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It is important to study the diffusion of acids because acids can accelerate the aging of oil-paper insulation systems. In the paper, the diffusion of acids is weakened by adding nano-SiO2 in oil. The results of relative concentration, centroid trajectory and density field distribution by molecular dynamics simulation show that there are more acids in the oil of nano-SiO2 oil-cellulose paper system (Nano-O-P model) than that of pure mineral oil-cellulose paper system (Pure-O-P model). This is primarily attributed to the hydrogen bonding of nano-SiO2 to acids and the adsorption energy of oil to acids was increased in the Nano-O-P model. The number of hydrogen bonds between formic acids and cellulose in the Nano-O-P model was reduced by 32.5% compared with that in the Pure-O-P model, protecting the intermolecular hydrogen bonding structure of the cellulose paper and reducing the promotional effect of acids on the aging of oil-paper insulating systems.

We propose a low cost and simple method to prepare a paper-based supercapacitor in this study. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed with a pectin solution under an ultrasonic homogenizer. Carbon nanotube suspension was prepared using a centrifuge to eliminate impurities. The dispersed MWCNTs suspension was dropped and dried onto the shallow surface of commercial copy paper. A paper-based conductive paper was formed as the electrodes. The electrical conductivity and dispersed morphology of the paper-based conductive paper were examined by four probes, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The solid-state electrolyte was prepared by casting a solution of phosphoric acid and polyvinyl alcohol onto a glass plate. The paper-based supercapacitor was constructed with one solid-state electrolyte inserted between two electrodes, which were assembled into a sandwich structure by hot press. The specific capacitance and cycle-life stability of the paper-based supercapacitor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry analysis.

I analyse in detail the construction of asymptotic surfaces in Sections 16–19 of Poincare (1890) , also known as the prize paper. There are two prime reasons for doing so. Firstly, this part of the prize paper contains an interesting argumentative strategy, which I call Poincare׳s gestalt switch. Secondly, it has been claimed that the prize paper contains one of the first descriptions of chaotic motion. I will argue that the latter claim is false, although both the gestalt switches and the graphical representation which Poincare (1890) chose for the asymptotic surfaces might well have provided the inspiration for later works in chaos theory.

A robust superhydrophobic ZnO coating on a filter paper substrate was successfully prepared for the first time by using a successive deposition process and chemical modification. The surface morphology, chemical composition, wetting property, mechanical stability, chemical stability and durability of the filter papers were examined. The as-prepared papers exhibited an improved rough surface topography compared with the uncoated paper due to the uniform ZnO microclusters decorated on the reticular fibers. More importantly, it was found that the wettability of papers was dependent on the surface roughness, which was governed by the number of ZnO microcluster deposition cycles. After the chemical modification with stearic acid, the resulting paper with 4 cycles presented the optimized superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle (WCA) of 158°, a slide angle (SA) of 3°, a low adhesion and good bounce performance. The chemical resistance of the superhydrophobic paper to corrosive liquids was studied. Moreover, the superhydrophobicity of paper was not affected after the water drops impact test or it was kept for 6 months, indicating its high impact resistance and long-term stability. The excellent superhydrophobicity of paper can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the suitable micro/nanoscale hierarchical roughness and the low surface energy modification.

WO3 micro/nanostructures were synthesized by a facile paper-assisted calcination method, which combined the merits of wet chemical and thermal decomposition. The morphology of WO3 micro/nanostructures can be varied by adding inorganic ions. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize the WO3 micro/nanostructures. Methylene blue (MB) photodegradation experiments showed that the WO3 micro/nanostructures possess excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic ability, and the excellent photocatalytic abilities (up to 95%) of WO3 micro/nanostructures under visible light irradiation seem corresponding to oxygen vacancies, band gap value and surface area etc. The method in this work shed light on convenient fabrication of micro/nanostructured materials for environmental remediation.

