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Advancements in technology have led to the use of smartphones as biosensor detectors. However, it is difficult to obtain stable color information of colorimetric sensors using multiple smartphones owing to different light conditions and image correction operations. In this study, we attempted color detection of the colorimetric paper chip using smartphone-embedded light-emitting diode (LED) and simple transformation calculation. This method enables the acquisition of stable color information using different smartphones by reducing the influence of external light sources. Moreover, we studied characteristics such as convergence and distinction of detection result details by the manufacturers and smartphones. These findings suggested the necessity of classification criteria for the use of smartphones to achieve optimal detection. In addition, white and black references were used to set the standard for color correction of various light sources. Based on our results, we conclude that this approach presents the possibility of smartphone-based colorimetric detection in practical applications.

A facile and feasible method for decoration of iron oxide (Fe3O4) submicron-sized particles on carbon paper at room temperature in a short time of 10 min is demonstrated in this work. The Fe3O4-particles decorated carbon papers were used as the negative electrode for an Fe-air rechargeable battery in both an alkaline aqueous solution system and an all-solid-state system. As for the all-solid-state Fe-air rechargeable battery, KOH-ZrO2 electrolyte powder developed by our group was used in the battery fabrication. In the alkaline aqueous solution based Fe-air rechargeable battery, a high initial discharge capacity of 460 mAh g−1(Fe) was achieved. Meanwhile, in the novel all-solid-state Fe-air rechargeable battery system, an initial discharge capacity of 70 mAh g−1(Fe) was obtained demonstrating the feasibility of this system that could be further developed towards a practical Fe-air rechargeable battery for portable and lightweight device application.

In this paper, a simple and effective ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for visual detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been developed by loading silicon coated rhodamine B (RBDS) nanospheres on the surface of amino-modified graphene oxide (GO-NH2) nanosheets. The fabricated nanoprobe exhibits dual-emissions peaked at 427 and 585 nm, under a single excitation wavelength of 365 nm. The blue fluorescence of GO-NH2 can be selectively quenched by oxidation of HOCl, while the red fluorescence of RBDS remain unchanged, resulting in a distinguishable fluorescent color change from blue to pink under a UV lamp. Nanoprobes present high selective and sensitive for HOCl determination with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.92 μM. Moreover, potable paper sensor has been prepared by coating the ratiometric fluorescent probe on filter paper, which provides a convenient and simple approach for HOCl visual detection.

Here we report the construction of CoFe2O4 coating on carbon fiber and the coated paper was used as the interlayer between the separator and cathode of Li-S batteries. The amorphous CoFe2O4 coating was deposited by the industry-oriented spray pyrolysis technique and carbon fiber was completely enwrapped by the coating. Compared to the non-coated carbon fiber, the coated carbon fiber as the interlayer exhibits a superior reversible capacity of 1086 mA h g−1 at moderate current of 0.1C and a low decay rate in the capacity of 0.043% per cycle after 1000 cycles at 1C. Excellent long-term cycling life and rate capacity were also achieved through the coated interlayer. The specially designed interlayer showed remarkable capability to trap effectively the intermediate LPS (lithium polysulfide). The significantly inhibited “shuttle effect” of LPS would give insight into designing and making the interlayer by using new coating materials for enhanced performances of the Li-S batteries.

Paper-based microfluidic devices based on electrowetting principle, more specifically electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD), have attracted increasing attention due to their powerful liquid handling capability as compared to continuous-flow paper-based analytical devices (μPAD) that use capillary effects to control liquids. Here, we demonstrate fabrication of paper-based EWOD devices using cellulose paper as substrate and paraffin wax as dielectric hydrophobic layer by a simple pressing treatment for the cellulose paper and melting or spray-coating of paraffin wax. We optimized the key fabrication parameters according to the surface morphology and hydrophobicity of the obtained wax film, including the pressing pressure, thermal annealing temperature and amount of paraffin wax. Moreover, the EWOD devices fabricated by the spray-coating method demonstrate larger contact angle changes but with smaller contact angle hysteresis under DC electric field when compared with the devices fabricated by the melting method. Our study opens up potential fabrication of hybrid paper-based microfluidic device combining advantages of continuous-flow and electrowetting using cellulose paper and paraffin wax.

