221 results
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2. Kernel words and gap sequence of the tribonacci sequence
- Author
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Zhiying Wen and Yuke Huang
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Sequence ,Kernel (set theory) ,General Mathematics ,Spectrum (functional analysis) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Substitution (algebra) ,0102 computer and information sciences ,Fixed point ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,Position (vector) ,0101 mathematics ,Alphabet ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the factor properties and gap sequence of the Tribonacci sequence, the fixed point of the substitution σ( a , b , c ) = ( ab , ac , a ). Let ω p be the p-th occurrence of ω and G p ( ω ) be the gap between ω p and ω p +1 . We introduce a notion of kernel for each factor ω , and then give the decomposition of the factor ω with respect to its kernel. Using the kernel and the decomposition, we prove the main result of this paper: for each factor ω , the gap sequence { G p ( ω )} p ≤1 is the Tribonacci sequence over the alphabet { G 1 ( ω ), G 2 ( ω ), G 4 ( ω )}, and the expressions of gaps are determined completely. As an application, for each factor ω and p ∈ ℕ , we determine the position of ω p . Finally we introduce a notion of spectrum for studying some typical combinatorial properties, such as power, overlap and separate of factors.
- Published
- 2016
3. Complexity testing techniques for time series data: A comprehensive literature review
- Author
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Lean Yu, Huiling Lv, Ling Tang, and Fengmei Yang
- Subjects
Theoretical computer science ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Space (mathematics) ,Chaos theory ,Combinatorics ,Nonlinear system ,Phase space ,Attractor ,Entropy (information theory) ,Time series ,Mathematics - Abstract
Complexity may be one of the most important measurements for analysing time series data; it covers or is at least closely related to different data characteristics within nonlinear system theory. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review examining the complexity testing techniques for time series data. According to different features, the complexity measurements for time series data can be divided into three primary groups, i.e., fractality (mono- or multi-fractality) for self-similarity (or system memorability or long-term persistence), methods derived from nonlinear dynamics (via attractor invariants or diagram descriptions) for attractor properties in phase-space, and entropy (structural or dynamical entropy) for the disorder state of a nonlinear system. These estimations analyse time series dynamics from different perspectives but are closely related to or even dependent on each other at the same time. In particular, a weaker self-similarity, a more complex structure of attractor, and a higher-level disorder state of a system consistently indicate that the observed time series data are at a higher level of complexity. Accordingly, this paper presents a historical tour of the important measures and works for each group, as well as ground-breaking and recent applications and future research directions.
- Published
- 2015
4. Optimization of Poincaré sections for discriminating between stochastic and deterministic behavior of dynamical systems
- Author
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Krzysztof Michalak
- Subjects
Dynamical systems theory ,Series (mathematics) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Evolutionary algorithm ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Type (model theory) ,Combinatorics ,symbols.namesake ,Dimension (vector space) ,Attractor ,Poincaré conjecture ,symbols ,Applied mathematics ,Poincaré map ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper studies the problem of finding optimal parameters for a Poincare section used for determining the type of behavior of a time series: a deterministic or stochastic one. To reach that goal optimization algorithms are coupled with the Poincare & Higuchi (P&H) method, which calculates the Higuchi dimension using points obtained by performing a Poincare section of a certain attractor. The P&H method generates distinctive patterns that can be used for determining if a given attractor is produced by a deterministic or a stochastic system, but this method is sensitive to the parameters of the Poincare section. Patterns generated by the P&H method can be characterized using numerical measures which in turn can be used for finding such parameters for the Poincare section for which the patterns produced by the P&H method are the most prominent. This paper studies several approaches to parameterization of the Poincare section. Proposed approaches are tested on twelve time series, six produced by deterministic chaotic systems and six generated randomly. The obtained results show, that finding good parameters of the Poincare section is important for determining the type of behavior of a time series. Among the tested methods the evolutionary algorithm was able to find the best Poincare sections for use with the P&H method.
- Published
- 2015
5. Minimal subsystems of triangular maps of type 2∞; Conclusion of the Sharkovsky classification program
- Author
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Tomasz Downarowicz
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Conjecture ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Special class ,Odometer ,Toeplitz matrix ,Combinatorics ,Positive entropy ,ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION ,Embedding ,Entropy (information theory) ,Topological conjugacy ,Mathematics - Abstract
The subject of this paper is to give the description, up to topological conjugacy, of possible minimal sets of triangular maps of the square of type 2 ∞ . In [4] , we give a general method allowing to embed any zero-dimensional almost 1–1 extension of the dyadic odometer (in particular any dyadic Toeplitz system) as a minimal set of a triangular map of this type. In this paper we present a method (a combination of that described in [4] with one introduced in [1] ) of similarly embedding a special class of zero-dimensional almost 2–1 extensions of the odometer. We conjecture that these two embedding theorems exhaust all possibilities for nonperiodic minimal sets. The paper was inspired by the last unsolved problem in the Sharkovski classification program of triangular maps: does there exist a triangular map with positive entropy attained on the set of uniformly recurrent points but with entropy zero on the set of regularly recurrent points. The paper answers this question positively, concluding the program.
