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The construction industry had approached a critical limit which led to the increase of cement production. The production of cement would cause a broader environmental implication. Cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide gas contributes about 63.33% of global warming since the production of one ton of cement would emit about one ton of carbon dioxide to the environment. To mitigate this issue, the research community has investigated the use of waste materials that possess similar chemical properties with cement content as a material for partial cement replacement. The use of rice husk ash has shown to be a contending candidate in the literature. Therefore, this paper attempts at reviewing the performance of rice husk ash as partial cement replacement. It could be observed from the literature that concrete with 5% up to 15% of rice husk ash showed an equivalent performance to ordinary concrete in compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. Thus, rice husk ash can be used as a material replacement in concrete and reduces pollution that originates from cement production and open burning of rice husk.

This paper reviews the state of field of nanotechnology in concrete technology field. The outstanding chemical any physical property of nanomaterials helps in structural reinforcement and redemption of environmental pollution, and also in producing self cleaning materials. Concrete is one of the most used materials in structural applications, where strength, costing, durability of playing a key role in high attribute of concrete. In this paper we tried to review the application of nanotechnology in concrete production. The paper first presents general information and definitions of nanotechnology. Then, it focuses on the most effective nano- additives that can increase the rheological and hardened properties of concrete.

The use of concrete in the construction industry is never ending and so are their complementary ill effects. Thus, they should be handled within the stipulated time and in a sustainable manner. The major idea of the present research work is to assess the strength parameters of the concrete specimens made by inducing bacteria along with a suitable cement replacing substance. Therefore, the use of sustainable strategies like inducing bacterial culture into the concrete mix can act as an active support for both nature as well as the economy of construction industries. There are many substitutes which are used for replacing cement. In this paper, control concrete, concrete made by replacing cement with 8% of Micronized Biomass Silica (MBS) and bacteria induced concrete are compared. The bacteria used is Bacillus Sphaericus and is mixed in the concrete specimens at different levels of 10ml, 20ml, 30ml. M60 grade high strength concrete is casted in the form of cubes and cylinders and their compressive strength and split tensile strength at the age of 7and 28 days are compared with that of conventional concrete. From the test results, it was concluded that, specimens with 20ml bacteria and 8% MBS showed optimum results. Hence, this combination of bacteria and MBS would not only increase strength but also help the concrete against moisture and other harmful particles.

Nowadays, infrastructure construction is becoming a serious problem globally due to high material consumption. So, there are high demands in the construction industry using the river sand as fine aggregate in concrete production. Pond ash is an industrial waste product from the thermal power plant; such material can be used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in C-25 grade of concrete. In this research work, each mix's workability was measured before the concrete cast, and the slum was 25 to 50 mm. Concrete cubes of size (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were prepared with seven different samples containing 0% (control) to 30% pond ash with increment of 5%. From the result obtained, the workability and density of concrete containing pond ash decreased with increase percentage content of pond ash in the mix. The compressive strength of pond ash concrete containing 5% and 10% have shown increment compared to the control concrete by about 0.13%,3.74%,2.46% and 0.04%, 1.14%,0.70% at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing respectively. Finally, in this study, the percentage replacement of fine aggregate concrete up to 10% by pond ash better resulted in compressive strength of concrete is found 34.75 N/mm2 at 28 days. Therefore, the optimum replaced fine aggregate by pond ash is 10%.

The concrete is widely used in the construction industry. River sand is commonly used construction material. Natural weathering of rocks results in the formation of river sand, over millions of years. Robo Sand (R.S) which is eco-pleasant serves as a partially substitute material for the depleting river sand. The addition of Robo sand can reduce construction cost and also increase the strength of the concrete. Rice husk is by-product from crop growing waste and it is burnt to form Rice Husk Ash (R.H.A) which is used as partially substitute material for cement in concrete. In this study the concrete is prepared with RS as partially substitute material of fine aggregate in different proportions like 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and R.H.A as partially substitute material for cement in different proportions like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. For normal and replaced concrete compression strength & split tensile strength is determined.

Red mud (RM) is a toxic waste, rich in coloured pigments, which affects landfills and surrounding environments due to its high alkalinity. But it is suitable for architectural coloured concrete production since it contains a high volume of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and Silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, the application of RM in concrete production not only may benefit the construction industry but also helps mitigating the environmental effects of alumina refineries. In addition, using RM can help to achieve a green coloured concrete with similar properties to current concrete made with white cement. This study intends to appraise the effects of RM in self-compacting architectural concrete (SCAC) production as cement and filler replacement. For that purpose, seven concrete mixes incorporating various ratios of RM as partial cement (2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%) and filler (25%, 50%, and 75%) replacement were produced in the laboratory. The results revealed that RM does not significantly affect the performance of concrete, as the variations of the results were mostly lower than 5% in relation to the reference concrete. Moreover, incorporating RM in SCAC can improve the durability to sulphate attack in terms of weight loss, a very important parameter when evaluating the performance of architectural concrete, by about 27%. In addition, using RM can help achieve a green coloured concrete with similar properties to current concrete made with white cement.

Now a days, preparation of concrete with conventional materials becomes more costlier due to the growing demand of construction materials. It will lead construction industry, to determine the alternative materials for the conventional without compromising the quality and quantity of construction. After numerous investigations, it is accepted that the preparation of concrete with alternative or industrial waste materials will be possible. In modern days, variety of industrial waste materials like fly ash, silica fumes, paper pulp, GGBFS, brick and quarry dust, etc., are disposed directly to the environment will causes various health, environmental and economic issues. So, it is necessary to effective disposal or treatment method, in order to reduce the above-mentioned social problems. Fly ash (FA) and waste steel slag (SS) are attempted to utilize an effective replacement material for the ingredient concrete. In this study, waste material from steel making industry was used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate (FIA) by varying replacement percentages from 0% to 60% at an interval of 10% in M30 grade high volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) with different proportions of fly ash (40%, 50% and 60%). The behaviour of HVFAC was assessed by different strength properties at varying curing periods of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. It is observed 50% replacement of steel slag shows better results when HVFAC was prepared with 40% fly ash, further increment of fly ash reduces the strength concrete irrespective of steel slag replacement percentage.

