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Organisms may respond to local stimuli that benefit or threaten their fitness. The adaptive movement behaviour may allow individuals to adjust their speed to maximise the chances of being in comfort zones, where death risk is minimal. We investigate spatial cyclic models where the rock-paper-scissors game rules describe the nonhierarchical dominance. We assume that organisms of one out of the species can control the mobility rate in response to the information obtained from scanning the environment. Running a series of stochastic simulations, we quantify the effects of the movement strategy on the spatial patterns and population dynamics. Our findings show that the ability to change mobility to adapt to environmental clues is not reflected in an advantage in cyclic spatial games. The adaptive movement provokes a delay in the spatial domains occupied by the species in the spiral waves, making the group more vulnerable to the advance of the dominant species and less efficient in taking territory from the dominated species. Our outcomes also show that the effects of adaptive movement behaviour accentuate whether most individuals have a long-range neighbourhood perception. Our results may be helpful for biologists and data scientists to comprehend the dynamics of ecosystems where adaptive processes are fundamental., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

Connectivity is the safety network for biodiversity conservation because connected habitats are more effective for saving the species and ecological functions. The nature of coupling for connectivity also plays an important role in the co-existence of species in cyclic-dominance. The rock-paper-scissors game is one of the paradigmatic mathematical model in evolutionary game theory to understand the mechanism of biodiversity in cyclic-dominance. In this paper, the metapopulation model for rock-paper-scissors with mutations is presented in which the total population is divided into patches and the patches form a network of complete graph. The migration among patches is allowed through simple random walk. The replicator-mutator equations are used with the migration term. When migration is allowed then the population of the patches will synchronized and attain stable state through Hopf bifurcation. Apart form this, two phases are observed when the strategies of one of the species mutate to other two species: co-existence of all the species phase and existence of one kind of species phase. The transition from one phase to another phase is taking place due to transcritical bifurcation. The dynamics of the population of species of rock, paper, scissors is studied in the environment of homogeneous and heterogeneous mutation. Numerical simulations have been performed when mutation is allowed in all the patches (homogeneous mutation) and some of the patches (heterogeneous mutation). It has been observed that when the number of patches is increased in the case of heterogeneous mutation then the population of any of the species will not extinct and all the species will co-exist.

Asymmetrical rock-paper-scissors (RPS) competition has been perceived as a crucial factor in shaping species biodiversity, and understanding this ecological issue in a multi-species paradigm is rather difficult because community dynamics usually depend on distinct factors such as abiotic environments, biotic interactions and symmetry-breaking phenomenon. To address this problem, we employ a Lotka-Volterra competitive system consisting of both symmetrical, asymmetrical interactions and abiotic environment components. We discover that that asymmetrical RPS competition in heterogeneous environments can yield much richer dynamical behaviors, compared to the symmetrical and asymmetrical competition in homogeneous environments. While it is observed that species coexistence outcomes and/or oscillatory solutions are maintained as in the case of homogeneous environments, the nonuniformity in the environmental carrying capacities may lead to extra dynamics with regards to the appearance of survival states; for instance, coexistence of any two-species and single-species persistence states, which are not evident in the previous modelling studies. By means of bifurcation analysis, various salient features of the dynamical systems, including the emergence of certain attractors (e.g., different steady states, stable limit cycles and heteroclinic cycles) and co-dimension one bifurcations (e.g., transcritical and supercritical Hopf bifurcations) are realized in this ecological model. Overall, this modelling work provides a novel attempt to simultaneously encompass not only symmetry-breaking phenomenon through RPS competition, but also heterogeneity in the environments. This framework can provide additional insights to better understand various mechanisms underlying the effects of distinct ecological processes on multi-species communities.

Classic frameworks of rock-paper-scissors game have been assumed in a closed community that a density of each group is only affected by internal factors such as competition interplay among groups and reproduction itself. In real systems in ecological and social sciences, however, the survival and a change of a density of a group can be also affected by various external factors. One of common features in real population systems in ecological and social sciences is population flow that is characterized by population inflow and outflow in a group or a society, which has been usually overlooked in previous works on models of rock-paper-scissors game. In this paper, we suggest the rock-paper-scissors system by implementing population flow and investigate its effect on biodiversity. For two scenarios of either balanced or imbalanced population flow, we found that the population flow can strongly affect group diversity by exhibiting rich phenomena. In particular, while the balanced flow can only lead the persistent coexistence of all groups which accompanies a phase transition through supercritical Hopf bifurcation on different carrying simplices, the imbalanced flow strongly facilitates rich dynamics such as alternative stable survival states by exhibiting various group survival states and multistability of sole group survivals by showing not fully covered but spirally entangled basins of initial densities due to local stabilities of associated fixed points. In addition, we found that, the system can exhibit oscillatory dynamics for coexistence by relativistic interplay of population flows which can capture the robustness of the coexistence state. Applying population flow in the rock-paper-scissors system can ultimately change a community paradigm from closed to open one, and our foundation can eventually reveal that population flow can be also a significant factor on a group density which is independent to fundamental interactions among groups.