- Published
- 2013
6. Topological Hausdorff dimension and level sets of generic continuous functions on fractals
- Author
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Richárd Balka, Márton Elekes, and Zoltán Buczolich
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,28A78, 28A80, 26A99 ,Continuous function ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Topology (math.GN) ,Hausdorff space ,Mathematics::General Topology ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Topology ,Combinatorics ,Metric space ,Hausdorff distance ,Fractal ,Compact space ,Mathematics - Classical Analysis and ODEs ,Hausdorff dimension ,Totally disconnected space ,Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA) ,FOS: Mathematics ,Mathematics::Metric Geometry ,Mathematics - General Topology ,Mathematics - Abstract
In an earlier paper (arxiv:1108.4292) we introduced a new concept of dimension for metric spaces, the so called topological Hausdorff dimension. For a compact metric space $K$ let $\dim_{H}K$ and $\dim_{tH} K$ denote its Hausdorff and topological Hausdorff dimension, respectively. We proved that this new dimension describes the Hausdorff dimension of the level sets of the generic continuous function on $K$, namely $\sup{\dim_{H}f^{-1}(y) : y \in \mathbb{R}} = \dim_{tH} K - 1$ for the generic $f \in C(K)$, provided that $K$ is not totally disconnected, otherwise every non-empty level set is a singleton. We also proved that if $K$ is not totally disconnected and sufficiently homogeneous then $\dim_{H}f^{-1}(y) = \dim_{tH} K - 1$ for the generic $f \in C(K)$ and the generic $y \in f(K)$. The most important goal of this paper is to make these theorems more precise. As for the first result, we prove that the supremum is actually attained on the left hand side of the first equation above, and also show that there may only be a unique level set of maximal Hausdorff dimension. As for the second result, we characterize those compact metric spaces for which for the generic $f\in C(K)$ and the generic $y\in f(K)$ we have $\dim_{H} f^{-1}(y)=\dim_{tH}K-1$. We also generalize a result of B. Kirchheim by showing that if $K$ is self-similar then for the generic $f\in C(K)$ for every $y\in \inter f(K)$ we have $\dim_{H} f^{-1}(y)=\dim_{tH}K-1$. Finally, we prove that the graph of the generic $f\in C(K)$ has the same Hausdorff and topological Hausdorff dimension as $K$., 20 pages
- Published
- 2012
7. The Spaces of Cesàro Almost Convergent Sequences and Core Theorems
- Author
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Mehmet Şengönül and Kuddusi Kayaduman
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Discrete mathematics ,Matrix (mathematics) ,Sequence ,General Mathematics ,Core (graph theory) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Order (group theory) ,Field (mathematics) ,Isomorphism ,Space (mathematics) ,Sequence space ,Mathematics - Abstract
As known, the method to obtain a sequence space by using convergence field of an infinite matrix is an old method in the theory of sequence spaces. However, the study of convergence field of an infinite matrix in the space of almost convergent sequences is so new (see [15]). The purpose of this paper is to introduce the new spaces and consisting of all sequences whose Cesaro transforms of order one are in the spaces f and f0, respectively. Also, in this paper, we show that and are linearly isomorphic to the spaces f and f0, respectively. The β- and γ-duals of the spaces and are computed. Furthermore, the classes ( : μ) and (μ: ) of infinite matrices are characterized for any given sequence space μ, and determined the necessary and sufficient conditions on a matrix A to satisfy BC-core(Ax) ⊆ K-core(x), K-core(Ax) ⊆ BC-core(x), BC-core(Ax) ⊆ BC-core(x), BC-core(Ax) ⊆ st-core(x) for all x ∈ l∈.
- Published
- 2012
8. Generation of fractals from complex logistic map
- Author
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Mamta Rani and Rashi Agarwal
- Subjects
Discrete dynamics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Inverse ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Mandelbrot set ,Julia set ,Combinatorics ,Fractal ,Iterated function ,Bounded function ,Logistic map ,Mathematics - Abstract
Remarkably benign looking logistic transformations x n +1 = r x n (1 − x n ) for choosing x 0 between 0 and 1 and 0 r ⩽ 4 have found a celebrated place in chaos, fractals and discrete dynamics. The strong physical meaning of Mandelbrot and Julia sets is broadly accepted and nicely connected by Christian Beck [Beck C. Physical meaning for Mandelbrot and Julia sets. Physica D 1999;125(3–4):171–182. Zbl0988.37060] to the complex logistic maps, in the former case, and to the inverse complex logistic map, in the latter case. The purpose of this paper is to study the bounded behavior of the complex logistic map using superior iterates and generate fractals from the same. The analysis in this paper shows that many beautiful properties of the logistic map are extendable for a larger value of r .
- Published
- 2009
9. Existence and multiplicity results for a class of p-Laplacian problems with Neumann–Robin boundary conditions
- Author
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Ghasem A. Afrouzi and M. Khaleghy Moghaddam
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Multiplicity results ,p-Laplacian ,Exponent ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nyström method ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Multiplicity (mathematics) ,Boundary value problem ,Robin boundary condition ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we study the following Neumann–Robin boundary value problem - ( ϕ p ( u ′ ( x ) ) ) ′ = λ f ( u ( x ) ) , x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , u ′ ( 0 ) = 0 , u ′ ( 1 ) + α u ( 1 ) = 0 , whereα ∈ R, λ > 0 are parameters and p > 1, and p ′ = p p - 1 is the conjugate exponent of p and ϕp(x): = ∣x∣p−2x for all x ∈ R where (ϕp(u′))′ is the one dimensional p-Laplacian and f ∈ C2[0, ∞) such that f(0) 0, and also f is increasing and concave up. We shall investigate the existence and multiplicity of nonnegative solutions. Note that in this paper, we shall establish our existence results by using the quadrature method.
- Published
- 2006
10. Intersection of triadic Cantor sets with their translates— I. Fundamental properties
- Author
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Jun Li and Fahima Nekka
- Subjects
Pure mathematics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Minkowski–Bouligand dimension ,Hausdorff space ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Cantor function ,Mandelbrot set ,Combinatorics ,Cantor set ,symbols.namesake ,Fractal ,symbols ,Hausdorff measure ,Cantor's diagonal argument ,Mathematics - Abstract
Motivated by Mandelbrot's [The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, San Francisco, 1983] idea of referring to lacunarity of Cantor sets in terms of departure from translation invariance, we study the properties of these translation sets and show how they can be used for a classification purpose. This first paper of a series of two will be devoted to set up the fundamental properties of Hausdorff measures of those intersection sets. Using the triadic expansion of the shifting number, we determine the fractal structure of intersection of triadic Cantor sets with their translates. We found that the Hausdorff measure of these sets forms a discrete spectrum whose non-zero values come only from those shifting numbers with a finite triadic expansion. We characterize this set of shifting numbers by giving a partition expression of it and the steps of its construction from a fundamental root set. Finally, we prove that intersection of Cantor sets with their translates verify a measure-conservation law with scales. The second paper will take advantage of the properties exposed here in order to utilize them in a classification context. Mainly, it will deal with the use of the discrete spectrum of measures to distinguish two Cantor-like sets of the same fractal dimension.
- Published
- 2002
11. The isolated invariant sets of a flow
- Author
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Zheng Zuo-Huan
- Subjects
Infinite set ,Closed set ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Solution set ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Topological space ,Combinatorics ,Set function ,Recurrent point ,Invariant (mathematics) ,Balanced flow ,Mathematics - Abstract
Some definitions such as m-chain recurrent set, weakly gradient flow and generalized Morse decomposition for a flow defined on a topological space are introduced in this paper. Some conclusions, include the chain recurrent set contain the m-chain recurrent set; the m-chain recurrent set contain the non-wandering set, are proved. In some flows the non-wandering set is proper subset of the m-chain recurrent set; in the meantime the m-chain recurrent set is proper subset of the chain recurrent set. Moreover some criterions for the existence of trajectories joining singular points and a necessary and sufficient condition of the weakly gradient flow are also given here. At last the generalized Morse decomposition of the invariant set are discussed in the paper.