The sustainability of raw materials used in construction industry consumed large quantities of material has great importance. The use of pore-makers in the brick production is reducing the consumption of clean clay resources as well as lightness of the baked brick body. Many organic or inorganic additives have been used as pore-making in brick production for improving thermal performance. In this study, tea waste (TW) were used at different concentrations in the brick clay mixtures to examine its effects on baked brick properties. In addition to micro-structure investigations, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of bricks produced were investigated. It is concluded that tea waste additive up to 10% in brick body can be used for structural application and isolation while ratios more 10% tea waste additive for only isolation purposes. Tea wastes can be used as a pore-making additive in the brick production. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

In modern times issues such as sustainability and carbon footprint have become subjects of significant interest on a global scale. A leading industry in greenhouse emissions is the construction industry, and the industry’s carbon footprint needs to be reduced in order to meet emissions targets. Hemp concrete and rapeseed concrete are two alternative sustainable building materials that can help the construction sector improve and meet those targets. Because of their relatively recent introduction, limited studies are available on the durability of these materials. This paper investigates the effect of long-term accelerated carbonation on hemp and rapeseed concretes manufactured with a natural cement and, in some cases, a polyacrylic acid viscosity modifying agent (VMA). Natural carbonation in an outdoor environment was also studied. It was found that the mixes carbonated quickly under accelerated conditions, however no impact on mass or specimen dimensions were observed. In the case of the VMA mixes, it was found that the compressive strength of the samples was improved compared to the equivalently aged control samples. However, it was found that compressive strength was actually inhibited in the untreated mixes when compared with the control samples.

The paper presents the state-of-the-art concerning the current achievements in the field of 3D printing of buildings and building components. The 3D printing technologies, comparing to traditional techniques of constructing the buildings, could be considered as environmental friendly derivative giving almost unlimited possibilities for geometric complexity realizations. Two kinds of technologies were described in this paper with pointing to Contour Crafting as a promising technique that may be able to revolutionize construction industry in near future. Numerous advantages of this technology, such as reduction of the costs and time, minimizing the pollution of environment and decrease of injuries and fatalities on construction sites could be cited. Despite many advantages and hopes, some concerns are summarized in the conclusions, as the technology still has many limitations. A brief description of few examples of pioneering usage of 3D printing in construction industry are presented (Canal House in Amsterdam, WinSun company and printing application for building carried out by Skanska company). Creating a model that will be appropriate for 3D printers is possible in many different modelling programs. One of the most popular formats for sharing such models is STL format. In the paper sample models crated in Autodesk Inventor are shown, but also other tools suitable for preparing models for 3D printing are briefly discussed.

The objective of this study was to obtain hybrid-type binders at room temperature (25 °C) from the alkaline activation of a red clay brick waste and the addition of a reduced amount (≤30%) of Portland cement. Different types of activators were used, including solids (Na 2 SO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH) and liquids (Na 2 SiO 3 xH 2 O). The results highlight the possibility of obtaining an eco-efficient, hybrid cement with compressive strengths of up to 102 MPa at 28 days and reductions of up to 73% in the global warming potential (expressed in kg·CO 2 ·eq/MPa) associated with a Portland cement paste. Based on the optimum hybrid cement, a mortar was developed and used as a base material for the production of block and paver construction elements that comply with construction industry standards.

The aim of the present work was to assess the emission of different persistent organic pollutants from a cement plant over a period of one year, under normal operational conditions. Thus, a long-term sampling device was installed in the clinker kiln stack of the cement plant. The factory uses petroleum coke as primary fuel, but also alternative fuels such as solid recovered fuel (SRF), automotive shredder residue (ASR), sewage sludge, waste tires, and meat and bone meal (MBM) wastes, with an energy substitution level of about 40%. Both PCDD/Fs (together with dl-PCBs) and PBDD/Fs were continuously sampled, with a total of ten samples collected in 2–4 week periods. Also, PAHs were sampled during one-week periods, in order to evaluate their emissions in three different samples. The emission levels throughout the year were much lower than the set legal limits in all substances, being < 10 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 in the case of PCDD/Fs. The data obtained allowed calculation of updated emission factors for the cement sector, which were 8.5 ng I-TEQ/ton clinker for PCDD/Fs and 3.2 ng WHO-TEQ/ton clinker for PCBs. With respect to the congener distribution, 2,3,7,8-TCDF accounts for 60 to 68% of the total toxicity for PCDD/Fs, and in PBDD/F emissions, a clear predominance of octa-substituted species (both dioxin and furan) was found. Support for this work was provided by CEMEX ESPAÑA, S.A., a company owned by the CEMEX group (http://www.cemex.com). Authors acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by the following projects: Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain): CTQ2013-41006-R, Autonomous Community of Valencia Government (Spain): PROMETEOII/2014/007.

The utilization of black liquor, produced by the pulp and paper industry in Egypt, as a workability aid and set retarder admixture has been investigated. This approach may help eliminate the environmentally polluting black liquor waste. It also provides a low cost by-product, which can be widely used in the construction industry. The properties of black liquor and its performance on concrete at two different ratios of water to cement have been studied. The results revealed that black liquor from rice straw pulp increases concrete workability, improves compaction, and reduces honeycombing. Moreover, it retards the initial and final set time and enhances uniform compaction. The effect of incorporating small portions of silica fume has been investigated. The ageing effect of this material over a period of one year, to determine its safe storage period, has been studied. Finally, this admixture was found to comply with the relevant Egyptian standards.

Fly ash is the by-products of electric power, which has potential application in construction industry after removing the unburned carbon. The density difference and favorable dispersion characteristics of fly ash provide the feasibility using gravity separation method. The present study had investigated the removal of unburned carbon from fly ash using enhanced gravity separation under different operation parameters such as rotational angular velocity and backwash water pressure, and the decarbonization performance was compared with the froth flotation. The results showed that both the rotational angular velocity and backwash water pressure had evident effect on the removal of unburned carbon from fly ash, and the rotational frequency adjusted more accurate relative to the coarse adjustment of backwash water pressure. The enhanced gravity separation could yield qualified Level II and Level III ash products with yield of 12%–23% and 23%–69%, while the froth flotation yield Level I, Level II and Level III ash products. The decarbonization results of enhanced gravity separation was slightly lower than froth flotation, while it provided the application value in industry without complex reagent system and high cost on the premise that met the requirements for Level II and Level III ash products.