This is a call for papers that should contribute to the unification of behavioral sciences and team management, focusing on the biological origin of cooperation and swarm intelligence, moving from biology to psychology and from sociology to political science, with the help of the theoretical tools of complex networks. This issue should shed light into the origin of ergodicity breaking and contribute to establishing a connection, still lacking theoretical support, between complexity properties that are expected to be correlated. Examples are: non-Poisson renewal events and multi-fractality; complexity matching and chaos synchronization; criticality and extended criticality of small size systems. Although the emphasis is on systems of small size, and especially on the search of the size maximizing both information transport and cooperation emergence, special attention will be devoted to the interaction between small groups and their larger societies.

Recently, Alaca et al. [Alaca et al., Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2006;29:1073–9] proved some fixed point theorems in intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces by a strong definition of Cauchy sequence (see [George and Veeramani, Fuzzy Sets Syst 1994;64:395–9] and [Veeramani and Vasuki, Fuzzy Sets Syst 2003;135:409–13]), also the intuitionistic fuzzy metric space has extra conditions (see [Gregori et al., Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2006;28:902–5]). In this paper, we consider generalized intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces i.e., L -fuzzy metric spaces and prove the fuzzy version of Banach and Edelstein contraction theorems in these spaces for modified definition of Cauchy sequence.

We intend to show in this paper that the two fundamental concepts of the GrandUnification and the Chaos Theory are essential constituent elements of a theory of everythingand appertain, in fact, to the overall domain of complexity in space, time and gravitation. Theauthors hope that the present paper may offer suggestions for the necessary methodology in theanalysis of complex problems. Following a short review of the main concepts describingconventional complexity, we introduce as an example of a possible development in standardparadigms, a new type of Rayleigh–Benard instability which maybe generated in the interior of a gravitating body and may be the cause of earthquakephenomena. We define the new terminologies of constructive and destructiveresonances in relation to the stability of the solar system. We attempt to find a physicalargument in support of the invariant character of a gravitational chaos. Within the frame of aRiemannian spacetime we obtain also a mathematical formulation of El Naschies conjecture: gravity is caused by an average deviation of fractal time from linear uniform time. Westudy also in some detail the physics of black holes because black holes offer perfect laboratoriesfor all manifestations of complexities and simplicities. We stress that singularities as well aschaos demonstrate an invariant character. Even the Schwarzschild radius, which was initiallyconsidered to be merely a coordinate singularity, is found to retain or deepen its physicalsignificance by diffeomorphisms. Symmetry principles in particle physics and continuousattempts to find a fundamental and unique constituent (strings, p-branes, etc.) of matter arereviewed and their link with complexity, dimensionality of spacetime and chaos is indicated.Particular attention is paid to spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism in thecontext of a cascade of concepts: classical lattice gas, Ising model, order–disorder transition,inflationary scenario, and the universe as a lattice. This cascade tends to confirm the universalityof the lattice structure of the universe. In the final section of this first part of the paper wepropose a novel multi-spherical cosmic fractal as a model of homogeneous andisotropic cosmologies. If chaos is generated at the level of a background-arena in spacetime, thenadditional chaotic manifestations generated in this arena represent chaos on a higher level orscale. The suggestion is offered that a chaos on a higher level called superchaos interlaces withchaotic effects at different lower levels. The two other prospective parts of the paper will refer tothe subjects: Part 2. Chaoticity of Anisotropic Cosmologies. Part 3. Elementary Particles, DarkMatter and Information Aspects in Relativity.

In this paper, it is shown that von Neumann continuous geometry may be regarded as the first attempt towards formulating a general quantum spacetime geometry akin to that of Cantorian spacetime E(∞) and noncommutative geometry.

The purpose of this short paper is to present a new form of the so called early exercise premium for the American type derivatives. The decomposition we derived consists of the corresponding European derivative and a derivative with a stochastic maturity. In different particular cases we reach to the well known form for the American put option where the underlying asset is driven by a Brownian motion or a Levy process.

The exceptional Lie symmetry groups are intimately connected to octions and build various forms of hierarchies. We show that these hierarchies have invariant total dimensions equal to a few well known key numbers of high energy elementary particle-like states. More specifically, the total dimension of E8, E7, E6, E5 and E4 is equal to N = 528 of Witten’s p = 5 Brane theory. Adding the standard model, then one can infer the possibility of a missing eight dimensional field akin to the Higgs field. The present short paper considers the various ramifications of the interplay between the exceptional Lie symmetry groups hierarchy and particle physics of the standard model.

This short paper outlines the basic topological features of two new fuzzy Kahler manifolds in duality. Relation to E-infinity theory of the compactified Klein modular space in connection with ’t Hooft holographic principles is briefly discussed.

This paper based on the essay [1], studies in case that replicated observations are available in some experimental points, the parameters estimation of one dimensional linear errors-in-variables (EV) models. Asymptotic normality is established.

The golden mean numerical value φ = 0.5(√5 − 1) has been given a physical manifestation through E infinity theory. This short paper relates the golden mean energy 0.618034 MeV to atomic electron orbitals.