- Published
- 2001
12. Pointwise equicontinuity of Zadeh’s extension of an interval map
- Author
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Guangwang Su, Bin Qin, and Taixiang Sun
- Subjects
Pointwise ,Physics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Uniform convergence ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Extension (predicate logic) ,Space (mathematics) ,Equicontinuity ,Combinatorics ,Subsequence ,Interval (graph theory) ,Inverse limit - Abstract
Let I be a compact interval and f : I ⟶ I be continuous. Assume that F ( I ) is the set of fuzzy numbers on I, and that f ^ : F ( I ) ⟶ F ( I ) is the Zadeh′s extension of f, and that lim ← { F ( I ) , f ^ } is the inverse limit space of ( F ( I ) , f ^ ) , and σ f ^ : lim ← { F ( I ) , f ^ } ⟶ lim ← { F ( I ) , f ^ } is the left shift map. In this paper, we study the pointwise equicontinuity of f ^ and show that the following statements are equivalent: (1) f ^ is pointwise equicontinuous. (2) For some infinite subsequence S of positive integers, f ^ is S pointwise equicontinuous. (3) { f ^ 2 n } n = 1 ∞ is uniformly convergent on F ( I ) . (4) σ f ^ is a periodic map with period 2.
- Published
- 2019
13. On some qualitative analysis for a new class of fractal interpolants
- Author
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Dah-Chin Luor
- Subjects
Physics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Banach space ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Graph ,Interpolation function ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Combinatorics ,Qualitative analysis ,Fractal ,0103 physical sciences ,010301 acoustics - Abstract
Let { ( t k , y k ) ∈ R × Y : k = 0 , 1 , … , N } be a given data set, where t 0 t 1 t 2 … t N and Y is a real Banach space. For a given continuous interpolation function h on [t0, tN] and for each k = 1 , … , N , the graph of h on subintervals [tj(k, i), tl(k, i)], i = 1 , … , n k , are transformed to the strip [ t k − 1 , t k ] × Y with endpoints ( t k − 1 , y k − 1 ) and (tk, yk). Then a weighted average is applied to obtain the graph of a continuous function on [ t k − 1 , t k ] . A new continuous interpolation function on [t0, tN] can be established in this way and a fractal interpolant can be obtained by iteration. In this paper we introduce such a class of fractal interpolants and investigate some of their qualitative properties.
- Published
- 2019
14. The C WP-Bailey chain
- Author
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Zhizheng Zhang and Junli Huang
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Physics::Popular Physics ,Lemma (mathematics) ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,Mathematics::Quantum Algebra ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,Mathematics::Classical Analysis and ODEs ,General Physics and Astronomy ,0102 computer and information sciences ,0101 mathematics ,01 natural sciences ,Mathematics - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of Cn WP-Bailey pairs. The Cn WP-Bailey transform is obtained by applying the Cn6ϕ5 summation formula. From this result, the Cn WP-Bailey lemma is deduced by making use of the Cn q-Dougall summation formula. Some applications are investigated. Finally, the case of elliptic Cn WP-Bailey pairs is discussed.
- Published
- 2018
15. Dual-complex k-Fibonacci numbers
- Author
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Fügen Torunbalcı Aydın
- Subjects
Algebraic properties ,Fibonacci number ,Dual complex ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,010102 general mathematics ,Dual number ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,language.human_language ,Combinatorics ,Identity (philosophy) ,0103 physical sciences ,language ,Catalan ,010307 mathematical physics ,0101 mathematics ,media_common ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, dual-complex k-Fibonacci numbers are defined. Also, some algebraic properties of dual-complex k-Fibonacci numbers which are connected with dual-complex numbers and k-Fibonacci numbers are investigated. Furthermore, the Honsberger identity, the d’Ocagne’s identity, Binet’s formula, Cassini’s identity, Catalan’s identity for these numbers are given.
- Published
- 2018
16. Binet type formula for Tribonacci sequence with arbitrary initial numbers
- Author
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Tanackov Ilija
- Subjects
Sequence ,Fibonacci number ,Series (mathematics) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,0102 computer and information sciences ,Type (model theory) ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorics ,Type equation ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,0101 mathematics ,Damped oscillations ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper presents detailed procedure for determining the formula for calculation Tribonacci sequence numbers with arbitrary initial numbers Ta,b,c,(n). Initial solution is based on the concept of damped oscillations of Lucas type series with initial numbers T3,1,3(n). Afterwards coefficient θ3 has been determined which reduces Lucas type Tribonacci series to Tribonacci sequence T0,0,1(n). Determined relation had to be corrected with a phase shift ω3. With known relations of unitary series T0,0,1(n) with remaining two equations of Tribonacci series sequence T1,0,0(n) and T0,1,0(n), Binet type equation of Tribonacci sequence that has initial numbers Ta,b,c(n) is obtained.
- Published
- 2018
17. Randomly orthogonal factorizations with constraints in bipartite networks
- Author
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Tao Zhang, Sizhong Zhou, and Hongxia Liu
- Subjects
Vertex (graph theory) ,Computer science ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,0102 computer and information sciences ,Network theory ,Disjoint sets ,01 natural sciences ,Graph ,Combinatorics ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,Bipartite graph ,0101 mathematics - Abstract
Many problems on computer science, chemistry, physics and network theory are related to factors, factorizations and orthogonal factorizations in graphs. For example, the telephone network design problems can be converted into maximum matchings of graphs; perfect matchings or 1-factors in graphs correspond to Kekule structures in chemistry; the file transfer problems in computer networks can be modelled as (0, f )-factorizations in graphs; the designs of Latin squares and Room squares are related to orthogonal factorizations in graphs; the orthogonal ( g, f )-colorings of graphs are related to orthogonal ( g, f )-factorizations of graphs. In this paper, the orthogonal factorizations in graphs are discussed and we show that every bipartite ( 0 , m f − ( m − 1 ) r ) -graph G has a (0, f )-factorization randomly r -orthogonal to n vertex disjoint mr -subgraphs of G in certain conditions.
- Published
- 2018
18. Recursive sequences in the Ford sphere packing
- Author
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Hui Li and Tianwei Li
- Subjects
Ford circle ,Apollonian sphere packing ,Plane (geometry) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Hyperbolic geometry ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Great circle ,Combinatorics ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Sphere packing ,Apollonian gasket ,Circle packing ,0103 physical sciences ,0101 mathematics ,010306 general physics ,Mathematics - Abstract
An Apollonian packing is one of the most beautiful circle packings based on an old theorem of Apollonius of Perga. Ford circles are important objects for studying the geometry of numbers and the hyperbolic geometry. In this paper we pursue a research on the Ford sphere packing, which is not only the three dimensional extension of Ford circle packing, but also a degenerated case of the Apollonian sphere packing. We focus on two interesting sequences in Ford sphere packings. One sequence converges slowly to an infinitesimal sphere touching the origin of the horizontal plane. The other sequence converges at fastest rate to an infinitesimal sphere in a particular position on the plane. All these sequences have their counterparts in Ford circle packings and keep similar features. For example, our finding shows that the x-coordinate of one Ford circle sequence converges to the golden ratio gracefully. We define a Ford sphere group to interpret the Ford sphere packing and its sequences finally.