2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNH) are harmful to the environment and human beings. Trace detection of TNP and DNH is worth of developing facile methods. In this work, cellulose powder and filter paper based fluorescence sensor are synthesized. Firstly, NH2CH2CH2– was introduced into cellulose through etherification reaction, and at the same time, a small molecule BODIPY with –CHO was synthesized. Then BODIPY was incorporated into cellulose by Schiff base reaction to obtain fluorescent macromolecular probes. These fluorescent cellulose sensors can efficiently identify TNP and DNH, with the lowest detection limits of 2.8 × 10−7 M and 1.6 × 10−7 M, respectively. Fluorescent filter paper is obtained via the same route. They also exhibit TNP and DNH identification ability. The method developed in filter paper not only expands the application range of cellulose, but also can efficiently identify the pollutants TNP and DNH, which is of great significance in theory and practical applications.

The core of decorative laminates is generally made of stacked Kraft paper sheets impregnated with a phenolic resin. As the impregnation process in industry is relatively fast, new methods need to be developed to characterize it for different paper-resin systems. Several phenolic resins were synthesized with the same Phenol:Formaldehyde ratio of 1:1.8 and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) as well as Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). In addition, their viscosities and surface tensions when diluted in methanol to 45% of solid content were measured. The capacity of each resin to penetrate a Kraft paper sheet was characterized using a new method, which measures the conductivities induced by the liquid resin crossing the paper substrate. With this method, crossing times could be measured with a good accuracy. Surprisingly, the results showed that the penetration time of the resin samples is not correlated to the viscosity values, but rather to the surface tension characteristics and the chemical characteristics of paper. Furthermore, some resins had a higher swelling effect on the fibers that delayed the crossing of the liquid through the paper.

A free-standing palladium/reduced graphene oxide paper (Pd/rGOP) based on one-pot co-reduction was prepared. The as-prepared Pd/rGOPs contain evenly distributed Pd particles interposing between the rGOP layers. The structure and composition of Pd/rGOP were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD and Raman spectra. We investigated the glucose sensing performance of Pd/rGOP by chronoamperometry, the sensitivity reach as high as 6.70 µA mM−1 cm−2 with the linear range between 0.5 mM and 8 mM. The sensor also exhibits a good anti-interference ability and detection selectivity toward the interference. The proposed sensor has great potential to become a reliable tool in point-of-care medical devices.

Demands for flexible electronic equipment such as wearable devices and wrap-round displays have motivated the development of flexible energy storage devices. Although cellulose paper is one of the most promising substrates for flexible devices, its intrinsic limitations, such as poor mechanical durability, hamper its practical use. In this study, we adopted the traditional Korean paper, Hanji, with superior mechanical robustness as a substrate for supercapacitor electrodes. The effective infiltration of activated carbons (ACs) as an electrode material into the dense network of Hanji cellulose fibers was performed by a simultaneous one-pot process of network formation and AC embedment. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitors based on the AC-embedded Hanji electrode exhibited a specific capacitance (Csp) of 16.0 F/g measured at a scan rate of 10 mV/s with excellent cycle stability, the Csp retention of 94.5%, over 1000 charge-discharge cycles.

As a typical membrane matrix with attractive flexibility, paper has exhibited great feasibility to serve as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in the environmental monitoring and surveillance. In this research, we have designed and fabricated a distinctive hydrophilic-hydrophobic SERS substrate utilizing several ordinary papers loaded with Ag nanowires (Ag NWs). Remarkable SERS activities with an enhancement factor (EF) up to 2.63 × 106 was successfully achieved in the assembly Ag NWs with the optimal amount of nanotips and overlaps. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic strategy could contribute to anchoring microdroplets and thus enrich analytes to improve the homogeneity of substrate with a low relative standard deviation of 10.6%. Furthermore, the sophisticated SERS substrate was also applied in the in-situ detection of trace furazolidone on fish under the interference of malachite green and the reliable recovery rates were demonstrated as well.

paper-like films of reduced graphene oxide with controllable shapes and thickness were prepared via funnel filtration and thermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which could work as flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates to detect Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules. The SERS signal intensity of R6G on annealed films was found to be related with the annealling temperature. The most intense signal was observed for the film obtained at 800 °C. While for the sample annealed at 1000 °C, no SERS signal could be detected. The underlying mechanism for the difference was discussed. The reported preparation process of flexible rGO paper is simple and cost-effective, which shows great potential in rapid biochemical analysis of agricultural products with irregular surfaces.