Nanocomposite films of Pt-Co nanoparticles deposited on graphene nanoplate based gas diffusion layer electrode are fabricated via an electrochemical route involving a series of electrochemical process. Pt-Co nanoparticles of 11.37 nm in average size are prepared by galvanostatic codeposition in 0.5 M NaCl at PH of 2.5 at 300 mA cm−2 on the surface of in situ reduced graphene nanoplates on carbon paper. The topographical features, structure, morphology and composition of the prepared film samples are characterized by Atomic Force microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, X-ray Diffraction, FESEM and EDS. At the same time, the catalytic activities of prepared electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction are evaluated through cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed the graphitic structure of the produced graphene nanoplates. The nanoparticles in the film were observed to be uniform spherical objects and well distributed. Catalytic properties of Pt-Co/GNP/GDL electrode were compared with Pt/C/GDL using half cell polarization measurements based on both mass activity and specific activity. The as prepared Pt-Co/GNP/GDL electrode exhibits high catalytic activity for the ORR, which may be attributed to structural changes caused by alloying and the high specific surface area of graphene nanoplates catalyst support. The mass activity peak current is found to be as high as 728.25 mA mgPt−1.

In this paper, we introduce some notions of invariancy for the Ricci tensor on real hypersurfaces in complex two-plane Grassmannians G 2 ( C m + 2 ) , namely, F -invariant and invariant Ricci tensor. Using these notions, we give non-existence theorem and characterization for the special case among the real hypersurfaces of Type ( A ) in G 2 ( C m + 2 ) , respectively. Here the distribution F is defined by F = [ ξ ] ∪ D ⊥ where D ⊥ = Span { ξ 1 , ξ 2 , ξ 3 } and [ ξ ] = Span { ξ } .

A serious error has been found in the above paper.

The present comment concerns some doubtful results included in the above paper.

Today, modern chemicals, as nanomaterials, are essential to preserve the world's artistic and cultural heritage. A new restoration method for old book paper restoration, based on a special hydroalcoholic suspension of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, have been presented and discussed in this paper. This new method is based on the nanoparticles properties to penetrate into the materials network, to adhere to them, covering the damaged area and consolidating the damaged region. Several methods of instrumental chemical analysis have been employed: DLS, in order to determine the size of the synthesized nanoparticles and SEM, AFM spectral techniques to study the nanoparticles interaction with the paper support. Also, pH and change in yellowness of the restored surface have been evaluated, too. The influence of accelerated light aging has also been evaluated and discussed in this study, taking into acount that the aging of the document paper is an unavoidable process, difficult to study.

Visible laser cleaning of charcoal particulates from yellow acid mechanical ground wood cellulose paper was compared with that from bleached sulphite softwood cellulose paper. About one order of magnitude of fluence range is available for a cleaning dynamics between the cleaning threshold and the destruction threshold for two laser pulses. Wood cellulose paper exhibited a higher destruction threshold of the original paper than that of the contaminated specimen because of heat transfer from the hot or evaporating charcoal particulates. In contrast, the contaminated bleached cellulose paper exhibited a higher destruction threshold due to shading by the particulates. The graphite particles are not only detached thermo-mechanically, but also by evaporation or combustion. A cleaning effect was found also outside the illuminated areas due to lateral blasting. Infrared measurements revealed dehydration/dehydrogenation reactions and cross-links by ether bonds together with structural changes of the cellulose chain arrangement and the degree of crystallinity.

Commercial oil-proof papers containing new family of fluorochemicals were characterized in terms of surface and barrier properties and printability. XPS analyses demonstrated that the fluorochemicals added to these papers had shorter perfluoroalkyl chains, compared to those used few decades ago. Contact angle measurements were performed and the obtained data were processed according to Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble (OWRK) approach, in order to calculate the surface energy of the investigated samples. This set of experiments revealed that the values of the surface energy of the non-coated surfaces of oil-proof papers were low enough ( i.e. about 5 mJ/m 2 ) to repel both water and oil. The surface energy of the coated sides was, instead, close to that of classical organic surfaces ( i.e. around 30 mJ/m 2 ), which predicts their potentially good printability. In fact, microcontour test was performed as the basic test for evaluating printability of oil-proof papers and showed that ink pigment retention was not significantly influenced by the level of barrier to oil. However, the surface roughness was found to play a key role in such properties.