For the construction industry, the term technological innovation for applicable materials equalizes costs, improves and rationalizes the final product quality. In this context, the researches of organic and inorganic additives are standing out in the production of cement compounds, which satisfy the technical and environmental requirements for the area. In this work, it has been analyzed the feasibility of the use of a biodegradable polymer, in the case we have used the complexes of whey protein with κ-casein, the κ-casein is a phosphoprotein found in milk, obtained from milk which was unfit for human consumption; the main idea is to use it as a collaborative agent in the physicochemical properties of the binder. In this sense, different amounts of solutions of the complexes of whey protein with κ-casein were added to Portland cement samples and the influence of these solutions on the hydration process of the binder were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. As a result, it was observed that the use of the solutions of the complexes of whey protein with κ-casein favors the cement hydration process, which can retard the setting of the binder; such result is desirable, as it provides a greater flexibility to the setting time, increasing the workability time of the binder.

Smart materials have played significant contribution towards the development of buildings. There are various smart materials which can change their properties and behavior under the influence of external catalyst or stimulus. Such materials are changing the face of traditional engineering materials. Smart materials can be utilized individually as well as it can be incorporated with existing materials to enhance their desirable properties. Smart materials are widespread across all the domains of human inventions due to its multidisciplinary applications. Some of these materials are relatively new while some are being used from a very long time. Hence it suffices to say that the recently developed smart materials still require research. The general classification of smart material is illustrated in this review paper. The paper intends to identify the various types of available smart materials and also illustrated the application of such materials in the various fields of civil engineering. Further, the potential benefits and downsides are also discussed along with their applicability under different conditions. Some innovative materials are also discussed which can bring potential revolution in the construction industry. The impact or the benefits related to sustainability also discussed in this review paper.

The construction industry has developed at the pace as human race. With time many materials were developed to be used in construction. Among all the materials concrete has been tested, researched and used for almost every type of construction. Sand is a basic component of concrete. With increase in concrete production and usage the sand dredging also increased at an alarming rate. The excess dredging of sand causes a lot of adverse effects on rivers hence on environment. In order to mitigate this ill effect, many other materials such as foundry sand, rice husk ash are being tried and tested to partially or fully replace sand in concrete. This paper is an experimental investigation of crushed limestone dust to evaluate its feasibility in concrete mix to partially replace fine aggregate. In the paper various mechanical and physical properties were evaluated of concrete incorporating crushed limestone dust. Properties including compression strength, splitting tensile strength, workability, chloride ion permeability (RCPT), and ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV) were tested. Most of the evaluation of the properties was done after 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of water curing. Almost all the tests shows positive results if not better than traditional concrete.

A well-designed collection system plays a critical role in establishing a financially sustainable construction and demolition (C&D) management system. In order to achieve the best performance of the collection system, the development of an advanced decision-making tool with trade-off among multiple criteria is significant. The main objective of this research is to select economically best locations of transfer stations (TSs) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the collection system for C&D waste. This paper develops a scenario-based multi-period robust facility location model to minimize the total cost of the collection system for C&D waste. The novelty of the proposed model is the consideration of the uncertainty of C&D waste generation source locations in the construction industry. Also, besides the traditional economic criteria, the risk of decision-making or the reliability of the optimal solution obtained is taken into account for the best overall performance solution. A comparative analysis is performed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model. The trade-offs between decision-making risk and economic criteria are performed with a sensitivity analysis. By applying the proposed robust facility location model for TSs for a case study in Chongqing, China, this paper verify the effectiveness and usefulness of the model. The results of this study indicate that the dynamic location strategy made by the proposed robust model can remain the optimal layout of the TSs under uncertainty to improve facility efficiency. Moreover, focusing on risk criteria in decision-making can achieve the best performance solution with reliability.

Robots are gaining traction in all industries, not only to replace manual labour but also to collaborate and enhance both human and robot skills and abilities. In this paper, we revisit the trajectory following control design for the WallMo Robot, which is a collaborative wall mounting robot used in the construction industry. The theoretical foundation for a model-free control strategy, handling actuator constraints was presented by Sloth and Pedersen (2017) and verified through simulations. In this paper, the research is extended to also include practical implementation considerations and experimental testing on a real WallMo robot. The implemented control strategy differs from what was presented earlier, but still exhibits tight trajectory tracking - solving the control problem in a practical setting.

The aim of this paper is to develop new composite materials based on natural components, which would have a reduced impact on the environment. Therefore, this paper analyses the mechanical properties of the obtained composites based on hydrated lime, organic admixture, and sheep wool fibres. The assessed properties of the composites are the following: apparent density, flexural strength, and compressive strength. On the basis of the obtained results one can state that the mechanical properties are influenced by the type of the organic admixture and the wool fibre content. Increasing the wool fibre content leads to an increase of flexural strength, but, in general, the compressive strength is influenced in a negative way. Considering the obtained values for the mechanical strength tests, the studied composites could be used in the construction industry as interior finishes, although a wider analysis is needed to confirm the applicability of these materials.

As indicated by several researchers, the objective assessment of design prior to commencing construction is essential for achieving sustainability requirements and improving the competitiveness of the construction company. This process is far from being a simple task, as it requires a detailed evaluation of a plethora of options that designers may not have time to do. To help designers evaluating the excessive number of possible design combinations they encounter, this paper explores the application of reinforced learning (RL) to develop a model that assist designers in their pursuit of the optimal design. The present research utilizes the Markov Decision Process (MDP) as an application of RL and multi-attribute utility to solve the problem of the objective assessment of the design. The paper also presents a case study that demonstrates the utilization of the developed model to optimize the design of a single-family house.