In the present paper, discussion of the canonical quantization of a weakly nonideal Bose gas at zero temperature within the framework of the Bogolyubov approach is continued. Contrary to the previous paper on this subject, here the two-body interaction potential is considered in the general form. It is shown that in such a case consideration of the first nonlinear correction also leads to the automatic particle number conservation without any additional assumptions or modification of the resulting effective Hamiltonian., 30 pages. Supplementary material: the standard Maxima .wxmx file is automatically unpacked by the arXiv upload software, so the .xml file, which can also be processed by Maxima, is uploaded instead. v2: major revision of the text, added references, minor corrections in ancillary files. v3: typos corrected

The Lie symmetry and invariants for a generalized Birkhoffian system on time scales are studied, which include exact invariants and adiabatic invariants. First, the generalized Pfaff-Birkhoff principle on time scales is established, and by using Dubois-Reymond lemma the generalized Birkhoff’s equations on time scale are derived. Secondly, the determining equations of Lie symmetry for the generalized Birkhoffian system on time scales are established. We prove that if the Lie symmetry satisfies the structural equation, it leads to a conserved quantity, which is an exact invariant of the system. Again, the perturbation of Lie symmetry under the action of small disturbance is considered, the determining equations and the structural equations of disturbed system are established, and the adiabatic invariants led by the Lie symmetry perturbation for the generalized Birkhoffian system on time scales are given. Because of the arbitrariness of selecting time scales and the generality of the generalized Birkhoffian system, the results of this paper are of universal significance. The results of this paper contain the corresponding results for Birkhoffian system on time scales and classical generalized Birkhoffian system as its special cases. At the end of the paper, an example is given to illustrate the validity of the method and the results.

The economic system is an irreversible entropy increase process which is constructed by many elements and is far away from the equilibrium point; and affected by various parameters change, it is quite common that its motion state appears chaotic phenomenon due to instability. The extremely complex and not completely random aperiodic motion form of chaotic phenomenon is strongly sensitive to initial conditions. The development of nonlinear science, especially the emergence and development of chaos and fractal theory, has gradually become a powerful tool for economists to study the complexity, uncertainty and nonlinearity of social economic systems; and some visionary economists began to apply the research results of nonlinear science to economics, which has produced nonlinear economics. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous research works, this paper first obtains the non-degenerate equilibrium point of some typical fractional-order chaotic economic systems and transforms the equilibrium points of those systems to the origin through coordinate transformation, and then analyzes the Jacobi matrixes of new systems obtained through coordinate translation, and the parameter conditions of bifurcation in the economic systems are finally given and the numerical simulation of the fractional-order chaotic economic system evolution is carried out through bifurcation diagram, phase diagram and time series diagram. The study results of this paper provide a reference for the further study of the evolution of fractional-order chaotic economic systems with non-degenerate equilibrium points.

In this paper, the author proposes a new stock financial market stochastic volatility and stock pricing model based on the Taylor formula, by embedding the strictly increasing harmonic steady-state process as a time variable into the Brownian motion with drift terms. The use of variance gamma and normal inverse high-lower distribution are special forms of NTS distribution, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods, for nonlinear and multi-scale complex financial time series in financial markets. The model is constructed and predicted, and the forecast and calculation of stock market index and foreign exchange rate are realized. Through calculation and research, the model can fill the blank of complex time series model research in financial market. The stock signal analysis based on fractional calculus equation proposed in the thesis is based on the idea of decomposition-reconstruction-integration, which can improve the prediction accuracy of the model for the time series combined financial model. The Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 Index and foreign exchange rates selected by the paper are taken from the market real data, and the skeleton prediction model is established. It can predict the short-term trend after the stock market closes, confirming the nonlinear, multi-scale and non-stationary the prediction accuracy of the sequential decomposition prediction method of financial time series is effectively improved, and the principal component and artificial neural network method are used to compress redundant data and shorten the prediction time.

In this paper, we study the existence and the numerical estimates of solutions for a specific types of fractional differential equations. The nonlinear part of the problem, however, presupposes certain hypotheses. Particularly, for exact localization of the parameter, the existence of a non-zero solution is established, which requires the sublinearity of the nonlinear part at the origin and infinity. We also take into consideration several theoretical and numerical examples. One of the main novelties of this paper is to use the variational method to investigate the properties of solutions of boundary values problems involving Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative for the first time.

The complexities of nature have pushed humankind to construct complex mathematical formula that can be used to capture such natural occurrence. Very recently the concept differential and integral operators with fractional order and fractal dimension were introduced. The concept has opened new doors for investigations. In this paper, we present a step forward, where the constant fractal dimension is replaced by variable dimension. We present in detail some properties of this new operators, we suggested a new numerical approach that can be used to solve differential and integral equations associate to this operators. We presented some examples and simulations are presented to underpin the strength of the new operators. We strongly believe that this paper will open many new doors of investigation toward modeling real world problems.