Carbon black, a black material popular for use in electronic paper, could limit the performance of the electronic paper due to its non-uniform structure. Carbon spheres, with spherical shape and relatively narrow size distribution, are expected to overcome this limitation and substitute for carbon black in the electronic paper. Carbon spheres were synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction using glucose as a raw material. By controlling reaction time and glucose concentration, appropriate non-agglomerated carbon spheres with an average diameter of 202.26 (±26.15) nm were fabricated. To increase their dispersibility in dielectric fluid, p-(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) was grafted onto the surface of the carbon spheres. Then, acid and base charge control agents were mixed with the carbon spheres to produce a pigment with higher mobility in the dielectric fluid. The optimized combination of pigment, charge control agent and solvent reveals reasonably fast switching time of about 540 ms.

Paper/paperboard has great advantages over plastics as packaging material in terms of cost and sustainability. However, the application of paper/paperboard packaging is limited due to their inferior water resistance performance. Here we report a functional overprint varnish prepared with the aim to significantly abate the wettability of the printed packaging. The prominent water repellency of the varnish is rendered by its unique nano-structured morphology, a technology bio-mimicking lotus surface. The frost formation on the applied packaging is also inhibited. Moreover, the transparency and the application process of the varnish are retained. We expect such varnish has high potential for expanding the application field of paper/paperboard packaging, especially for uses requiring a strict standard of water resistance.

We point out some misleading results reported in the recent study made by Todorinov et al. (2019), concerning a relativistic extension of the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). We derive, in this frame, the correct deformed Klein–Gordon (KG) and Dirac equations, valid up to the first order in the deformation parameter, and discuss their minimal coupling to external fields.

The distribution of papermaking chemicals on the surface of various uncoated and coated papers was investigated by ToF-SIMS, FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS. Four paper samples, two office papers, one matte-coated and one traditionally coated paperboard were investigated with the aim of evaluation of chemical microscopy methods for examination of morphological and chemical heterogeneities on paper surfaces. Distribution of fillers, pigment particles, size, optical brightener, latex and other paper and coating components was assessed. Application of Au–Pd treatment on paper and coating surfaces prior to ToF-SIMS imaging increased the secondary ion counts for the region of low intensity peaks and improved the chemical mapping of papermaking and coating chemicals. ToF-SIMS imaging is shown to be a valuable and promising technique for chemical microscopy of paper surfaces.

The widespread usage of paper and board offer largely unexploited possibilities for printed electronics applications. Reliability and performance of printed devices on comparatively rough and inhomogenous surfaces of paper does however pose challenges. Silver nanoparticle ink has been deposited on ten various paper substrates by inkjet printing. The papers are commercially available, and selected over a range of different types and construction. A smooth nonporous polyimide film was included as a nonporous reference substrate. The substrates have been characterized in terms of porosity, absorption rate, apparent surface energy, surface roughness and material content. The electrical conductivity of the resulting printed films have been measured after drying at 60 °C and again after additional curing at 110 °C. A qualitative analysis of the conductivity differences on the different substrates based on surface characterization and SEM examination is presented. Measurable parameters of importance to the final conductivity are pointed out, some of which are crucial to achieve conductivity. When certain criteria of the surfaces are met, paper media can be used as low cost, but comparably high performance substrates for metal nanoparticle inks in printed electronics applications.

A superhydrophobic and superoleophilic coating for oil filter paper was synthesized based on waterborne bisphenol-A novolac epoxy emulsion. The benzoic acid (BA) and maleic anhydride (MA) were used as modification agents to give the epoxy resin hydrophilic groups (carboxyl) and C C double bonds. And the fluorinated waterborne epoxy emulsion was prepared by free radical solution polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) monomer. The covalent bound low free energy fluorinated chains in the monomer reduce the surface energy of solidification polymers sufficiently to give rise to superhydrophobic behavior while conserving superoleophilicity. Surfaces prepared show a sticky property, which exhibits a static water contact angle of 152° for a 5 μL droplet that does not slid off even when the sample is held upside down. This synthetic emulsion is simple and convenient as impregnating agent for filter paper, which can be considered as a suitable candidate for various substrates such as cotton textiles, E-glass and artificial fiber, and so on.