Nanoparticles are used in several applications due to the unique properties they possess compared to bulk materials. Production techniques have continuously evolved over the years. Recently, there has been emphasis on environmentally friendly manufacturing processes. Substrate properties often limit the possible production techniques and, for example; until recently, it has been difficult to incorporate nanoparticles into paper. Chemical reduction of a precursor in the presence of paper changes the bulk properties of paper, which may limit intended end-use. In this study, we present a novel technique for incorporating silver nanoparticles into paper surface using a flame pyrolysis procedure known as Liquid Flame Spray. Papers precoated with mineral pigments and plastic are used as substrates. Silver nanoparticles were analyzed using SEM and XPS measurements. Results show a homogeneous monolayer of silver nanoparticles on the surface of paper, which demonstrated antibacterial properties against E. coli . Paper precoated with plastic showed more nanoparticles on the surface compared to pigment coated paper samples except for polyethylene-precoated paper. The results demonstrate a dry synthesis approach for depositing silver nanoparticles directly onto paper surface in a process which produces no effluents. The production technique used herein is up scalable for industrial production of antibacterial paper.

Paper-based supercapacitors have attracted more and more attention for high electrochemical performance. However, most of them adopt sandwiched structure. Here, we prepared planar polypyrrole (PPy) coated paper-based supercapacitors by applying simple laser carving assisted method. The planar device showed a significant performance improvement (13.9 mF/cm2) compared to the sandwiched device (12.3 mF/cm2). In addition, by adjusting the polymerization time of pyrrole, the device capacity can be further increased to 87.4 mF/cm2. We firmly believed that the laser carving assisted method has a significant role in promoting the development of flexible planar electronic devices.

Effect of ferric chloride concentration on micro-nano structure surface and superhydrophobic property of filter paper was investigated by adsorption and simple immersion process. The results showed that the concentration of ferric chloride solution had great impact on the superhydrophobic property of filter paper. When the concentration was 0 mol/L, filter paper presented hydrophilicity. When the concentration was bigger than 0 mol/L, it exhibited hydrophobicity. The modified filter paper’s surface displayed advancing contact angels of 167 ± 2°, which was attributed to its’ formed micro/nano structure. This may contribute to the development in production applications.

Nonlinear phosphorescence quenching mechanism of gadolinium labeled hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) by oxygen on the filter paper was studied. The intensity Stern–Volmer plot was found to be approximately linear for oxygen concentration from 10% to 100%, but showing a negative curvature from 0% to 10%. The lifetime plot has similar changing trend. The intensity plot is slightly higher than the lifetime plot reflecting the existence of static quenching. The nonlinear responses were related to the nonlinear solubility of oxygen, which perfectly satisfy the nonlinear solubility model. Data analysis indicates that the static quenching rate constant is unchanged and the percentage of static quenching is about 35% ± 3% in the whole range of oxygen concentration.

The authors of the title paper (Chin J Phys 63 (2020) 70–77) claim to have grown a Zn2+ ion influenced ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (Zn-ADP) crystal by the slow solvent evaporation technique. In this comment, many points of criticism, concerning the crystal growth and characterization of the so-called Zn-ADP crystal are discussed to prove that it is a dubious material and the title paper is erroneous.

In this paper, an effective strategy using potassium dichromate lotion to activate surfaces of commercial carbon papers leading to enhanced electrochemical capacitances was reported. It is revealed that surfaces of activated carbon papers became rougher and their specific surface areas enlarged after treatment. Further, surface hydrophilicity of the treated carbon papers enhanced due to the generation of hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (〉C O) and carboxyl (–COOH) and they act as strong polar sites to absorb water molecules. With the synergistic effect of enlarged specific surface area and enhanced surface hydrophilicity, the activated carbon papers provide high areal capacitances. In general, this strategy offers a feasible pathway to make commercial carbon paper a promising candidate for practical supercapacitors and is expected to extend to other carbon based electrode materials.

