Second, we use this paradigm to compare standard scalar items such as some and expressions whose interpretation has been argued to involve SIs, but controversially: almost, numerals and plural morphology. For some and almost, we find that speakers do access three distinct readings, but for numerals and plural morphology, only the literal reading and the secondary implicature could be detected, and no primary implicature, which suggests that the pragmatic and semantic mechanisms at play are different for both types of items.

International audience; The word length effect in Lexical Decision (LD) has been studied in many behavioral experiments but no computational models has yet simulated this effect. We use a new Bayesian model of visual word recognition, the BRAID model, that simulates expert readers performance. BRAID integrates an attentional component modeled by a Gaus-sian probability distribution, a mechanism of lateral interference between adjacent letters and an acuity gradient, but no phonological component. We explored the role of visual attention on the word length effect using 1,200 French words from 4 to 11 letters. A series of five simulations was carried out to assess (a) the impact of a single attentional focus versus multiple shifts of attention on the word length effect and (b) how this effect is modulated by variations in the distribution of attention. Results show that the model successfully simulates the word length effect reported for humans in the French Lexicon Project when allowing multiple shifts of attention for longer words. The magnitude and direction of the effect can be modulated depending on the use of a uniform or narrow distribution of attention. The present study provides evidence that visual attention is critical for the recognition of single words and that a narrowing of the attention distribution might account for the exaggerated length effect reported in some reading disorders.

Aims Patients with homonymous hemianopia may present a subtle ipsilesional deficit, recently referred to as ‘sightblindness’ in addition to the contralesional visual field defect. We recently demonstrated that this deficit could be worse in right brain-damaged patients with left hemianopia than in left brain-damaged patients with right hemianopia, confirming right hemisphere dominance for visuo-spatial and attentional capacities. In the present study we investigate whether this ipsilesional deficit could be attentional in nature and to what extent it is comparable in right brain-damaged (RBD) patients with left hemianopia and in RBD patients with left neglect. The study was also conducted in RBD patients with neither left hemianopia nor left neglect signs in order to test if a right hemisphere lesion per se could be responsible for subtle ipsilesional attentional deficit. To reach this aim, we tested selective attentional capacities in both visual fields of 10 right brain-damaged patients with left neglect (LN), 8 right brain-damaged patients with left homonymous hemianopia (LHH), 8 right brain-damaged patients with no signs of left neglect or left hemianopia (RBD controls), and 17 healthy age-matched participants (Normal controls). Method A lateralized letter-detection task was used to test if right-brain damaged patients with LN or LH may present a deficit of selective attention in their right, ipsilesional visual field, in comparison to Normal and RBD controls. Participants were asked to detect a target letter in either a single large stimulus (low attentional load) or a small stimulus surrounded by flankers (high attentional load). Stimuli were displayed either in the left or in the right visual field. Accuracy and reaction times were recorded. Results Results on accuracy showed that both LN and LH patients exhibited lower correct responses than Normal controls in their ipsilesional right visual field, suggesting an attentional deficit in their ipsilesional, supposed healthy visual field. More specifically, LH patients exhibited a specific deficit for processing single large stimuli, but not for processing flanked stimuli, relative to normal controls. LN patients exhibited lower correct responses for processing all types of stimulus than normal controls, but also than right brain damaged controls, in both visual fields suggesting a non-lateralized deficit not only due to the right hemisphere lesion. Furthermore, this deficit is more pronounced for flanked small stimuli, requiring higher attentional load. Conclusions The present results bring further evidence that patients with left homonymous hemianopia or left unilateral neglect both present a weaker but significant ipsilesional deficit in addition to their well-known massive contralesional deficit. The presence of a specific attentional deficit in the right ipsilesional visual field of left hemianopic and left neglect patients is discussed regarding the hypothesis of hemispheric specialization for selective spatial attention and may have clinical implications for both conditions.