We have developed flexible top emission organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) using copy paper substrates. Poly-2-chloro- p -xylylene and SiO 2 buffer layers were coated on the copy paper for protecting the water absorption and improving the barrier and morphological characteristics. Sputtered Ni and thermally evaporated Ca/Ag films were used as anode and semitransparent cathode, respectively. The electrical conduction, luminance, and efficiency characteristics of the copy paper-based flexible OLEDs were investigated. The SiO 2 buffer layer was critically important in obtaining the high performance devices. The device exhibited a high luminance of 2200 cd/m 2 at a driving voltage of 13 V.

In the paper industry, surface topography is the essence of both paper and paperboard, and accurate topographical measurements are equally essential in order to achieve a uniform smooth surface. The traditional laboratory methods measure only a few samples from the entire tambour and there are other obvious limitations to this approach. Online measurements may be of significant value to improve the surface quality throughout the production. Roughness is one of the topography components and the majority of techniques measure paper by means of a single predictor of average roughness, R a which is inadequate in providing a comprehensive characterization of the surface. Measurements, in a wide range of wavelengths, can characterize topography components such as roughness, waviness, cockling, etc. Online measurements were taken for various grades of 8 paper reels, containing the wireside and topsides for newspaper, and uncoated and coated sides of paperboards. Their surface characterization, in the spatial wavelength spectrum, from 0.1 to 10 mm was obtained. This article presents the online characterization results which have efficiently distinguished the surfaces of same family materials including the edge and the middle position reels of fine coated paperboard. Online measurements were taken, at Iggesund Paperboard Pilot Coater in Sweden, by using a recently developed Online Topography (OnTop) device which is based on the principle of light triangulation.

NMR correlation maps of paper samples suggest a two-site residence model for water in the ultrastructure of cellulose. When cross-linking and degradation of cellulose occur due to γ-irradiation-induced ageing, a significant fraction of water appears confined into low-mobility sites of the cellulose matrix. As the cellulose damage grows more pronounced, the two-site structure turns into a single-site water arrangement.

The O 2 and N 2 /H 2 plasma treatments of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) papers as scaffolds for enhanced neuronal cell growth were conducted to functionalize their surfaces with different functional groups and to roughen their surfaces. To evaluate the effects of the surface roughness and functionalization modifications of the SWCNT papers, we investigated the neuronal morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and acetylcholine/acetylcholinesterase levels of human neuroblastoma during SH-SY5Y cell growth on the treated SWCNT papers. Our results demonstrated that the plasma-chemical functionalization caused changes in the surface charge states with functional groups with negative and positive charges and then the increased surface roughness enhanced neuronal cell adhesion, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the level of neurotransmitter in vitro. The cell adhesion and mitochondrial membrane potential on the negatively charged SWCNT papers were improved more than on the positively charged SWCNT papers. Also, measurements of the neurotransmitter level showed an enhanced acetylcholine level on the negatively charged SWCNT papers compared to the positively charged SWCNT papers.

Dye- and quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells have attracted tremendous attention as one of the potential low-cost alternatives for p–n junction silicon solar cells. However, the conversion efficiencies of sensitized solar cells are still lower than those of silicon-based solar cells. Numerous research efforts have been made to enhance the sensitized solar cell efficiency over the past decades. Among the various attempts to improve the photovoltaic properties, the control of interface for reducing the charge recombination and the smart management of the light harvesting have proven to be most effective. Moreover, the p–n junction structure can offer higher open-circuit voltage than the conventional n-type sensitized solar cell. In this review paper, recent developments in sensitized solar cells and the underlying mechanisms will be briefly introduced.