In the current efficient energy focused society, metal–air batteries (MAB), which have high theoretical energy densities in comparison with other batteries have attracted tremendous attention for electronics and electric vehicle applications. Efficient utilization of the active material in the negative electrode with oxygen from air as the positive electrode could enable the development of a lightweight and portable metal-air battery with large energy density. Zinc (Zn), which is an abundant and inexpensive material that exhibits small voltage fluctuation during discharge as well as large discharge capacity in a liquid electrolyte-based battery system, is a good candidate as the active material in a MAB. Therefore, in this work, a Zn-air battery is fabricated and characterized using electroplated metallic Zn on carbon paper in order to increase the working contact area between Zn and the carbon paper which serves as the current collector. A near theoretical discharge capacity of 814 mAh g−1 (Zn) was achieved in an aqueous KOH liquid electrolyte system. Meanwhile, an all-solid-state Zn-air battery using a sol-gel-derived KOH-ZrO2 solid electrolyte was also fabricated which demonstrated an initial discharge capacity of 30 mAh g−1 (Zn).

Ag triangular nanoplates have been widely used as the SERS substrate due to their anisotropic morphology and sharp corners. In this work, SERS activity of Ag triangular nanoplates on glass and paper substrates was investigated with different concentration and size. A tiny triangular nuclei based synthesis method was employed to produce Ag triangular nanoplates with different size. And the extinction coefficients of Ag triangular nanoplates with different size were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With definite concentration, Ag triangular nanoplates with small size showed stronger SERS intensity on glass substrate at high concentrations, while large Ag triangular nanoplates exhibited better SERS effect on paper substrate at low concentrations. The possible reasons for distinct SERS activity of Ag triangular nanoplates on glass and paper were discussed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization. These results exhibited important implications for fabricating Raman substrates using Ag triangular nanoplates and could be applied to the SERS sensing with flexile substrate.

This work focuses on the study of ink seepage and spreading into paper to ease the deciphering of digitized ancient documents and therefore make them legible and researchable. A three-dimensional model is proposed for the simulation of ink seepage into paper at the fiber level. The model takes into account a finite volume of ink and describes the system state through gravity, cohesion and adhesion force interactions. At the mesoscopic scale, the writing paper is modeled using a discretized fiber structure generated using a numerical deposition procedure. A modified Monte Carlo method is introduced for the simulation of the ink dynamics. Finally a multiphase lattice Boltzmann method is suggested to fine-tune the mesoscopic variational model parameters and it is shown that the ink seepage behaviors predicted by the proposed model can resemble those predicted by a method relying on first principles .

Flexible nanohybrid paper electrode (termed as C-I) consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and indium sulfide (In2S3) nanoplates is formed via a simple vacuum-assisted assembly and used as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In2S3 nanoplates which are well distributed on and bound to the MWCNTs provide a high Na storage capacity of the nanohybrid electrode as high as 410 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 50 mA g−1 over 100 charge/discharge cycles and ∼97% of rate-retention capability over the specific currents of 50 mA g−1 to 1 A g−1 for at least 50 charge/discharge cycles. Particularly, when In2S3 in the form of nanoplates was added to MWCNTs, the electrochemical performances are considerable as compared to those of bulk In2S3 or MWCNTs film electrodes. This highlights the importance of nanohybrid approach in overcoming the intrinsic complication of In2S3, i.e., the agglomeration of In2S3 into bulk form during assembly, followed by annealing. For C-I nanohybrid electrode, capacitive contribution (∼95%) rather than insertion contribution (∼5%) is predominant during charge/discharge process. The nanohybrid paper electrode is robust and thus retains capacity even under repeated mechanical deformation (flat-bent-flat cycles), demonstrating the potential of the electrode being used for flexible and wearable energy storage.

2D materials such > as planar fibrous networks exhibit several mechanical peculiarities, which we here decipher through a 3D-to-2D transition in the framework of continuum micromechanics or random mean-field homogenization theory. Network-to-fiber concentration (or “downscaling”) tensors are derived from Eshelby–Laws matrix-inclusion problems, specified for infinitely long, infinitely flat fibers, and for infinitely flat spheroidal pores of vanishing stiffness. Overall material failure is associated with microscopic shear failure orthogonal to the fiber direction. Corresponding structure–property relations between porosity on the one hand, and in-plane stiffness as well as strength on the other hand, appear as linear. This is in good agreement with mechanical experiments carried out on pulp fibers, on pulp fiber-to-pulp fiber bonds, and on corresponding paper sheets.