- Published
- 2018
19. On the co-complex-type k-Fibonacci numbers
- Author
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Sakine Hulku, Anthony G. Shannon, and Ömür Deveci
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Fibonacci number ,Group (mathematics) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Modulo ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Complex type ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we define the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci numbers and then give the relationships between the k -step Fibonacci numbers and the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci numbers. Also, we produce various properties of the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci numbers such as the generating matrices, the Binet formulas, the combinatorial, permanental and determinantal representations, and the finite sums by matrix methods. In addition, we study the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci sequence modulo m and then we give some results concerning the periods and the ranks of the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci sequences for any k and m . Furthermore, we extend the co-complex-type k -Fibonacci sequences to groups. Finally, we obtain the periods of the co-complex-type 2-Fibonacci sequences in the semidihedral group S D 2 m , ( m ≥ 4 ) with respect to the generating pair ( x , y ) .
- Published
- 2021
20. Statistical properties of mutualistic-competitive random networks
- Author
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J. A. Méndez-Bermúdez, Thomas K. Dm. Peron, Yamir Moreno, and C. T. Martinez-Martinez
- Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society ,Current (mathematics) ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,MATRIZES ,Structure (category theory) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn) ,Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) ,Interval (mathematics) ,Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks ,Vertex (geometry) ,Combinatorics ,Adjacency matrix ,Focus (optics) ,Random matrix ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors ,Mathematics - Abstract
Mutualistic networks are used to study the structure and processes inherent to mutualistic relationships. In this paper, we introduce a random matrix ensemble (RME) representing the adjacency matrices of mutualistic networks composed by two vertex sets of sizes n and m − n . Our RME depends on three parameters: the network size n , the size of the smaller set m , and the connectivity between the two sets α , where α is the ratio of current adjacent pairs over the total number of possible adjacent pairs between the sets. We focus on the spectral, eigenvector and topological properties of the RME by computing, respectively, the ratio of consecutive eigenvalue spacings r , the Shannon entropy of the eigenvectors S , and the Randic index R . First, within a random matrix theory approach (i.e. a statistical approach), we identify a parameter ξ ≡ ξ ( n , m , α ) that scales the average normalized measures X ¯ > (with X representing r , S and R ). Specifically, we show that (i) ξ ∝ α n with a weak dependence on m , and (ii) for ξ 1 / 10 most vertices in the mutualistic network are isolated, while for ξ > 10 the network acquires the properties of a complete network, i.e., the transition from isolated vertices to a complete-like behavior occurs in the interval 1 / 10 ξ 10 . Then, we demonstrate that our statistical approach predicts reasonably well the properties of real-world mutualistic networks; that is, the universal curves X ¯ > vs. ξ show good correspondence with the properties of real-world networks.
- Published
- 2021
21. Spatial analysis of cities using Renyi entropy and fractal parameters
- Author
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Jian Feng and Yanguang Chen
- Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society ,Fractal dimension on networks ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,021107 urban & regional planning ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) ,02 engineering and technology ,Multifractal system ,Fractal landscape ,01 natural sciences ,Fractal dimension ,Fractal analysis ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Rényi entropy ,Combinatorics ,Fractal ,0103 physical sciences ,Entropy (information theory) ,Statistical physics ,Mathematics - Abstract
The spatial distributions of cities fall into two groups: one is the simple distribution with characteristic scale (e.g. exponential distribution), and the other is the complex distribution without characteristic scale (e.g. power-law distribution). The latter belongs to scale-free distributions, which can be modeled with fractal geometry. However, fractal dimension is not suitable for the former distribution. In contrast, spatial entropy can be used to measure any types of urban distributions. This paper is devoted to generalizing multifractal parameters by means of dual relation between Euclidean and fractal geometries. The main method is mathematical derivation and empirical analysis, and the theoretical foundation is the discovery that the normalized fractal dimension is equal to the normalized entropy. Based on this finding, a set of useful spatial indexes termed dummy multifractal parameters are defined for geographical analysis. These indexes can be employed to describe both the simple distributions and complex distributions. The dummy multifractal indexes are applied to the population density distribution of Hangzhou city, China. The calculation results reveal the feature of spatio-temporal evolution of Hangzhou's urban morphology. This study indicates that fractal dimension and spatial entropy can be combined to produce a new methodology for spatial analysis of city development., Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables
- Published
- 2017
22. Decay rate of Fourier transforms of some self-similar measures
- Author
-
Xiang Gao and Jihua Ma
- Subjects
Sequence ,Logarithm ,General Mathematics ,Diophantine equation ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorics ,Base (group theory) ,symbols.namesake ,Bernoulli's principle ,Fourier transform ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,010307 mathematical physics ,0101 mathematics ,Algebraic integer ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper is concerned with the Diophantine properties of the sequence { ξ θ n } , where 1 ≤ ξ θ and θ is a rational or an algebraic integer. We establish a combinatorial proposition which can be used to study such two cases in the same manner. It is shown that the decay rate of the Fourier transforms of self-similar measures μ λ with λ = θ - 1 as the uniform contractive ratio is logarithmic. This generalizes some results of Kershner and Bufetov-Solomyak, who consider the case of Bernoulli convolutions. As an application, we prove that μ λ almost every x is normal to any base b ≥ 2, which implies that there exist infinitely many absolute normal numbers on the corresponding self-similar set. This can be seen as a complementary result of the well-known Cassels-Schmidt theorem.
- Published
- 2017
23. Existence of nontrivial solutions for generalized quasilinear Schrödinger equations with critical or supercritical growths
- Author
-
Xian Wu and Quanqing Li
- Subjects
Change of variables ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Supercritical fluid ,Schrödinger equation ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,symbols.namesake ,Variational method ,symbols ,Even and odd functions ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics ,Mathematical physics - Abstract
In this paper, we study the following generalized quasilinear Schrodinger equations with critical or supercritical growths - div ( g 2 ( u ) ∇ u ) + g ( u ) g ′ ( u ) | ∇ u | 2 + V ( x ) u = f ( x , u ) + λ | u | p - 2 u , x ∈ R N , where λ > 0 , N ≥ 3 , g : R → R + is a C1 even function, g ( 0 ) = 1 , g ′ ( s ) ≥ 0 for all s ≥ 0 , lim | s | → + ∞ g ( s ) | s | α - 1 : β > 0 for some α ≥ 1 and ( α - 1 ) g ( s ) > g ′ ( s ) s for all s > 0 and p ≥ α2*. Under some suitable conditions, we prove that the equation has a nontrivial solution for small λ > 0 using a change of variables and variational method.