We report a flexible paper transistor made with single-walled carbon nanotubes covalently bonded cellulose (SCBC) composite without any additional semiconducting layer. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are covalently grafted to cellulose fibrils in a regenerated cellulose film to form the SCBC composite followed by a mechanical stretching process. The SCBC transistor shows a remarkable current–voltage characteristic depending on the stretching ratio. We found that the alignment of covalently bonded carbon nanotube plays a role that governs the electrical channel behavior of the SCBC composite.

We cannot agree with the point of view [1] that in characteristics of dual fluorescence of flavones ESIPT reverse reaction is not actual and “simple test (suggested in our paper [2] ) for the mechanism of excited-state reaction” does not confirm the ESIPT reaction reversibility. We present here our arguments and experimental results in favor of our position.

Calendering of paper is an industrial finishing process designed to smoothen its surface so as to improve gloss as well as printability. In this article, we describe how calendering affects paper roughness on both microscopic and macroscopic length scales. We also discuss how these modifications relate to the morphology of the fibers composing the paper sheets. The characterization of the surface is carried out using an optical profilometer and two different species of fibers, as well as their mixture, are used. We first show that calendering induces modifications of the surface on all length scales measured and that these modifications are related by straightforward transformations. We also show that these results hold for papers formed from a mixture of fibers.

This study demonstrates the hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic coating of various substrates by 3:1 HMDSO/toluene glow plasma discharge at low pressure and investigates the hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic behavior of the polyimide films, filter papers, and cotton clothes. The effect of 3:1 HMDSO/toluene plasma treatments on the surface of polyimide films, filter papers, and cotton clothes were investigated in terms of total surface free energy by measuring the contact angles with probe liquids. In representation, the total surface free energies of the polyimide films before and after the 3:1 HMDSO/toluene plasma modification estimated from the Owens–Wendt equation decreased from 44.5 mN/m to 13.94 mN/m, showing the significant improvement of hydrophobicity of all sample surfaces treated by 3:1 HMDSO/toluene plasma.

Article history: We study the formation of multi-armed spirals and multi-pairs antispirals in spatial rock-paper-scissors games with mobile individuals. We discover a set of seed distributions of species, which is able to produce multi-armed spirals and multi-pairs antispirals with a finite number of arms and pairs based on stochastic processes. The joint spiral waves are also predicted by a theoretical model based on partial differential equations associated with specific initial conditions. The spatial entropy of patterns is introduced to differentiate the multi-armed spirals and multi-pairs antispirals. For the given mobility, the spatial entropy of multi-armed spirals is higher than that of single armed spirals. The stability of the waves is explored with respect to individual mobility. Particularly, we find that both two armed spirals and one pair antispirals transform to the single armed spirals. Furthermore, multi-armed spirals and multi-pairs antispirals are relatively stable for intermediate mobility. The joint spirals with lower numbers of arms and pairs are relatively more stable than those with higher numbers of arms and pairs. In addition, comparing to large amount of previous work, we employ the no flux boundary conditions which enables quantitative studies of pattern formation and stability in the system of stochastic interactions in the absence of excitable media.

Red sealing-ink samples are frequently submitted to forensic laboratories for identification and comparison in a wide variety of criminal and civil cases. The non-destructive identification of sealing-inks on paper is of important to preserve as large an amount of a fraudulent check, forged document, or other such evidence as possible for use in legal proceedings. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for the analysis of red sealing-inks on paper surfaces was investigated. TOF-SIMS spectra were employed to identify elements and organic compounds in red sealing-inks. An analysis was performed on five sealing-inks of red color manufactured in Korea, Japan, and China. Several fibers from specific sealing-ink sample on paper can be removed leaving little evidence of tampering and can be distinguished from other sealing-inks. Overlapped area of sealing-ink and ballpoint pen in the document was also investigated in order to identify the sequence of recording. Therefore, this study shows that TOF-SIMS is a useful technique for the non-destructive analysis of red sealing-inks on paper.

Grafting polymerisation of acrylic monomers onto cellulose chains represents a useful method of restoration for both artificially and naturally aged paper-based materials. In this paper, some results concerning the grafting polymerisation of ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate 75/25 wt.% copolymer onto several paper grades are reported, highlighting how the presence of fillers in the raw materials reduced the grafting yields. The consolidating and protective effects have been investigated by evaluating the mechanical properties and the wetting behaviour of the grafted samples, and comparing them with the original and aged substrates.