Organisms may respond to local stimuli that benefit or threaten their fitness. The adaptive movement behaviour may allow individuals to adjust their speed to maximise the chances of being in comfort zones, where death risk is minimal. We investigate spatial cyclic models where the rock-paper-scissors game rules describe the nonhierarchical dominance. We assume that organisms of one out of the species can control the mobility rate in response to the information obtained from scanning the environment. Running a series of stochastic simulations, we quantify the effects of the movement strategy on the spatial patterns and population dynamics. Our findings show that the ability to change mobility to adapt to environmental clues is not reflected in an advantage in cyclic spatial games. The adaptive movement provokes a delay in the spatial domains occupied by the species in the spiral waves, making the group more vulnerable to the advance of the dominant species and less efficient in taking territory from the dominated species. Our outcomes also show that the effects of adaptive movement behaviour accentuate whether most individuals have a long-range neighbourhood perception. Our results may be helpful for biologists and data scientists to comprehend the dynamics of ecosystems where adaptive processes are fundamental., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

For lipid–hydrocolloid emulsion based film, the increase of lipid amount would improve its water vapor barrier property, but also reduce the mechanical strength of the film in the meantime thus leading to a compromised lipid content in the film. However, when the emulsion is coated on paper surface, more lipid could be used for emulsion preparation to enhance the moisture resistance without considering the weakened strength of the film induced by lipid, because the mechanical properties of emulsion coated paper is mainly governed by the strength of base paper instead of the coating layer. In this study, beeswax–chitosan emulsion was first prepared and then coated on paper surface to improve paper's water vapor barrier and water resistance properties. The range and variance analysis of orthogonal test design showed that the order of priorities of the factors accordingly was beeswax solid content, drying temperature and chitosan concentration. The effect of drying temperature on water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water contact angle of coated paper was further investigated using 1.2 wt% chitosan and 96% beeswax solid content in the coating layer. The results indicated that water vapor barrier property was in accordance with the density of the coating layer. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was also used to characterize the surface morphology and explain the hydrophobicity of beeswax–chitosan coated paper. It was found that surface beeswax particles melted to wrinkle at high drying temperatures, while roughness values maintained at micro-scale over the temperature range investigated.

Polyaniline (PANi) is synthesized on a highly ordered and flexible graphene paper (GNP) by in situ polymerization followed by folding the 2D composite paper into a 3D structure. The thermoelectric properties of this novel composite structure is improved as a result of the formation of an electrically connected, thermally disconnected structure due to the interconnected folds within the composite that allow electrons to conduct while discouraging phonon transport. Mechanical compaction on the folded sample is essential to produce a consolidated sample. ZT of this novel composite is an order of magnitude higher than that of neat GNP paper.

We presented a three-step method for the preparation of superhydrophobic cellulose filter paper. It involved ZnCl2 pre-treatment to activate the cellulose fibers, a SiO2 sol-gel process to increase surface roughness and grafting of hexadecyl trimethoxysilane groups to chemically enhance the water repellency. The water contact angle of the modified paper reached 154.8°. XRD analysis confirmed silica as the product from the sol-gel process. EDS and SEM analysis showed that pre-treatment results in greater silica adhesion and retention on the paper surface. The modified paper proved to be self-cleaning and resistant to staining. Further tests under various conditions showed that ZnCl2 pre-treatment improved the durability of the superhydrophobic paper. It was concluded that pre-treatment of the filter paper prior to superhydrophobic coating results in a disruption in the cellulose crystalline structure that favours greater silica adhesion and retention.

In this work, a facile method was developed to prepare reactive superhydrophobic paper by the attachment of 10-undecylenoyl chloride onto homogenized α-cellulose followed by one-step spray-coating of the resulting cellulose derivative (α-cellulose 10-undecylenoyl ester, CUE) onto filter paper. By spray-coating a CUE suspension with a concentration of 1.04 wt% for at least 6 mL, the paper surface became superhydrophobic, which had a water contact angle of 152 ± 2° with the advancing and receding angles of 165 ± 2° and 144 ± 2° and the slide angle of 6°. Additionally, the resulting surface showed a good durable stability, acid-base stability and thermal stability. More interestingly, an obvious photoclick thiol-ene reaction could be conducted on such superhydrophobic paper, which would further enlarge the application fields of superhydrophobic surfaces.