- Published
- 2017
24. On the contraction ratio of iterated function systems whose attractors are Sierpinski n-gons
- Author
-
Judy Said and Abdulrahman Ali Abdulaziz
- Subjects
Yield (engineering) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Gasket ,Regular polygon ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Chaos game ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Computer Science::Computational Geometry ,Sierpinski triangle ,Combinatorics ,Iterated function system ,Fractal ,Attractor ,Condensed Matter::Statistical Mechanics ,Mathematics::Metric Geometry ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper we apply the chaos game to n -sided regular polygons to generate fractals that are similar to the Sierpinski gasket. We show that for each n -gon, there is an exact ratio that will yield a perfect gasket. We then find a formula for this ratio that depends only on the angle π / n .
- Published
- 2021
25. On higher order Fibonacci hyper complex numbers
- Author
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Can Kızılateş and Tiekoro Kone
- Subjects
Recurrence relation ,Fibonacci number ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Generating function ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Sedenion ,Order (ring theory) ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Combinatorics ,Identity (mathematics) ,Matrix (mathematics) ,0103 physical sciences ,010301 acoustics ,Complex number ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper deals with developing a new class of quaternions, octonions and sedenions called higher order Fibonacci 2 m -ions (or-higher order Fibonacci hyper complex numbers) whose components are higher order Fibonacci numbers. We give recurrence relation, Binet formula, generating function and exponential generating function of higher order Fibonacci 2 m -ions. We also derive some identities such as Vajda’s identity, Catalan’s identity, Cassini’s identity, and d’Ocagne’s identity with the aid of the Binet formula. Finally, we develop some matrix identities involving higher order Fibonacci 2 m -ions which allow us to obtain some properties of these higher order hyper complex numbers.
- Published
- 2021
26. The points with dense orbit under the β-expansions of different bases
- Author
-
Hui-Qin Chen, Zhong-Kai Guo, and Wen-Ya Wang
- Subjects
Physics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Dimension (graph theory) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Cantor set ,Combinatorics ,Hausdorff dimension ,0103 physical sciences ,Orbit (control theory) ,010301 acoustics ,Unit interval ,Real number - Abstract
It was conjectured by Furstenberg that for any x ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] ∖ Q , dim H { 2 n x ( mod 1 ) : n ≥ 1 } ¯ + dim H { 3 n x ( mod 1 ) : n ≥ 1 } ¯ ≥ 1 . Where dim H denotes the Hausdorff dimension and A ¯ denotes the closure of a set A. Can we obtain analogous dimension formula when considering the point under the β -expansions of different bases? In this paper, we are aiming at giving explicit non-normal numbers for which the above dimensional formula holds. We illustrate our result as follows: For any β 1 > 1 and β 2 > 1 , there exists a Cantor set E composed of real numbers in the unit interval such that 1. Each x ∈ E is not β 1 -normal; 2. For each x ∈ E , { T β 1 n x : n ≥ 1 } ¯ =[0,1] and { T β 2 n x : n ≥ 1 } ¯ = [ 0 , 1 ] ; 3. dim H E = 1 . Where T β denotes the β -transformation.
- Published
- 2021
27. On the bivariate Mersenne Lucas polynomials and their properties
- Author
-
Nabiha Saba and Ali Boussayoud
- Subjects
Recurrence relation ,Mathematics::General Mathematics ,Mathematics::Number Theory ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Mathematics::History and Overview ,Mersenne prime ,Generating function ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Bivariate analysis ,Type (model theory) ,01 natural sciences ,Statistics::Computation ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Symmetric function ,Combinatorics ,Bivariate polynomials ,Identity (mathematics) ,0103 physical sciences ,Computer Science::Symbolic Computation ,010301 acoustics ,Mathematics - Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to introduce new concept of bivariate Mersenne Lucas polynomials { m n ( x , y ) } n = 0 ∞ , we first give the recurrence relation of them. We then obtain Binet’s formula, generating function, Catalan’s identity and Cassini’s identity for this type of polynomials. After that, we give the symmetric function, explicit formula and d’Ocagne’s identity of bivariate Mersenne and bivariate Mersenne Lucas polynomials. By using the Binet’s formula we obtain some well-known identities of these bivariate polynomials. Also, some summation formulas of bivariate Mersenne and bivariate Mersenne Lucas polynomials are investigated.
- Published
- 2021
28. Dual complex Fibonacci p-numbers
- Author
-
Bandhu Prasad
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Fibonacci number ,Dual complex ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,010301 acoustics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we introduced dual complex Fibonacci p -numbers and some properties of dual complex Fibonacci p -numbers which are related to complex Fibonacci numbers and complex Fibonacci p -numbers.
- Published
- 2021
29. Universal inequalities for a horizontal Laplacian version of the clamped plate problem on Carnot group
- Author
-
Guanghan Li, Feng Du, Wu Chuanxi, and Changyu Xia
- Subjects
Pure mathematics ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Carnot group ,Lower order ,Mathematics::Spectral Theory ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,symbols.namesake ,symbols ,Mathematics::Metric Geometry ,0101 mathematics ,Carnot cycle ,Laplace operator ,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we investigate a horizontal Laplacian version of the clamped plate problem on Carnot groups and obtain some universal inequalities. Furthermore, for the lower order eigenvalues of this eigenvalue problem on carnot groups, we also give some universal inequalities.
- Published
- 2017
30. Existence result for a class of N -Laplacian equations involving critical growth
- Author
-
Sanyang Liu, Weiguo Zhang, and Guoqing Zhang
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Class (set theory) ,General Mathematics ,Operator (physics) ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Boundary (topology) ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Bounded function ,Domain (ring theory) ,0101 mathematics ,Laplace operator ,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we consider a class of N -Laplacian equations involving critical growth { - Δ N u = λ | u | N - 2 u + f ( x , u ) , x ∈ Ω , u ∈ W 0 1 , N ( Ω ) , u ( x ) ≥ 0 , x ∈ Ω , where Ω is a bounded domain with smooth boundary in ℝ N ( N >2), f ( x, u ) is of critical growth. Based on the Trudinger-Moser inequality and a nonstandard linking theorem introduced by Degiovanni and Lancelotti, we prove the existence of a nontrivial solution for any λ > λ 1 , λ≠λ l (l = 2,3,ċċċ), and λ l is the eigenvalues of the operator ( - Δ N , W 0 1 , N ( Ω ) ) , which is defined by the ℤ 2 -cohomological index.