Surface products of oil-impregnated insulation paper during the damage process caused by partial discharge (PD), as well as gas within the cavity, were studied. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate surface morphology, while an infrared spectroscopy (IR) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study surface products and their components. The volume variation in cavity gas was also analyzed. Furthermore, gas constituents and their relevant contents were studied using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The study results reveal the following: during the PD damage process, the total gas volume and the content of electronegative gasses alternately decline and increase, while discharge types alternate between pulse type and pseudo-glow type (or glow type); “surface droplets” and “crystalline solids” appear on the insulation surface one after another; surface droplets mainly consist of (C O)-group-containing compounds, whereas crystalline solids are mainly carboxylic acids, with carboxyl groups also found in cellulose chains; and the discharge type related to the oxidization of decomposition products is the main factor that determines the state (liquid or solid) of the surface products.

Transmission sources used for image attenuation correction, allowing image quantification, are collimated to reduce scatter. We propose the same effect can be achieved for an uncollimated source by increasing source to patient distance. The aim was to compare planar image performance characteristics and absorbed doses of uncollimated and collimated radioactive printed paper transmission sources. The scatter contribution to the uncollimated 99m Tc source data was evaluated for different combinations of detector phantom distance, detector source distance and phantom source distance. Measurements were performed by increasing the Lucite phantom thickness in 1 cm steps to 20 cm. Spatial resolution, detection efficiency and entrance absorbed dose rate were measured for the uncollimated and collimated transmission source images. Results derived from the energy spectra, obtained with the uncollimated transmission source indicate that scatter contribution increases with decreasing detector source distance. The scatter component in the uncollimated transmission images (detector source distances ≥ 60 cm; phantom source distances ≥ 40 cm) was comparable to that obtained with collimated transmission images. Attenuation coefficients obtained compared well (0.168 cm −1 vs. 0.171 cm −1 ). The full widths at half maxima differed by less than 0.9 mm. The detection efficiency of the uncollimated source was 2.5 times higher than obtained with the collimated source. The entrance absorbed dose obtained from an uncollimated source was 3.75 times larger than that obtained from the collimated source. An uncollimated transmission source (detector source distance ≥ 60 cm) results in acceptable image characteristics and presents a low cost, low dose, high efficiency option for transmission imaging.

Laser ablation was applied for surface cleaning and spectroscopic diagnostics of historical paper documents and model samples in the framework of the conservation projects. During cleaning the spectra of ablation products were recorded by means of the LIBS technique which allowed for nearly non-destructive identification of surface layers such as contaminants, substrate and pigments. For consecutive laser pulses a strong decrease of band intensities of the emission lines of Ca, Na, K, Al and Fe ascribed to contaminants were observed. The effect was used for monitoring of the cleaning progress of stained paper. For surface cleaning and spectra excitation the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of 6 ns pulsewidth operating at wavelengths of 266, 355, 532, and 1064 nm and of fluence selected from the range 0.3–0.9 J/cm 2 was applied. The ablation parameters were optimized in agreement with the literature and the results were confirmed by surface studies and testing of the mechanical and chemical properties, and also by the response to the ageing process of the paper substrate. In case of the model paper irradiated in the UV range at 266 and 355 nm a visual inspection revealed local damages of the cellulose fibers accompanied by a decrease of the mechanical strength of the substrate. The effect was more pronounced after artificial ageing. The best results were obtained for samples irradiated at 532 nm and at laser fluence below the damage threshold of 0.6 J/cm 2 , which is in agreement with literature.