Mental representations of hazard recognition are crucial to inspection strategies in construction safety management. However, few studies have investigated scan patterns as the means of mental representation of hazard recognition in the construction industry. This paper aims to explore visual searching strategies through eye-tracking scan patterns for construction safety inspection. An experimental study with 47 participants was designed to identify hazards in a pseudo construction site, and the scanning data were collected with a portable eye-tracking device. Artificial intelligence was then used to quantitatively define areas of interest based on the extracted fixation data of all participants. For two specific hazards, 23 and 29 scanpaths were generated and presented in the form of fixation sequences. Finally, the searching strategies of the participants who successfully recognized hazards were compared to the strategies of those who failed, and their scan patterns were summarized with eyePatterns®. The results show that the successful participants follow similar hazard searching patterns, concentrating on specific hazardous areas rather than unimportant distractors, following a logical and serial search pattern. They tend to observe one sub-area fully before a systematic shift to another one. This paper reports on a conceptual study of hazard searching patterns based on visual scanpaths, contributing to research of the searching strategies of mental representations for hazard recognition as well as providing useful practical implications for hazard inspection strategies in construction projects.

Day by day the water scarcity is getting increased and that too in developing countries like “India”, facing water problems frequently. The need for conservation of fresh water has become mandatory. Here the world’s water content is about 71%, and in that the ocean and sea water holds about 96.5%. As indicated by the report of the “World Metrological Organization” (WMO), the greater part of the total populace won't have enough drinking water by 2025. In order to reduce the usage of fresh water, an alternate recourse (Treated Sea Water) is introduced in the construction industry (i.e.) for the concrete mixing and curing. In this paper the properties of sea water and traditional water are considered. The conceivable outcomes of salt water utilized in concrete for casting and curing are seen. This paper additionally focuses on the variables influencing the quality of cement blended as concrete and cured with ocean water are examined and a few proposals to those issues were given.

Due to global climate change, carbon reduction has become a critical issue for the construction industry. Low carbon building has been adopted as a strategic objective, and its implementation demonstrates the enormous potential of reducing carbon emissions. Despite much research, some important research areas or gaps have not been identified, while simultaneously, few studies describe the knowledge roadmap for low carbon building research necessary to guide scholars and practitioners. The purpose in this paper is to provide a comprehensive and objective analysis of research areas regarding low carbon building using the scientometrics method. A total of 378 low carbon building-related publications were reviewed. Based on the keyword co-word analysis, document co-citation analysis and clustering analysis, the results show that 100 research keywords, 3 research hotspots and 5 research domains are extremely important for the advancement of low carbon building. Based on the in-depth analysis of the findings, the knowledge structure with different prominences was developed, which grouped LCB research into five themes and various sub-topics. Significantly, this paper provides the knowledge roadmap needed to facilitate further research and applications for both academia and industry stakeholders to improve low carbon building.

Construction is a knowledge-intensive industry, in which organizations are known for the delivery of products and services, relying on different types of knowledge. To manage knowledge effectively, various information technology (IT) models and systems have been developed for knowledge management (KM) in the construction industry over the years. As the next generation of IT application in construction, building information modeling (BIM) is increasingly used today to aid KM. Compared to generic IT tools, BIM has some distinctive features, such as parametric modeling, virtual visualization and centralized platform. However, how to apply these features of BIM to better serve KM has not yet been well summarized and analyzed. In this research, 115 papers on IT-based KM and 73 papers on BIM-supported KM are reviewed, based on which an integrated framework is developed to describe the current status and future directions for KM in IT-generic and BIM-specific contexts. It is followed by a conceptual model of BIM-supported KM which shows the possible KM factors and their relationships in the BIM environment. This research highlights the transformation from IT-based KM into BIM-supported KM. It contributes to the identification of remaining challenges to BIM-supported KM and the elaboration of BIM-supported KM in construction research and practice.

This paper reviews Building Energy Modeling (BEM) development using classification and review of articles for the recent years (2015–2018) to explore how much BEM methodologies have been used Building Information Modeling (BIM) database during this period. Nowadays, BEM and supervision are the most important challenges of smart cities, and BIM has a good and useful source of information for buildings. Recent innovations have provided the opportunity for construction industry to invest in state-of-the-art technologies and adopt new processes. Among these new methodologies is BIM, which has developed for the construction industry over the last two decades. Integrating graphical and non-graphical information, it enables construction industry stakeholders to work collaboratively for efficient project delivery throughout the life cycle of construction projects. The use of BEM in construction industry has come about to respond to the global call for energy conservation and sustainability. BEM tools and processes can be used to simulate energy performance, evaluate energy needs and optimize architectural design . This article reviews and classifies BEM applications into eight different categories such as prediction, estimation, consumption, optimal design, evaluation, efficiency, management, and optimization. In addition to examination of BEM in different categories and according to BIM that is a coordination model and includes all information in construction industry as well as electrical, mechanical, and architectural information, this review paper wants to know how many articles have used BIM such as a database in this industry.

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is a technology which adopts layer-by-layer additive deposition process to build three-dimensional objects. Over the past decade, 3D printing has been attracting more and more attention in the building and construction industry. Compared with conventional concrete casting techniques, 3D printing contributes to higher efficiency with freeform construction, greatly reduced labor and much less construction waste. However, 3D printable cementitious materials are different from conventional concrete in terms of rheology, printability, and mechanical performances. This paper aims to systematically bridge the gap between the requirement and research and development of 3D printable cementitious materials to date. Guided by 3D printing process and multi-level design of cementitious materials, the requirements for 3D printable cementitious material at different material development levels are discussed. This paper provides insights for the future development of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction by controlling the basic inputs of materials to obtain desired structural performance. Accepted version

The construction industry is extremely high risk, and the unsafe behavior of workers is thought to be a critical factor in that risk level. Considering the limitation that existing studies merely analyze the relationship between unsafe behavior and the time factor, this paper uses a case study to explore two aspects of the time-statistical laws of workers’ unsafe behavior: (i) the characteristics of interevent time distributions and (ii) association rules for different worker types. First, workers’ unsafe acts at one metro construction site are collected and classified. Second, interevent time distributions of workers’ unsafe behavior from different types are analyzed via a human dynamics approach. Finally, a rule mining database is built, from which association rules concerning unsafe behavior, worker type and construction phase are determined using the Apriori algorithm. The results indicate that the interevent time distributions are fat tailed and show that workers’ unsafe behavior has the characteristics of burstiness and memory. Furthermore, the strong rules ‘construction phase → unsafe behavior’ exist for different worker types. The research presented in this paper can facilitate a better understanding of workers’ unsafe behavioral patterns and can accordingly be used to control frequent and widespread unsafe acts among different types of workers in different construction phases.