- Published
- 2017
31. Some remarks regarding h(x) – Fibonacci polynomials in an arbitrary algebra
- Author
-
Vitalii Shpakivskyi, Elena Vlad, and Cristina Flaut
- Subjects
Mathematics::Combinatorics ,Fibonacci number ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Discrete orthogonal polynomials ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorics ,Algebra ,Classical orthogonal polynomials ,Difference polynomials ,Macdonald polynomials ,0103 physical sciences ,Fibonacci polynomials ,Wilson polynomials ,Orthogonal polynomials ,010307 mathematical physics ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we introduce h(x) – Fibonacci polynomials in an arbitrary finite-dimensional unitary algebra over a field K ( K = R , C ) . These polynomials generalize h(x) – Fibonacci quaternion polynomials andh(x) – Fibonacci octonion polynomials. For h(x) – Fibonacci polynomials in an arbitrary algebra, we provide generating function, Binet-style formula, Catalan-style identity, and d’Ocagne-type identity.
- Published
- 2017
32. Periodicity of the univoque β-expansions
- Author
-
Yuehua Ge and Bo Tan
- Subjects
Sequence ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Base (topology) ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Integer ,Golden ratio ,0101 mathematics ,Open interval ,Real number ,Mathematics - Abstract
Let m ≥ 1 be an integer, 1 < β ≤ m + 1. A sequence ɛ1 ɛ2 ɛ3 with ɛi ∈ {0,1, … m} is called a β-expansion of a real number x if x = ∑ i ∈ i β i . It is known that when the base β is smaller than the generalized golden ration, any number has uncountably many expansions, while when β is larger, there are numbers which has unique expansion. In this paper, we consider the bases such that there is some number whose unique expansion is purely periodic with the given smallest period. We prove that such bases form an open interval, moreover, any two such open intervals have inclusion relationship according to the Sharkovskii ordering between the given minimal periods. We remark that our result answers an open question posed by Baker, and the proof for the case m = 1 is due to Allouche, Clarke and Sidorov.
- Published
- 2017
33. Randomly orthogonal factorizations in networks
- Author
-
Yang Xu, Lan Xu, and Sizhong Zhou
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Vertex (graph theory) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,0102 computer and information sciences ,Disjoint sets ,01 natural sciences ,Graph ,Combinatorics ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,Bound graph ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics - Abstract
Let m, r, k be three positive integers. Let G be a graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G), and let f: V(G) → N be a function such that f ( x ) ≥ ( k + 2 ) r − 1 for any x ∈ V(G). Let H1, H2, … , Hk be k vertex disjoint mr-subgraphs of a graph G. In this paper, we prove that every ( 0 , m f − ( m − 1 ) r ) -graph admits a (0, f)-factorization randomly r-orthogonal to each Hi ( i = 1 , 2 , … , k ).
- Published
- 2016
34. Stable recovery of signals with the high order D-rip Condition
- Author
-
Yaling Li and Wengu Chen
- Subjects
Noise (signal processing) ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,Frame (networking) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Restricted isometry property ,Combinatorics ,Matrix (mathematics) ,Compressed sensing ,Order condition ,Tight frame ,Bounded function ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper establishes a high order condition on the restricted isometry property adapted to a frame D (D-RIP) for the signal recovery. It is shown that if the measurement matrix A satisfies the D-RIP condition δtk < t - 1 t for t > 1, then all signals f which are sparse in terms of a tight frame D can be recovered stably or exactly via the l1-analysis model based on y = Af + z in l2 and Dantzig selector bounded noise setting.
- Published
- 2016
35. A note on core decomposition of Mandelbrot set
- Author
-
Xiao-Ting Yao and Yi Yang
- Subjects
Physics ,Singleton ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Mandelbrot set ,Quotient space (linear algebra) ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Combinatorics ,Peano axioms ,0103 physical sciences ,Core (graph theory) ,Continuum (set theory) ,010301 acoustics ,Topology (chemistry) ,Quotient - Abstract
Every compactum K ⊂ C ^ has a core decomposition D K P C with Peano quotient, which is the finest one among all upper semi-continuous decompositions into sub-continua such that the quotient space is a Peano compactum [14]. The properties of core decomposition can provide information about the topology of K. Each member of D K P C is called an atom of K. In this paper, it is shown that if {x} is an atom of a continuum K ⊂ C ^ then K is locally connected at x; however, the converse is not true. Moreover, we will obtain singleton atoms of the Mandelbrot set M , based on well known points at which M is locally connected.
- Published
- 2020
36. Viscosity approximation methods for the split equality common fixed point problem of quasi-nonexpansive operators
- Author
-
Jing Zhao and Shengnan Wang
- Subjects
Convex analysis ,Pure mathematics ,Weak convergence ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,Regular polygon ,Hilbert space ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Fixed point ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Nonlinear system ,symbols.namesake ,Bounded function ,Convergence (routing) ,symbols ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics - Abstract
Let H 1 , H 2 , H 3 be real Hilbert spaces, let A : H 1 → H 3 , B : H 2 → H 3 be two bounded linear operators. The split equality common fixed point problem (SECFP) in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces introduced by Moudafi (Alternating CQ-algorithm for convex feasibility and split fixed-point problems. Journal of Nonlinear and Convex Analysis) is (1) to find x ∈ F ( U ) , y ∈ F ( T ) such that A x = B y , where U : H 1 → H 1 and T : H 2 → H 2 are two nonlinear operators with nonempty fixed point sets F(U) = { x ∈ H 1 : Ux = x } and F ( T ) = { x ∈ H 2 : Tx = x }. Note that, by taking B = I and H 2 = H 3 in (1), we recover the split fixed point problem originally introduced in Censor and Segal. Recently, Moudafi introduced alternating CQ-algorithms and simultaneous iterative algorithms with weak convergence for the SECFP (1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. In this paper, we introduce two viscosity iterative algorithms for the SECFP (1) governed by the general class of quasi-nonexpansive operators. We prove the strong convergence of algorithms. Our results improve and extend previously discussed related problems and algorithms.