In this paper, we firstly extend the Fourier neural operator (FNO) to discovery the soliton mapping between two function spaces, where one is the fractional-order index space $\{\epsilon|\epsilon\in (0, 1)\}$ in the fractional integrable nonlinear wave equations while another denotes the solitonic solution function space. To be specific, the fractional nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger (fNLS), fractional Korteweg-de Vries (fKdV), fractional modified Korteweg-de Vries (fmKdV) and fractional sine-Gordon (fsineG) equations proposed recently are studied in this paper. We present the train and evaluate progress by recording the train and test loss. To illustrate the accuracies, the data-driven solitons are also compared to the exact solutions. Moreover, we consider the influences of several critical factors (e.g., activation functions containing Relu$(x)$, Sigmoid$(x)$, Swish$(x)$ and $x\tanh(x)$, depths of fully connected layer) on the performance of the FNO algorithm. We also use a new activation function, namely, $x\tanh(x)$, which is not used in the field of deep learning. The results obtained in this paper may be useful to further understand the neural networks in the fractional integrable nonlinear wave systems and the mappings between two spaces., Comment: 17 pages, 20 figures

Highlights • A compartmental mathematical model has been proposed in this paper incorporating all possible non-pharmaceutical intervention policies. • Short-term projection results have been illustrated for Bangladesh and India. • All necessary graphical simulations have been performed with the help of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives. • Optimal control problem for fractional system has been designed and the existence of unique solution has also been showed by using Picard-Lindelof technique., When the entire world is eagerly waiting for a safe, effective and widely available COVID-19 vaccine, unprecedented spikes of new cases are evident in numerous countries. To gain a deeper understanding about the future dynamics of COVID-19, a compartmental mathematical model has been proposed in this paper incorporating all possible non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies. Model parameters have been calibrated using sophisticated trust-region-reflective algorithm and short-term projection results have been illustrated for Bangladesh and India. Control reproduction numbers (Rc) have been calculated in order to get insights about the current epidemic scenario in the above-mentioned countries. Forecasting results depict that the aforesaid countries are having downward trends in daily COVID-19 cases. Nevertheless, as the pandemic is not over in any country, it is highly recommended to use efficacious face coverings and maintain strict physical distancing in public gatherings. All necessary graphical simulations have been performed with the help of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives. In addition, optimal control strategies for fractional system have been designed and the existence of unique solution has also been showed using Picard-Lindelof technique. Finally, unconditional stability of the fractional numerical technique has been proved.

Chatter between devices becomes a primary concern in actual engineering problems since it may cause the reduction of efficiency. Due to random factors and non-smooth properties, difficulties rest in deriving the analytical results and such systems are generally investigated with simplified approximate methods. In this context, the present paper pioneers the response analysis of three-dimensional hydraulic relief valve impact systems under stochastic excitations. In order to retain the non-smooth characteristics of the systems under consideration, no non-smooth transformation is imposed on the original system. A procedure in which the stochastic trajectories start from the contact surface and return to the contact surface for the next time is constructed. Probability density functions (PDFs) of the random trajectories returning to the contact surface at any time can be obtained, and the proposed procedure is proved accurate and efficient using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in this paper. Moreover, we find that the flow rate of the systems can lead to the stochastic P-bifurcation on the contact surface. Further discussion indicates that the proposed procedure can substantially reflect the complicated dynamic behaviors of the high-dimensional vibro-impact systems.

This paper describes the design of a regional observer-based controller for the locally Lipchitz nonlinear systems, which can be employed successfully to attain both monitoring and control of a wide range of systems. An observer-based control approach has been employed to attain advantages of the traditional state feedback along with the state estimation through an observer. A lot of work has been accomplished for the globally Lipchitz nonlinear systems. However, a less conservative continuity, called the generalized ellipsoidal Lipchitz condition, has been applied in this paper to consider the locally Lipchitz systems. This condition is then incorporated to attain convex routines for computing the local controller and observer gains. The focus of the present study is to investigate conditions for simultaneous design of observer and controller under locally Lipchitz nonlinearities for systems with norm-bounded disturbances that not only guarantees the stabilization and true state estimation but also robustness against external perturbations. Furthermore, the decoupling of the observer and controller design conditions has been worked out for obtainment of a simple design method. Since the resultant control approach applies to a general class of systems, it can be straightforwardly employed to the globally Lipschitz nonlinear systems as a specific case. The approach is tested via a chaotic system and simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness of resultant control schemes for the locally Lipschitz systems.

Research findings have shown that evolution equations containing non-integer order derivatives can lead to some useful dynamical systems which can be used to describe important physical scenarios. This paper deals with numerical simulations of multicomponent symbiosis systems, such as the parasitic predator-prey model, the commensalism system, and the mutualism case. In such models, we replace the classical time derivative with either the Caputo fractional derivative or the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative in the sense of Caputo. To guide in the correct choice of parameters, we report the models linear stability analysis. Numerical examples and results obtained for different instances of fractional power α are provided for non-spatial models as well as the spatial case in one and two dimensions in other to justify our theoretical findings which include the chaotic phenomena, spatiotemporal and oscillatory patterns, multiple steady states and other spatial pattern processes. This paper further suggest an alternative approach to incessant killing of wildlife animals for pattern generation and decorative purposes.