Recently, the flip-chip bonding technology using adhesives has been widely used in the packaging industry because of environmental friendliness (elimination of lead material and flux cleaning), low temperature process (no soldering process), fewer processing steps (no underfill process), and the fine pitch capability. In flip-chip assembly using adhesives, the electrical interconnection is established by mechanical contact between the bumps on the chip and the corresponding pads on the substrate after the adhesive is cured. The adhesive can be categorized into two types with respect to the presence of the conductive particles: anisotropic conductive film (ACF) and nonconductive adhesive (NCA). ACF is the adhesive polymer film with dispersed conductive particles, and NCA is just adhesive which contains no conductive particles. In this review, the bonding technologies with ACF and NCA are introduced, and the principle and characteristics of each bonding method are discussed.

We have developed flexible top emission organic light-emitting devices by using sputtered Ni films on the parylene coated copy paper substrates. The Ni film grew through the coalescence of the Ni islands nucleated on the cellulose fiber patterns. The parylene, acting as a buffer layer for preventing water absorption, affected the morphological and electrical characteristics of the deposited Ni films. The flexible top emission diode device composed of Ni anode and Ca/Ag semitransparent cathode exhibited a luminance of ∼1 cd/m2 at a driving voltage of 14.5 V.

In thin film electronic applications, the limiting factor, in terms of cost and usability, is generally the substrate material. As a consequence, different materials are being investigated as potential lightweight, inexpensive and flexible substrates. In this respect, we have been the first research collaboration to produce silicon-based electronics on paper substrates. Here we present structural characterisation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers deposited on 80 g m −2 wood-free paper, with and without an intermediate metallic interlayer, using low temperature hot wire chemical vapour deposition (HW-CVD). Both pulsed positron beam profiling and X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the growth rate on the uncoated substrate is slightly higher than with prior metallization. There is no evidence of a crystalline phase or voids in the a-Si:H layers. The internal defect structure is similar, with a dominant dangling bond complex of similar size, which has a slightly longer lifetime than in layers grown at higher temperatures on conventional substrates.

In order to reduce the density mismatch between TiO2 and the low dielectric medium and improve the dispersion stability of the electrophoretic particles in the low dielectric medium for electrophoretic display application, polystyrene/titanium dioxide (PS/TiO2) core–shell particles were prepared via in-situ sol–gel method by depositing TiO2 on the PS particle which was positively charged with 2-(methacryloyloxy)ehyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC). The morphology and average particle size of PS/TiO2 core–shell particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analyzer. It was found that density of PS/TiO2 core–shell particles were reduced obviously and the particles can suspend in the low dielectric medium of low density. The PS/TiO2 core–shell particles can endure ultrasonic treatment because of the interaction between TiO2 and PS. Zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility of the fabricated core–shell particles in a low dielectric medium with charge control agent was measured to be −44.3 mV and −6.07 × 10−6 cm2/Vs, respectively, which presents potential in electronic paper application.

The electrospinning process has been used successfully to fabricate the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-embedded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber paper. The diameters of nanofibers decreased with increasing CNT concentration. We found large anisotropic electrical conductivity, i.e., the electrical conductivity of the carbonized nanofiber paper along the spinning direction was about three times larger than that normal to the spinning direction, in good contrast with observations that the carbonized PAN nanofiber paper without CNTs did not reveal anisotropy in electrical conductivity. This proves that CNTs in PAN nanofiber were preferentially aligned along the nanofiber axis, in excellent agreements with transmission electron microscopy observations.

The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) has been investigated in aqueous solutions using TiO2-coated non-woven paper as photocatalyst. The experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the RhB photocatalytic degradation, such as adsorption, initial concentration of dye solution, temperature, and some inorganic species commonly present in real wastewaters such as Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, CH3COO− and HPO42−. The experimental results show that adsorption is an important parameter in controlling the apparent kinetic order of the degradation. The photocatalytic reaction is favoured by a high concentration in respect to Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The photodegradation was temperature-dependent with a high degradation rate at high temperature. The presence of the Cl−, CH3COO− and HPO42− ions leads to the reduction of the effectiveness of the photodegradation. However, the presence of SO42− increases the rate of the degradation.