- Published
- 2016
37. Wandering subspaces of the hardy-sobolev spaces overDn*
- Author
-
Guangfu Cao and Jiesheng Xiao
- Subjects
General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,Invariant subspace ,General Physics and Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Linear subspace ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Algebra ,Sobolev space ,Multiplication ,0101 mathematics ,Subspace topology ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we show that for log232log2≤β≤12, suppose S is an invariant subspace of the Hardy-Sobolev spaces Hβ2(Dn) for the n-tuple of multiplication operators (Mz1,⋯,Mzn). If (Mz1|S,⋯,Mzn|S) is doubly commuting, then for any non-empty sub-set α = {α1, …,αk} of {1, …, n}, wαS is a generating wandering subspace for Mα|S=(Mzα1|S,⋯,Mzαk|S), that is, [wαS]Mα|S=S, Where wαS=∩i=1k(SΘzαiS).
- Published
- 2016
38. Level sets and equivalences of moran-type sets
- Author
-
Junjie Miao, Min Wu, and Yali Du
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Dimension function ,Disjoint sets ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Level set ,Family of sets ,0101 mathematics ,Equivalence (formal languages) ,Mathematics - Abstract
In the paper, we consider Moran-type sets Ea given by sequences { a k } k = 1 ∞ and { n k } k = 1 ∞ . we prove that Ea may be decompose into the disjoint union of level sets. Moreover, we define three type of equivalence between two dimension functions associated to two Moran-type sets, respectively, and we classify Moran-type sets by these equivalent relations.
- Published
- 2016
39. The eccentric connectivity polynomial of two classes of nanotubes
- Author
-
Weifan Wang and Wei Gao
- Subjects
Vertex (graph theory) ,Polynomial ,Degree (graph theory) ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Combinatorics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Topological index ,0103 physical sciences ,Eccentric ,Molecular graph ,0210 nano-technology ,Mathematics - Abstract
In theoretical chemistry, the eccentric connectivity index ξ(G) of a molecular graph G was introduced as ξ ( G ) = ∑ v ∈ V ( G ) d ( v ) ɛ ( v ) where d(v) expresses the degree of vertex v and ɛ(v) is the largest distance between v and any other vertex of G. The corresponding eccentric connectivity polynomial is denoted by ξ ( G , x ) = ∑ v ∈ V ( G ) d ( v ) x ɛ ( v ) . In this paper, we present the exact expressions of eccentric connectivity polynomial for V-phenylenic nanotubes and Zig-Zag polyhex nanotubes.
- Published
- 2016
40. Basic problems solving for two-dimensional discrete 3 × 4 order hidden markov model
- Author
-
Guo-gang Wang, Xiuchang Zhu, Guijin Tang, Zongliang Gan, and Ziguan Cui
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Markov chain ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Markov process ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,02 engineering and technology ,Markov model ,Combinatorics ,Continuous-time Markov chain ,symbols.namesake ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,symbols ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Markov property ,Forward algorithm ,Hidden semi-Markov model ,Hidden Markov model ,Algorithm ,Mathematics - Abstract
A novel model is proposed to overcome the shortages of the classical hypothesis of the two-dimensional discrete hidden Markov model. In the proposed model, the state transition probability depends on not only immediate horizontal and vertical states but also on immediate diagonal state, and the observation symbol probability depends on not only current state but also on immediate horizontal, vertical and diagonal states. This paper defines the structure of the model, and studies the three basic problems of the model, including probability calculation, path backtracking and parameters estimation. By exploiting the idea that the sequences of states on rows or columns of the model can be seen as states of a one-dimensional discrete 1 × 2 order hidden Markov model, several algorithms solving the three questions are theoretically derived. Simulation results further demonstrate the performance of the algorithms. Compared with the two-dimensional discrete hidden Markov model, there are more statistical characteristics in the structure of the proposed model, therefore the proposed model theoretically can more accurately describe some practical problems.
- Published
- 2016
41. Further investigation into approximation of a common solution of fixed point problems and split feasibility problems
- Author
-
Oluwatosin Temitope Mewomo, F. U. Ogbuisi, and Yekini Shehu
- Subjects
Iterative method ,General Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,Banach space ,Solution set ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Fixed point ,01 natural sciences ,010101 applied mathematics ,Combinatorics ,Set (abstract data type) ,Convergence (routing) ,Applied mathematics ,0101 mathematics ,Element (category theory) ,Mathematics ,Complement (set theory) - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study and analyze an iterative method for finding a common element of the solution set Ω of the split feasibility problem and the set F ( T ) of fixed points of a right Bregman strongly nonexpansive mapping T in the setting of p -uniformly convex Banach spaces which are also uniformly smooth. By combining Mann's iterative method and the Halpern's approximation method, we propose an iterative algorithm for finding an element of the set F( T )⋂ Ω; moreover, we derive the strong convergence of the proposed algorithm under appropriate conditions and give numerical results to verify the efficiency and implementation of our method. Our results extend and complement many known related results in the literature.
- Published
- 2016
42. Kato’s chaos in duopoly games
- Author
-
Risong Li, Hongqing Wang, and Yu Zhao
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Integer ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,0103 physical sciences ,Calculus ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,0101 mathematics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Mathematics - Abstract
Let E , F ⊂ R be two given closed intervals, and let τ: E → F and θ: F → E be continuous maps. In this paper, we consider Koto’s chaos, sensitivity and accessibility of a given system Ψ ( u , v ) = ( θ ( v ) , τ ( u ) ) on a given product space E × F where u ∈ E and v ∈ F. In particular, it is proved that for any Cournot map Ψ ( u , v ) = ( θ ( v ) , τ ( u ) ) on the product space E × F, the following hold: (1) If Ψ satisfies Kato’s definition of chaos then at least one of Ψ 2 | Q 1 and Ψ 2 | Q 2 does, where Q 1 = { ( θ ( v ) , v ) : v ∈ F } and Q 2 = { ( u , τ ( u ) ) : u ∈ E } . (2) Suppose that Ψ 2 | Q 1 and Ψ 2 | Q 2 satisfy Kato’s definition of chaos, and that the maps θ and τ satisfy that for any e > 0, if ∣ ( τ ∘ θ ) n ( v 1 ) − ( τ ∘ θ ) n ( v 2 ) ∣ ɛ and ∣ ( θ ∘ τ ) m ( u 1 ) − ( θ ∘ τ ) m ( u 2 ) ∣ ɛ for some integers n, m > 0, then there is an integer l(n, m, e) > 0 with ∣ ( τ ∘ θ ) l ( n , m , ɛ ) ( v 1 ) − ( τ ∘ θ ) l ( n , m , ɛ ) ( v 2 ) ∣ ɛ and ∣ ( θ ∘ τ ) l ( n , m , ɛ ) ( u 1 ) − ( θ ∘ τ ) l ( n , m , ɛ ) ( u 2 ) ∣ ɛ . Then Ψ satisfies Kato’s definition of chaos.