3D point cloud data obtained from laser scans, images, and videos are able to provide accurate and fast records of the 3D geometries of construction-related objects. Thus, the construction industry has been using point cloud data for a variety of purposes including 3D model reconstruction, geometry quality inspection, construction progress tracking, etc. Although a number of studies have been reported on applying point cloud data for the construction industry in the recent decades, there has not been any systematic review that summaries these applications and points out the research gaps and future research directions. This paper, therefore, aims to provide a thorough review on the applications of 3D point cloud data in the construction industry and to provide recommendations on future research directions in this area. A total of 197 research papers were collected in this study through a two-fold literature search, which were published within a fifteen-year period from 2004 to 2018. Based on the collected papers, applications of 3D point cloud data in the construction industry are reviewed according to three categories including (1) 3D model reconstruction, (2) geometry quality inspection, and (3) other applications. Following the literature review, this paper discusses on the acquisition and processing of point cloud data, particularly focusing on how to properly perform data acquisition and processing to fulfill the needs of the intended construction applications. Specifically, the determination of required point cloud data quality and the determination of data acquisition parameters are discussed with regard to data acquisition, and the extraction and utilization of semantic information and the platforms for data visualization and processing are discussed with regard to data processing. Based on the review of applications and the following discussions, research gaps and future research directions are recommended including (1) application-oriented data acquisition, (2) semantic enrichment for as-is BIM, (3) geometry quality inspection in fabrication phase, and (4) real-time visualization and processing.

This paper aims to combat the haphazard manual process involved in building-erection planning and the associated lag in productivity growth by pointing industry stakeholders to the tools suited for their needs. It identifies 28 computer-assisted building construction scheduling tools that require no special skills and automate at least one step of the scheduling. Resulting from a systematic literature review of industry-related papers published between January 2008 and 2018, this work will guide construction practitioners through an array of tools classified according to their interface, inputs, and outputs, and will serve as the basis for further development in construction automation.

As an important source of carbon emissions, the carbon emission performance of construction materials should be measured for China's construction industry. This paper proposes a modified data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze the carbon efficiency decomposition and potential material reduction for regional construction industries. As the main innovation, the carbon efficiency decomposition of cement, steel, and aluminum is estimated. To achieve the minimal regional carbon intensities, modified potential material reductions are estimated by creatively identifying correlations between the material consumption and economic outputs. This paper conducts an empirical study of China's regional construction systems from 2006 to 2015. Some conclusions are achieved. The carbon efficiencies of construction materials are inefficient in most regions, which are derived from the inefficient material consumption. All of the decomposed carbon efficiencies are decreasing from the east to the west with enlarging geographic disparities from 2006 to 2015. The consumption for each construction material is optimized for China's regions. Some policy implications are also provided.

Stainless steel channels are increasingly used in the construction industry as load-carrying members, in particular in situations where low maintenance and high corrosion resistance is required. Amongst all stainless steel materials, ferritic stainless steels are the most economically competitive, and so potentially have the widest application in the building industry. This paper considers the use of cold-formed ferritic stainless steel unlipped channels with web perforations subject to interior-one-flange and end-one-flange loading, the benefit of perforations being ease of service integration. A total of 288 results are presented, comprising 18 laboratory and 270 numerical results. The numerical analysis in this paper uses nonlinear quasi-static finite element analysis with an implicit integration scheme. An extensive parametric study is described to determine web crippling capacity reduction factors for different sizes of web perforations and cross-section dimensions. It is noted that no cold-formed stainless steel standard provides capacity reduction factors for any one-flange load case. The capacity reduction factors are first compared to reduction factors previously recommended for lipped cold-formed stainless steel channels. It is found that these existing equations are unreliable and unconservative for unlipped channels by as much as 16%. From both laboratory and finite element results, web crippling design equations are proposed for channels with perforations in the web under one-flange loadings; the proposed equations are shown to be reliable when compared against laboratory and numerical results.

The construction industry is a large contributor to global emissions, though it is becoming more aligned with sustainability practices. Historically, the industry has focused on cost, production and time, but now adds emissions to this list. Industry attitudes to emissions have been the subject of a number of surveys, but these necessarily only give qualitative information. This paper takes a quite different tack and establishes, for the first time, quantitative measures of industry attitude. Both the qualitative and quantitative approaches have a perception basis. The paper's approach is through the medium of utility and utility functions. The paper takes a number of industry scenarios and establishes the attitude of industry personnel to lower-emissions production. Generally, it is found that construction personnel are risk aversive to emissions, but to differing degrees. Here, risk is used in the sense of the magnitude and likelihood of an outcome involving emissions. The implications of this are demonstrated through an earthmoving operation, where the emissions-production results for differing degrees of risk aversion are highlighted. The paper is original in terms of offering a different view of emissions, and unique in its approach. By analysing the utility functions obtained, industry's attitude toward carbon emissions can be better understood. And flowing from this, more effective and efficient methods for reducing carbon emissions can be created.

Blue and green infrastructure (BGI) provides a wide range of ecosystem services (ES) and other benefits when managing stormwater, beyond flow and pollution control. A number of tools have been developed to value these benefits. In the UK, stormwater measures that utilise BGI are known as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). This paper outlines the Benefits of SuDS Tool (B£ST), developed in the UK by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) for valuing the benefits of BGI stormwater measures. The tool has been applied to case studies across Europe. B£ST includes a set of benefits based on ecosystem services applied to the use of BGI for stormwater management. The paper focuses on the uncertainties in this multiple benefit assessment, detailing the processes used in the tool. Examples illustrate the scale of the uncertainties in tools like B£ST. The uncertainties when using BGI valuation tools such as B£ST to help inform the delivery of stormwater measures are demonstrated in the paper as potentially of sufficient magnitude to warrant explicit consideration by professionals and decision makers.