An epidemic is a typical public health emergency that refers to the occurrence and rapid spread of disease. A good epidemic transmission model plays a crucial role in preventing an epidemic. The epidemic transmission model is largely similar to the model of sentiment analysis and transmission on social media. Therefore, this paper intend to use the method of deep learning to explore the key issues of theme and sentiment analysis from the perspective of public opinion analysis. In order to fully extract the features automatically, we combine the following methods: multi-channel inputs, multi-granularity convolution kernels, direct connection with high-speed channels, and this paper proposes the multi-channel and multi-kernel (MCMK) model. Furthermore, we leverage generative adversarial nets to combine several single tasks, called Joint-MCMK model, which achieves information sharing and improves the training speed and model accuracy. To verify the validity of our proposed models, this paper experimented with the short text topic classification dataset TREC [1] and the sentiment analysis dataset IMDB [2] . Results achieved 98.6% and 92.6% respectively, which are superior to the highest existing industry benchmark (96.1% and 92.58%). In addition, this paper compared the training spread differences between the joint-MCMK model and MCMK model, which shows that the joint-MCMK model has better performance at training speed. Finally, the control variable method was used to analyze the multiple effects of the different factors. The optimal value of some relevant parameters in our models were verified by several experiments.

One of the important classes of coupled systems of algebraic, differential and fractional differential equations (CSADFDEs) is fractional differential algebraic equations (FDAEs). The main difference of such systems with other class of CSADFDEs is that their singularity remains constant in an interval. However, complete classifying and analyzing of these systems relay mainly to the concept of the index which we introduce in this paper. For a system of linear differential algebraic equations (DAEs) with constant coefficients, we observe that the solvability depends on the regularity of the corresponding pencils. However, we show that in general, similar properties of DAEs do not hold for FDAEs. In this paper, we introduce some practical applications of systems of FDAEs in physics such as a simple pendulum in a Newtonian fluid and electrical circuit containing a new practical element namely fractors. We obtain the index of introduced systems and discuss the solvability of these systems. We numerically solve the FDAEs of a pendulum in a fluid with three different fractional derivatives (Liouville–Caputo’s definition, Caputo–Fabrizio’s definition and with a definition with Mittag–Leffler kernel) and compare the effect of different fractional derivatives in this modeling. Finally, we solved some existing examples in research and showed the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed numerical method.

In this paper, we suggest a new algorithm for description of complex beatings. Under the complex beating we understand a signal, which contains the high-frequency (HF) component that is located between two low-frequency (LF) envelopes having random origin. These beatings are associated with the so-called blow-like signals (BLS) and a typical example of the BLS can be associated with the registered earthquakes signals. For description of these signals, it becomes possible to separate two envelopes from the HF-component located between them and find their amplitude-frequency response (AFR) based on the non-orthogonal amplitude-frequency analysis of the smoothed signals (NAFASS) approach that was suggested earlier by one of the authors (RRN) in paper [1] . It was successfully applied for description of economic data having also multi-frequency structure. In order to separate these envelopes from the HF component one can notice that the most signals of such kind have a fractal (self-similar) structure. It means that under reasonable compression/scaling of these signals they keep approximately their initial structure. This scaling property can be tested on many types of the different signals. In the results of application of the NAFASS approach one can describe quantitatively the desired envelopes and obtain their AFRs. As an example, we considered the randomly taken data that were recorded from EQs station located in Kyrgyzstan. We deliberately chose the different types of the EQs signals in order to demonstrate the flexibility and wide applicability of the proposed algorithm. We expect that this algorithm can find a wide application for description of many BLS that are met frequently in many natural phenomena and engineering applications.

This paper is inspired by the stratified-rewards adopted by rural organizers. Since this method has been used for many years, this paper attempts to explore the feasibility of it. We take into account of individuals’ self-assessment of face, asynchronous decision-making and individuals’ expectations for their neighbors, take available funds and standard deviation as the main indicators and then use agent-based model to simulate the effects of stratified-rewards. Our results show that cooperation can be maintained or promoted slightly if the total number of individuals who can gain rewards is not large. If organizers want to gain more available funds, they need to expand the scope of reward. But they should control the number of individuals who can receive higher rewards this time. Otherwise, the available funds may less than the initial value, though all individuals choose to cooperate. Of course, controlling costs is also important. In general, organizers can get more available funds at low cost if they do it properly.

This paper is concerned with the spatiotemporal behaviors of a Gierer–Meinhardt system in discrete time and space form. Through the linear stability analysis, the parametric conditions are gained to ensure the stability of the homogeneous steady state of the system. Based on the bifurcation theory, as well as center manifold theorem, we derive the critical parameter values of the flip, Neimark–Sacker and Turing bifurcation respectively. Besides, the specific parameter expression to form patterns are also determined. In order to identify chaos among regular behaviors, we calculate the Maximum Lyapunov exponents. The results obtained in this paper are illustrated by numerical simulations. From the simulations, we can see some complex dynamics, such as period doubling cascade, invariant cycles, periodic windows, chaotic behaviors, and some striking Turing patterns, e.g. circle, mosaic, spiral, spatiotemporal chaotic patterns and so on, which can be produced by flip-Turing instability, Neimark–Sacker–Turing instability and chaos.