- Published
- 2016
43. On some combinations of terms of a recurrence sequence
- Author
-
Pavel Trojovský
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,010102 general mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Of the form ,Recurrence sequence ,01 natural sciences ,Upper and lower bounds ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Combinatorics ,Integer ,0103 physical sciences ,0101 mathematics ,Mathematics ,Characteristic polynomial - Abstract
Let (Gm)m ≥ 0 be an integer linear recurrence sequence (under some weak technical conditions) and let x ≥ 1 be an integer. In this paper, we are interested in the problem of finding combinations of the form x G n + G n − 1 which belongs to (Gm)m ≥ 0 for infinitely many positive integers n. In this case, we shall make explicit an upper bound for x which only depends on the roots of the characteristic polynomial of this recurrence. As application, we shall study the k-nacci case.
- Published
- 2016
44. On some properties of a meta-Fibonacci sequence connected to Hofstadter sequence and Möbius function
- Author
-
Pavel Trojovský
- Subjects
Sequence ,Fibonacci number ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Multiplicative function ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Möbius function ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Connection (mathematics) ,Combinatorics ,Nonlinear system ,Hofstadter sequence ,0103 physical sciences ,Arithmetic function ,010301 acoustics ,Mathematics - Abstract
The Hofstadter Q-sequence is perhaps the most known example of meta-Fibonacci sequence. Many authors have been interested in meta-Fibonacci sequences related to this sequence. For example, recently, it was studied by A. Alkan, N. Fox, and O. Aybar the connection between the Q-sequence and the Hofstadter-Conway $ 10,000 sequence. Here, in the similar spirit as their paper, we study the interplay between the Hofstadter Q-sequence and one of the more important multiplicative arithmetic function, namely, the Mobius function.
- Published
- 2020
45. MATROID COMPLEXES–GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MATROIDS
- Author
-
Guizhen Liu
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Computer Science::Computer Science and Game Theory ,Mathematics::Combinatorics ,Computer Science::Discrete Mathematics ,General Mathematics ,TheoryofComputation_GENERAL ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Computer Science::Data Structures and Algorithms ,Matroid ,MathematicsofComputing_DISCRETEMATHEMATICS ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper we introduce a new method to represent matroids by complexes. Such a complex is called a matroid complex. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a complex to be a matroid complex are given and certain concepts in matroid theory are extended to complexes, so that one may solve certain problems concerning matroids by converting them into problems concerning complexes. At the end of this paper some interesting open problems are proposed.
- Published
- 1985
46. AN ENUMERATION PROBLEM ON t-ARY TREES
- Author
-
Zhenyu Wang and Yixin Zhao
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Tree structure ,General Mathematics ,Generating function ,Enumeration ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Analysis of algorithms ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, an enumeration problem on t -ary trees with m interior nodes and n leaves is discussed. In the analysis of algorithms over tree structures, it is not sufficient to consider roughly the behavior of algorithms over trees with m nodes, because the difference between the structures of the two different trees with m nodes may be great. However, on the other hand, the difference between the structures of the trees with m interior nodes and n leaves may be relatively small. Thus, in such an analysis, it is needed to count the number of structurally different t -ary trees with m interior nodes and n leaves. Throughout the paper we use the following notations: c m , n ( t ) —the number of structurally different t -ary trees with m interior nodes and n leaves, b m , n = c m , n ( 2 ) . C ( t ) ( u , υ ) = ∑ m = 0 ∞ ∑ n = 0 ∞ c m , n ( t ) u m υ n —the generating function of two variables for c m , n ( t ) 'S, B ( u , υ ) = c ( 2 ) ( u , υ ) = ∑ m = 0 ∞ ∑ n = 0 ∞ b m , n u m υ n .
- Published
- 1985
47. A note on h ( x ) − Fibonacci quaternion polynomials
- Author
-
Paula Catarino
- Subjects
Pure mathematics ,Polynomial ,Fibonacci number ,Hurwitz quaternion ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,Generating function ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Pisano period ,Combinatorics ,Fibonacci polynomials ,Turn (geometry) ,Quaternion ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper, we introduce h ( x ) − Fibonacci quaternion polynomials that generalize the k − Fibonacci quaternion numbers, which in their turn are a generalization of the Fibonacci quaternion numbers. We also present a Binet-style formula, ordinary generating function and some basic identities for the h ( x ) − Fibonacci quaternion polynomial sequences.
- Published
- 2015
48. Alternate superior Julia sets
- Author
-
Anju Yadav and Mamta Rani
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Mathematics::Dynamical Systems ,Mathematics::Complex Variables ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Type (model theory) ,Julia set ,Combinatorics ,Quadratic equation ,Iterated function ,Totally disconnected space ,Mathematics - Abstract
Alternate Julia sets have been studied in Picard iterative procedures. The purpose of this paper is to study the quadratic and cubic maps using superior iterates to obtain Julia sets with different alternate structures. Analytically, graphically and computationally it has been shown that alternate superior Julia sets can be connected, disconnected and totally disconnected, and also fattier than the corresponding alternate Julia sets. A few examples have been studied by applying different type of alternate structures.
- Published
- 2015
49. A weakly mixing dynamical system with the whole space being a transitive extremal distributionally scrambled set
- Author
-
Xiaoping Ou, Lidong Wang, and Yuelin Gao
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Set (abstract data type) ,Physics::General Physics ,Transitive relation ,General Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Space (mathematics) ,Dynamical system (definition) ,Physics::History of Physics ,Mixing (physics) ,Mathematics - Abstract
It is known that the whole space can be a Li–Yorke scrambled set in a compact dynamical system, but this does not hold for distributional chaos. In this paper we construct a noncompact weekly mixing dynamical system, and prove that the whole space is a transitive extremal distributionally scrambled set in this system.
- Published
- 2015
50. Some further notes on the matrix equations AT X B + BT XT A = C and AT X B + BT X A = C
- Author
-
Graça Soares
- Subjects
Combinatorics ,Matrix (mathematics) ,Trace (linear algebra) ,General Mathematics ,Product (mathematics) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Permutation matrix ,Upper and lower bounds ,Normal matrix ,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors ,Mathematics - Abstract
Dehghan and Hajarian, [4], investigated the matrix equations A T X B + B T X T A = C and A T X B + B T X A = C providing inequalities for the determinant of the solutions of these equations. In the same paper, the authors presented a lower bound for the product of the eigenvalues of the solutions to these matrix equations. Inspired by their work, we give some generalizations of Dehghan and Hajarian results. Using the theory of the numerical ranges, we present an inequality involving the trace of C when A , B , X are normal matrices satisfying A T B = BA T .
- Published
- 2015
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