Buildings are responsible for about 92% of the total energy end-use in Hong Kong, of which above 70% is from the commercial sector. Most of the buildings in Hong Kong are high-rise, and approximately 15% of the total building stock is commercial buildings. Despite the considerable improvement in the understanding of the life cycle energy use of office buildings, there is still a lack of research into the life cycle energy demand of high-rise office buildings. Such knowledge is however essential for facilitating building energy conservation in the high-rise urban environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the life cycle energy use of high-rise office buildings. The research was carried out through a critical literature review and case studies of ten real-life high-rise office buildings in Hong Kong. Results show that the life cycle energy consumption is 51.78–73.64 GJ/m2 over the 50-year study period. Building operation consumes 78–89% and the rest (i.e. 11–22%) is taken by the embodied energy. Despite the distinction in terms of the amount of embodied energy between high-rise buildings and low-rise counterparts, no clear correlation is found between building height and embodied energy intensity. Moreover, energy use for material manufacturing and transport should be prioritised in reducing the embodied energy, of which the transport energy needs to be taken into extra consideration for the case of Hong Kong. The findings should inform construction industry participants of the significant potential in reducing the embodied energy of high-rise office buildings. The paper profiles the life cycle energy use of high-rise office buildings and should be important for the policy formulation towards the holistic energy conservation in high-rise buildings over their lifespans.

Urgent solutions are needed in Europe to deal with construction and demolition waste (CDW). EU policy has contributed to significantly reducing the amount of CDW going to landfill, but most of the effort has been put in downcycling practices. Therefore, further policies are needed to stimulate high-quality recycling of CDW. The present paper presents a combined life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies to analyse the environmental and the economic drivers in four alternative CDW end-of-life scenarios in the region of Flanders, in Belgium. The four analysed alternatives are (i) landfilling, (ii) downcycling, (iii) advanced recycling and (iv) recycling after selective demolition. LCA results show that landiflling is the scenario having the highest environmental impacts in terms of person equivalent (PE), followed by downcycling and recycling (-36%) and recycling after selective demolition (-59%). The decrease in environmental impacts is mostly due to the avoided landfilling of CDW and the recovery of materials from selective demolition. LCC results indicate that landfilling is the scenario bearing the highest total economic costs. This is due to the high landfill tax in Flanders. The recycling after selective demolition bears the second highest cost. The increase of high-quality CDW recycling can significantly reduce the overall environmental impact of the system. Implementing a high landfill tax, increasing the gate fee to the recycling plant, and boosting the sales price of recycled aggregates are the most effective drivers to facilitate a transition towards a more sustainable CDW management system. The paper demonstrates that the combined LCA and LCC results can highlight the environmental and economic drivers in CDW management. The results of the combined analysis can help policymakers to promote the aspects contributing to sustainability and to limit the ones creating a barrier. ispartof: Waste Management vol:75 pages:3-21 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In today’s interconnected world, disruptions arising from one party in a supply chain network could cause disruptions to other parties in the chain. Indeed, recent evidence suggests that supply chain disruptions had caused a wide-scale impact to the construction industry in various developing countries including the Malaysian construction industry, with increasing report on project performance deficiencies such as cost and time overruns of severe magnitudes. Although risk management is widely practiced in construction, the challenge now is to make systems and construction supply chains sufficiently resilient so that the project organisations can bounce back and thrive from catastrophes and disruptive events. Past studies of supply chain resilience however tend to overlook the underlying latent conditions that reside in the system that made an organisation vulnerable to such disruptions in the first place. The “pathogen” metaphor is used in this study to reflect these inherent hidden vulnerabilities that remain dormant in a system until a critical failure occurs. Although these pathogens are hidden and may not be causing any problem at the moment, they might trigger a later onset problem causing cascading impacts to the supply chain and its operations. While disruptions in construction are often difficult to foresee and is hard to eliminate entirely, these pathogens, however, can be identified and mitigated before a disruptive event occurs, which this paper aims to discuss. This paper therefore presents the identification of key pathogenic effects in the Malaysian construction industry through preliminary interviews with four experts in the field. Overall, the identification of the pathogens in the study will help the researcher to assess how vulnerable the project organisations are to making significant errors in a systematic way, thus providing the foundation to build appropriate strategies for their prevention and build the resilience of the construction supply chain to disruptions.

The environmental aspects of sustainable development in the construction industry consist of the utilization of secondary raw materials and materials which can be recycled in the design and construction of new structures. The preliminary and inevitable interest in the use of full or partial replacements of by-products as complementary pozzolanic materials was mostly induced by the enforcement of the reduction/elimination of the greenhouse gas emission from the production of Portland cement. With the significant evolution of geopolymer concrete as an alternative for Portland cement in the past decade, it is necessary to explore possible construction applications in which geopolymer concrete can be utilized. Hence, this review paper was carried out to explore various elements such as the precursors used in geopolymers concrete and their corresponding applications. The environmental impacts of various geopolymer concrete are also discussed. This paper also presents an overview of the real applications of geopolymer concrete for the construction of various infrastructures. Recommendations and prospects for geopolymer concrete are also provided. The environmental aspects of sustainable development in the construction industry consist of the utilization of secondary raw materials and materials which can be recycled in the design and construction of new structures. The preliminary and inevitable interest in the use of full or partial replacements of by-products as complementary pozzolanic materials was mostly induced by the enforcement of the reduction/elimination of the greenhouse gas emission from the production of Portland cement. With the significant evolution of geopolymer concrete as an alternative for Portland cement in the past decade, it is necessary to explore possible construction applications in which geopolymer concrete can be utilized. Hence, this review paper was carried out to explore various elements such as the precursors used in geopolymers concrete and their corresponding applications. The environmental impacts of various geopolymer concrete are also discussed. This paper also presents an overview of the real applications of geopolymer concrete for the construction of various infrastructures. Recommendations and prospects for geopolymer concrete are also provided.