In order to understand the microstructure of pellets and improve the metallurgical properties of pellets, fractal theory is introduced to extract the edge features of pellets. Firstly, the original mineralogical phase is obtained by experiment, which is preprocessed by the histogram equalization to enhance the overall contrast. Based on the discrete Fractional Brownian Random Field Model, the algorithm is redesigned to calculate the dimension of each pixel, map the gray space of image into the dimension space, select the appropriate window size, transform and edge extraction. Comparing the algorithm in this paper with Canny operator and Laplace–Gauss operator, it is concluded that the algorithm in this paper has certain advantages in mineralogical phase edge extraction. Then, Gauss noise is added to the original gray image, and Canny operator and this algorithm are used to extract the edges of the noisy image. The numerical results of peak signal to noise ratio and root mean square error are obtained. Finally, the comparison proves that the algorithm can extract more complete edges, and has a stronger noise immunity.

The present paper shows the dynamics of Hepatitis E with optimal control. The paper is analyzed by two different aspects: first, we explore the dynamics of Hepatitis E model and then applying the optimal control analysis. Secondly, we use the most appropriate and recent fractional order derivative called the Atangana–Baleanu derivative for the dynamical analysis of Hepatitis E model. The proposed model considered is locally asymptotically stable when the threshold quantity less than one. Further, we explore the stability analysis of the model when R 0 > 1 . Then, we choose some appropriate control to formulate the optimality system. The results associated to the optimal control are obtained and discussed with different strategies. Moreover, we apply Atangana–Baleanu derivative to the proposed model and obtain the required results necessary for the fractional order model. Numerical results for the optimal control problem and Atangana–Baleanu derivative are obtained and discussed in detail. The results suggest that control variables chosen should be properly applied to get rid of the infection of Hepatitis E. The Atangana–Baleanu derivative results suggest that at any time t we can check the disease status and make a useful strategy for the early elimination of Hepatitis E from the community.

In this paper, we present and analyze a prey-predator system, in which prey species can be infected with some disease. The model presented in this paper is motivated from D. Mukherjee’s model in which he has considered an SI model for the prey species. There are substantial evidences that infected individuals have the ability to recover from the disease if vaccinated/ treated properly. In this regard, Mukherjee’s model is modified by considering SIS model for prey species. Theoretical and numerical simulations show that the recovery of infected prey species plays a crucial role in eliminating the limit cycle oscillations and thus making the interior equilibrium point stable. The possibility of Hopf bifurcation around non zero equilibrium point using the recovery rate as a bifurcation parameter, is discussed. Further, the model is extended by incorporating the harvesting of predator population. A monitory agency has been introduced which monitors the exploitation of resources by implementing certain taxes for each unit biomass of the predator population. The main purpose of the present research is to explore the effect of recovery rate of prey on the dynamics of the system and to optimize the total economical net profits from harvesting of predator species, taking taxation as control parameter.

A fractional compartmental mathematical model for the spread of the COVID-19 disease is proposed. Special focus has been done on the transmissibility of super-spreaders individuals. Numerical simulations are shown for data of Galicia, Spain, and Portugal. For each region, the order of the Caputo derivative takes a different value, that is not close to one, showing the relevance of considering fractional models., This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is published by 'Chaos Solitons Fractals' (ISSN: 0960-0779). Paper Submitted 04/June/2020; Revised 22/July/2020 and 02/Aug/2020; Accepted 04/Jan/2021

Most of the widely populated countries across the globe have been observing vicious spread and detrimental effects of pandemic COVID-19 since its inception on December 19. Therefore to restrict the spreading of pandemic COVID-19, various researches are going on in both medical and administrative sectors. The focus has been given in this research keeping an administrative point of view in mind. In this paper a dynamic model of infected population due to spreading of pandemic COVID-19 considering both intra and inter zone mobilization factors with rate of detection has been proposed. Few factors related to intra zone mobilization; inter zone mobilization and rate of detection are the key points in the proposed model. Various remedial steps are taken into consideration in the form of operating procedures. Further such operating procedures are applied over the model in standalone or hybridized mode and responses are reported in this paper in a case-studies manner. Further zone-wise increase in infected population due to the spreading of pandemic COVID-19 has been studied and reported in this paper. Also the proposed model has been applied over the real world data considering three states of India and the predicted responses are compared with real data and reported with bar chart representation in this paper.