As a new model system of dye-containing oil droplet of color paper, the dispersion of dye-containing oil droplet in water was successfully prepared by reprecipitation method, and was used for the analysis of photo-excited states of dyes used for color image formation in silver halide color photography. This model was applied to analysis of photo-excited states of yellow dye aggregates of 1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine series. It was found that the lightfastness of the yellow dye of this series is controlled by the degree of aggregation and the lifetime of S 1 state of the aggregate. Based on the finding, we have succeeded in improvement of lightfastness of the dye by sterically hindering the aggregation and reducing the lifetime of the excited state.

Recently, Alaca et al. [Alaca et al., Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2006;29:1073–9] proved some fixed point theorems in intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces by a strong definition of Cauchy sequence (see [George and Veeramani, Fuzzy Sets Syst 1994;64:395–9] and [Veeramani and Vasuki, Fuzzy Sets Syst 2003;135:409–13]), also the intuitionistic fuzzy metric space has extra conditions (see [Gregori et al., Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2006;28:902–5]). In this paper, we consider generalized intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces i.e., L -fuzzy metric spaces and prove the fuzzy version of Banach and Edelstein contraction theorems in these spaces for modified definition of Cauchy sequence.

Nano-structured silica with an open network structure has been produced by controlled precipitation from geothermal water. The material has a pore volume, as measured by the oil absorption capacity of about 200–250 g oil. 100 g−1 silica, and the surface area is about 50–60 m2 g−1. It has been used as a filler in newsprint and the technology has been developed on a laboratory scale and progressed to pilot plant production with full scale paper mill manufacturing and commercial printing trials. Print through reductions of 30% for newsprint and 40% for yellow directory grade paper were achieved. Nano-structured calcium silicate with an open framework structure has been formed from sodium silicate solution. This product has a very large pore volume of about 300–550 g oil. 100 g−1 silicate and a large surface area of about 350–600 m2 g−1 depending upon the synthesis method. It has been tested as a filler in newsprint on a laboratory scale and reduced print through by about 40% for 55 gsm newsprint and by about 53% for 45 gsm newsprint. The material is better than nano-structured silica for this application and it substantially outperforms calcined clay.

Using a molecular fluorine laser at 157 nm foxing stains were removed successfully from a 16th century old paper. Laser cleaning of stains and foxing from old paper manuscripts is far more effective at 157 nm in comparison to different wavelengths without leaving any yellowish after-effect on the paper. This is because at 157 nm illumination of old paper, complete bond breaking of all the organic molecules of the paper is taking place. Mass spectroscopy at 157 nm and for moderate laser intensities up to 1 mJ/cm 2 of old paper suffering from foxing indicate organic matter disintegration to small photofragments atomic, diatomic or triatomic, which are flying apart with supersonic speed. In addition high spatial resolution energy dispersive X-ray system (EDXS) analysis over the effected areas indicate the presence of iron, suggesting that biological activity is taking place preferentially in paper areas containing iron.

A simple technique for fabrication of superhydrophobic SiO2 paper was developed by spraying hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles suspension on paper substrate. The hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by imparting octadecyltrichloro group on SiO2 nanoparticles. The as-prepared superhydrophobic SiO2 paper exhibted high water contact angle and low water sliding angle. Futhermore, the obtained superhydrophobic SiO2 paper was found to be highly transparent and the visibility of the character on the paper was not changed after spray-coating the hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles.

Fire safety in tunnels has come in focus owing to numerous catastrophic fires and extensive monitoring in media. Casualties can be counted in hundreds and the economic damages have been enormous not only for tunnel owners but also for users and bordering communities. The recent increase in serious road tunnel fires is closely associated with the increase in the traffic volume as well as in the large number of tunnels being built in recent years. In particular, volumes transported on heavy goods vehicles have increased by 40–80% over a decade in many European countries. Today, about 75% of all goods traffic is by road, and is expected to increase by 40–60% over the next 10 years [Thamm B. The new EU directive on road tunnel safety. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on catastrophic tunnel fires (CTF), SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2004:05. p. 19–30]. This FORUM position paper discusses some aspects on how to improve the design of road tunnels in order to obtain a higher level of fire safety. It discusses briefly design principles of tunnels as well as of fire safety of vehicles, use of forced ventilation systems and of active fire suppression.