Nowadays, due to the complexity of the relationships with external entities, along with the importance that traditional media and the innovative social media have in creating competitive advantages, it is necessary for companies to collaborate in order to create Intellectual Capital (IC). Although collaboration is crucial to create IC, there is a paucity in literature regarding the effects that a specific type of collaboration may have on the IC of an organisation, specifically a franchising with a mediatic actor. Moreover, literature addressing IC creation and destruction over time is scarce, especially when applied to the construction industry. This paper’s goal is twofold: understanding the longitudinal changes of a construction SME’s Intellectual Capital, regarding its creation and destruction, analysing the impact that a specific inter-organisational collaboration franchising—with a mediatic actor may have on such IC. A single in-depth case study was conducted, allowing to conclude that the actions of an organisation can develop both Intellectual Assets and Intellectual Liabilities. It was also concluded that inter-organisational collaboration, through a franchise with an actor with experience in communication, can generate, in the long term, positive and innovative effects regarding the different IC components, namely the Relational one. More specifically, the paper allowed to ascertain that an organisation’s IC changes over time in a dynamic fashion, i.e., Intellectual Liabilities which emerged before an innovative collaboration can be transformed into Intellectual Assets and create competitive advantages. This paper contributes to stress the importance of managing IC, not only when it is created, but namely in when it can be destroyed, in a context of inter-organisational collaborations applied to a construction SME.

In recent years, the construction industry has experienced an expansion in the multitude of projects and emergent information. With the advent of deep learning, new opportunities have emerged for utilizing this vast amount of data to solve construction-related issues. While the use of deep learning has been increasing in construction, there has been no review on these applications to date. Therefore, this paper presents a Systematic Literature Review on the use of deep learning applications in construction. A total of 80 journal papers were identified and analyzed. Among these papers, six application-based topics were identified: equipment tracking, crack detection, construction work management, sewer assessment, 3D point cloud enhancement, and miscellaneous topics. Analysis shows that deep learning has been beneficial in leveraging data in areas such as crack detection and segmentation of infrastructure and sewers; equipment and worker detection and; and analysis and reporting on construction-related operations. Additionally, a discussion of the various deep learning techniques is provided as well as a contrast between deep learning, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

The punitive environmental legislation set by the global community has shifted the direction of research involve in construction industry towards the utilization of secondary raw materials in designing and constructing new structures. Rice husk (RH) is a by-product obtained from the rice mill process whose generation accounts up to 200 kg per ton of rice. The existing literature showed the vast potential of using rice husk ash (RHA) as a replacement for cement or as admixtures. This paper aims to critically review previous studies on RHA as a waste material. The utilization of this waste in concrete contributes to nurturing more sustainable and greener development, thereby lessen carbon footprints and minimize solid waste disposal issues. A state-of-the-art-review of literature on the use of RHA is presented in this paper. The impact of RHA on the properties of concrete such as workability, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, durability properties as well as its impact on sustainability are compiled. In addition, the technical results are complimented with the microstructural analysis evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the data garnered, it is postulated that RHA beneficially enhance the mechanical strengths coupled with improvement of resistant to sulfate and acid attack. This paper advances novel recommendations and directions for future research towards the application of green RHA-based construction products. The punitive environmental legislation set by the global community has shifted the direction of research involve in construction industry towards the utilization of secondary raw materials in designing and constructing new structures. Rice husk (RH) is a by-product obtained from the rice mill process whose generation accounts up to 200 kg per ton of rice. The existing literature showed the vast potential of using rice husk ash (RHA) as a replacement for cement or as admixtures. This paper aims to critically review previous studies on RHA as a waste material. The utilization of this waste in concrete contributes to nurturing more sustainable and greener development, thereby lessen carbon footprints and minimize solid waste disposal issues. A state-of-the-art-review of literature on the use of RHA is presented in this paper. The impact of RHA on the properties of concrete such as workability, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, durability properties as well as its impact on sustainability are compiled. In addition, the technical results are complimented with the microstructural analysis evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the data garnered, it is postulated that RHA beneficially enhance the mechanical strengths coupled with improvement of resistant to sulfate and acid attack. This paper advances novel recommendations and directions for future research towards the application of green RHA-based construction products.

There has been a growing shift towards the use of fire-resistant steel (FRS) in the construction industry as a replacement for conventional structural steel (CSS). However, only limited research has been undertaken in the past on the structural properties of cold-formed FRS, especially at elevated temperatures. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on key mechanical properties of FRS after subjecting to elevated temperatures. The steady-state tensile tests were performed on two different types of FRS and a CSS at different elevated temperatures ranging from 100° to 800 °C with a holding time of 60 min. A total number of 99 tensile coupon test specimens were tested in this study, both at room and elevated temperatures. Important observations have been made in the paper about the performance of FRS at elevated temperatures in terms of stress-strain relationships, mechanical properties, and deformability parameters. The test results indicate the better performance of FRS compared to CSS at elevated temperature greater than 400 °C suggesting a possible application of FRS in steel structures liable to be exposed to fire conditions. Constitutive modeling for steels is also proposed for strength and stiffness properties.

This paper comprehensively reviews the factors influencing the autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Compared with natural aggregate concrete (NAC), RAC has a lower autogenous shrinkage because of the internal curing effect of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). However, the internal curing efficiency of RCA is less than that of the lightweight aggregate because of its lower porosity and different pore structure. The drying shrinkage of RAC is larger than that of NAC, which is mainly caused by the mortar attached to the original virgin aggregate (OVA). Therefore, the methods of strengthening adhered or removing adhered mortar can reduce the drying shrinkage of RCA effectively. Some methods of strengthening adhered mortar are more environmentally friendly than removing adhered mortar. Finally, the existing autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage prediction models of RAC are discussed. The models obtained by seeing RCA as the two-phase composite has a higher degree of accuracy. This paper can support a better and more comprehensive understanding of the autogenous and drying shrinkages of RAC and how to reduce the cracking risk of RAC, which provides a theoretical base for future research and applications of RAC in the construction industry.