In this paper, we are working on a pandemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). COVID-19 is an infectious disease, it creates severe damage in the lungs. COVID-19 causes illness in humans and has killed many people in the entire world. However, this virus is reported as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and all countries are trying to control and lockdown all places. The main objective of this work is to solve the five different tasks such as I) Predicting the spread of coronavirus across regions. II) Analyzing the growth rates and the types of mitigation across countries. III) Predicting how the epidemic will end. IV) Analyzing the transmission rate of the virus. V) Correlating the coronavirus and weather conditions. The advantage of doing these tasks to minimize the virus spread by various mitigation, how well the mitigations are working, how many cases have been prevented by this mitigations, an idea about the number of patients that will recover from the infection with old medication, understand how much time will it take to for this pandemic to end, we will be able to understand and analyze how fast or slow the virus is spreading among regions and the infected patient to reduce the spread based clear understanding of the correlation between the spread and weather conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel Support Vector Regression method to analysis five different tasks related to novel coronavirus. In this work, instead of simple regression line we use the supported vectors also to get better classification accuracy. Our approach is evaluated and compared with other well-known regression models on standard available datasets. The promising results demonstrate its superiority in both efficiency and accuracy.

Highlights • Reviewed on various information related to application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligent for tackling Covid-19 pandemic. • Challenges on computational system with real world problem discusses suggestions conveying researchers on model design, medical experts, and policymakers for tackling the Covid-19 pandemic and ahead. • Targeting on treatment, medication, screening, prediction, forecasting, contact tracing, and drug/vaccination process for the Covid-19 pandemic., Background and objective During the recent global urgency, scientists, clinicians, and healthcare experts around the globe keep on searching for a new technology to support in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic. The evidence of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) application on the previous epidemic encourage researchers by giving a new angle to fight against the novel Coronavirus outbreak. This paper aims to comprehensively review the role of AI and ML as one significant method in the arena of screening, predicting, forecasting, contact tracing, and drug development for SARS-CoV-2 and its related epidemic. Method A selective assessment of information on the research article was executed on the databases related to the application of ML and AI technology on Covid-19. Rapid and critical analysis of the three crucial parameters, i.e., abstract, methodology, and the conclusion was done to relate to the model's possibilities for tackling the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Result This paper addresses on recent studies that apply ML and AI technology towards augmenting the researchers on multiple angles. It also addresses a few errors and challenges while using such algorithms in real-world problems. The paper also discusses suggestions conveying researchers on model design, medical experts, and policymakers in the current situation while tackling the Covid-19 pandemic and ahead. Conclusion The ongoing development in AI and ML has significantly improved treatment, medication, screening, prediction, forecasting, contact tracing, and drug/vaccine development process for the Covid-19 pandemic and reduce the human intervention in medical practice. However, most of the models are not deployed enough to show their real-world operation, but they are still up to the mark to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic.

Chaotic scattering in three dimensions has not received as much attention as in two dimensions so far. In this paper, we deal with a three-dimensional open Hamiltonian system whose Wada basin boundaries become non Wada when the critical energy value is surpassed in the absence of dissipation. In particular, we study here the dissipation effects on this topological change, which has no analogy in two dimensions. Hence, we find that non-Wada basins, expected in the absence of dissipation, transform themselves into partially Wada basins when a weak dissipation reduces the system energy below the critical energy. We provide numerical evidence of the emergence of the Wada points on the basin boundaries under weak dissipation. According to the paper findings, Wada basins are typically driven, enhanced and, consequently, structurally stable under weak dissipation in three-dimensional open Hamiltonian systems., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures

The paper concerns envelope soliton propagating through the nonlinear transverse dust grain displacement in dusty plasma crystals. The work found its motivation from the recent paper of the authors [7]. To reach the goal of this study we establish the linear dispersion and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) by employing the quasi discrete approximation [7,13–15]. Contrary to ref. [7], it is observed one additional regime of the formation of the dark soliton while choosing the gap frequency value (ωg≈150sec−) which is close to the experimental value given by Motcheyo et al. [7], Tsopgue et al. To corroborate the prediction made analytically to group velocity, was confirmed by numerical and experimental studies. As, it is established that in general manner the modulated waves describing by the NLSE can be stable or unstable to the perturbation, the modulation instability of steady state have been done. Despite, that the bandwidth of the model has been reduced compared to [7,13–15], we can say without hesitation that this work will be a capital contribution in dusty plasma crystal.

In order to improve the approximation ability of neural network to functional and improve the prediction accuracy of time series data, this paper proposes an autoregressive discrete convolution sum process neural network prediction model and applies it to the prediction of aero-engine gas path performance parameters. Coupling threshold wavelet de-noising method is applied to the preprocessing of engine gas path parameters, which can effectively remove the noise in the time series data. Process neurons are applied to artificial neural networks to expand the computational functions of artificial neurons. The process neuron can not only realize the spatial aggregation operation of discrete input data and the connection weight, but also realize the time aggregation operation of the product integral of the continuous input function and the connection weight function. The output of discrete time series is affected by the current input/output, and also by the historical input/output value. Therefore, an autoregressive feedback link is added to the network topology, and the value of the network's output node is used as the input to adjust the network connection weight. The convolution sum operation of discrete time series data can realize the time accumulation effect, so the discrete convolution sum operator is used to replace the integral operator to realize the time aggregation function of the process neuron. Since the integral operation of the continuous function is avoided, the weight training process of the process neural network is effectively simplified, and the accuracy loss in the continuous-time function fitting process of discrete input samples is effectively avoided. Bayesian regularization network weight learning algorithm is used to solve the problems of slow convergence speed and easy to fall into local optimum of back propagation learning algorithm, and improve the generalization ability of neural network. It can be seen from the prediction simulation results of the two engines that the average relative error and root mean square error of the engine gas path parameter prediction based on the autoregressive discrete convolution sum process neural network model can be reduced to 0.67% and 0.35 respectively. The stable and high-precision prediction results show that the network model and weight learning algorithm proposed in this paper have better robustness in functional approximation, and have higher accuracy in time series data prediction.