Energy use in buildings is a significant contributor to climate change. The purpose of this paper is to explore industrial changes towards sustainability in the Norwegian construction industry, adding to debates about transitions to sustainability and transition pathways in a traditional, low-tech sector. Empirically the paper reports a case of cumulative changes in the Norwegian construction industry over from 1998 to 2013. The case explores a complex innovation and diffusion process where technologies, visions, actors and policy co-evolve over time to transform an existing socio-technical regime. Findings indicate that the transition moved forward through interplay between innovations in niches, a growing constituency around green building and a string of regulative and market changes.

Processing of raw point cloud data obtained as a result of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) sometimes involves georeferencing, i.e. transformation of point cloud data to an external coordinate system. This paper focuses on defining the error model of point positions obtained through a “station-orientation” procedure of direct georeferencing. The original error model presented by the authors relevant in this field is partly altered. All modifications are explained in detail within the paper and the reported model is statistically verified based on the carefully conducted experiment using Leica ScanStation P20 scanner. The obtained values of the uncertainty measures of direct georeferencing which are of a few millimetre magnitude prove that this procedure can be efficiently used for planning and carrying out even more demanding surveying tasks, including those during monitoring and maintenance of constructed facilities. Additionally, traversing capabilities of terrestrial laser scanners tightly connected with direct georeferencing should contribute to mass introduction of laser scanning into the construction industry thanks to its similarities to the highly automated procedures of polar surveying and traversing which are traditionally employed among surveyors.

The construction industry is considered as one of the most dynamic sectors that have upstream and downstream economic links and has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. On the other hand, it is considered as one of the main sources of greenhouse gases where construction projects represent a huge portion of sources producing carbon dioxide gases (CO 2 ). Furthermore, greenhouse gases (GHG) are one of construction emissions that should be investigated to calculate the overall emissions. Therefore, estimating construction emissions is very important in order to keep emissions at an acceptable level. This paper presents a building information modeling (BIM)-based model that enables the estimation of six types of emissions including: greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide, particular matter, eutrophication particles, ozone depleting particles and smog. As such, the total direct and indirect emissions can be calculated where these emissions are produced from construction activities during the overall project life cycle phases which are: manufacturing phase, transportation phase, construction phase, operation phase, maintenance phase, and deconstruction/demolition phase. The methods of calculating direct and indirect emissions are extensively described in the paper. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the proposed BIM-based model.

As Malaysia is planning an increasing number of construction projects in the near future, a major imperative is to embark on a ‘greener path’ to ensure a more sustainable future. One of the efforts currently being undertaken is the introduction of green procurement, which is part of the government’s MyHijau initiative and highlighted in the Malaysian economic planning program. Previous studies have found that the concept of green procurement is still very new to the Malaysian construction industry and accordingly have sought to address the low levels of knowledge in this area. This paper presents preliminary findings of green procurement practices in Malaysia based on a review of the existing literature as well as a pilot study utilising semi-structured interviews of experienced practitioners. Our findings indicate that, although the term ‘green procurement’ is not being used broadly across construction stakeholders, some green practices related to procurement are developing in the industry. These include the availability of green procurement guidelines and the inclusion of green criteria in the tender process, with due consideration given to green purchasing. The findings are encouraging and point to an increasing awareness, practices and implementation of green procurement by practitioners in Malaysia. It is envisaged that the paper will provide the basis for future research into green procurement practices for construction projects in Malaysia and beyond.

The rapidity of the hydration reaction defines the final properties of cement-based materials. Global techniques show the overall hydration reaction and make it easier for users to evaluate it in a simple non-destructive way, to assess the product and to foresee its final properties. In this paper, three global, simple non-destructive techniques (adiabatic temperature rise, ultrasonic pulse transit time and permittivity increase) showed the same fifth stages in the hydration of two different cement pastes, being able to tell apart their singular hydration reactions. Polymers, such as PVA, are widely used in the construction industry. These affect significantly the hydration reaction of the cement based materials. This paper demonstrates the validity to measure it for PVA-modified cement pastes by means of these techniques giving the building construction industry the chance to use the most available one to evaluate its material hydration reaction as a quality control tool. Fil: Piqué, Teresa María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; Argentina Fil: Vázquez, Analía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; Argentina Fil: Dias Toledo Filho, Romildo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

Most of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, such as concrete, metal, plastic, and paper, can be reused, remanufactured, and recycled. This paper aims at examining key factors influencing the successful implementation of reverse logistics in the construction industry. A total of 17 associated factors are listed from construction-related literature. A pilot study was conducted with six construction companies located in Germany and Thailand. The results reveal three key factors, including the “compliance to law and regulation”, the “open-minded to the use of recycled materials”, and the “management experience in reverse logistics implementation”, with the highest scores of 4.8 out of five. The “infrastructure to support the reverse logistics implementation” and the “inclusion of reverse logistics in design stage” are, however, found to have the least influence in reverse logistics implementation. Further study will be conducted with the exploratory factor analysis to group the 17 factors into key factors affecting successful reverse logistics implementation.

This paper evaluates the expected knowledge, skills and general competence for graduated civil engineers regarding health, safety and environmental (hereafter HSE) in Norway. The research aims at uncovering whether it is a gap between the expectations from the industry and the learning outcomes for the civil engineering program at the university. The research questions are; 1. What level of knowledge, skill and competence do the industry expect from graduated civil engineers regarding HSE? 2. What level of knowledge, skill and competence do the civil engineers actually possess after graduating? To get an overview of the field of research, the research was initiated by a thorough literature review. The first question is addressed with a survey and analysis of documents related to the contractors own HSE training programs. There were eight respondents to the survey and the documents are gathered from three of the largest contractors in the Norwegian construction industry. The second research question is addressed through an analysis of university study plans and other documents describing learning outcome from the civil engineering program. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (hereafter NTNU) which is responsible for over 80% of all civil engineers at masters level graduated in Norway was chosen as study object. The findings show that there is a gap between industry expectations regarding HSE knowledge, skill and general competence and the learning outcomes for the civil engineering program at the university. Still, this do not necessarily mean that the graduated civil engineers are not knowledgeable regarding HSE. This paper addresses a topic with little previous research and this study will therefore be a valuable contribution within the field of safety research.