We describe in this paper an analysis of the spatial evolution of coronavirus pandemic around the world by using a particular type of unsupervised neural network, which is called self-organizing maps. Based on the clustering abilities of self-organizing maps we are able to spatially group together countries that are similar according to their coronavirus cases, in this way being able to analyze which countries are behaving similarly and thus can benefit by using similar strategies in dealing with the spread of the virus. Publicly available datasets of coronavirus cases around the globe from the last months have been used in the analysis. Interesting conclusions have been obtained, that could be helpful in deciding the best strategies in dealing with this virus. Most of the previous papers dealing with data of the Coronavirus have viewed the problem on temporal aspect, which is also important, but this is mainly concerned with the forecast of the numeric information. However, we believe that the spatial aspect is also important, so in this view the main contribution of this paper is the use of unsupervised self-organizing maps for grouping together similar countries in their fight against the Coronavirus pandemic, and thus proposing that strategies for similar countries could be established accordingly.

Highlights • New COVID-19 mathematical model with lock-down effect. • New fractal-fractional differentiation. • New fractal-fractional integration. • Numerical scheme based on Newton polynomial., Countries around the world are implementing lock-down measures in a bid to flatten the curve of the new deadly COVID-19 disease. Our paper does not claim to have found the cure for COVID-19, neither does it claim that the suggested model have taken into account all the complexities around the spread of the disease. Nonetheless, the fundamental question asked in this paper is to know if within the conditions taken into account in this suggested model, the integral lock-down is effective in saving human lives. To answer this question, a mathematical model was suggested taking into account the possibility of transmission of COVID-19 from dead bodies to humans and the effect of lock-down. Three cases were considered. The first case suggested that there is transmission from dead to the living (medical staffs as they perform postmortem procedures on corpses, and direct contacts with during burial ceremonies). This case has no equilibrium points except for disease free equilibrium, a clear indication that care must be taken when dealing with corpses due to corona-19. In the second case we removed the transmission rate from dead bodies. This case showed an equilibrium point, although the number of deaths, carriers and infected grew exponentially up to a certain stability level. In the last case, we incorporated a lock-down and social distancing effect, using the next generation matrix. We could achieve a zero reproduction number, with number of deaths, infected and carriers decaying very rapidly. This is a clear indication that if lock-down recommendations are observed the threat of COVID-19 can be reduced to zero in few months.While our mathematical model agrees with the effectiveness of the lock-down, it is important to mention damaging effects of inadequate testing. The long waiting period of few days before confirmation of status, can only lead to more infections. The asymptomatic tested person could be positive and spread the infection, or could contact the virus in days after testing and will spread the disease further, after being given a false result. Testing kit that with immediate results are needed for more efficient measures. We used Italy’s Data to guide the construction of the mathematical model. To include non-locality into mathematical formulas, differential and integral operators were suggested. Properties and numerical approximations were presented in details. Finally, the suggested differential and integral operators were applied to the model.

This paper develops the analytical conditions for the existence of periodic solutions of a second-order,time-delayed, discontinuous dynamical system. A sample model consists of two linear delayed sub-systems with a switching boundary. The defined G-functions for the delayed, discontinuous systems are introduced, and sufficient and necessary conditions for a flow crossing, sliding and grazing along the switch boundary are developed for such a delayed, discontinuous system. Furthermore, nine (9) regular basic mappings in phase plane and thirty-three (33) delay-related mappings for the second-order, time-delayed, discontinuous systems are classified. Constraint equations are predicted analytically for two periodic orbits with initial functions provided posteriorly. Finally, three numerical examples are illustrated to verify the existence of generalized slowly oscillating periodic orbits without and with sliding portions. This paper improves and extends motion switchability conditions at the boundary in discontinuous dynamical systems without delay.

A three factor variance model introduced by Gatheral in 2008, called the double mean reverting (DMR) model, is well-known to reflect the empirical dynamics of the variance and prices of options on both SPX and VIX consistently with the market. One drawback of the DMR model is that calibration may not be easy as no closed form solution for European options exists, not like the Heston model. In this paper, we still use the double mean reverting nature to extend the Heston model and study the pricing of variance swaps given by simple returns in discrete sampling times. The constant mean level of Heston’s stochastic volatility is extended to a slowly varying process which is specified in two different ways in terms of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) processes. So, two types of double mean reversion are considered and the corresponding models are called the double mean reverting Heston-OU model and the double mean reverting Heston-CIR models. We solve Riccati type nonlinear equations and derive closed form exact solutions or closed form approximations of the fair strike prices of the variance swaps depending on the correlation structure of the three factors. We verify the accuracy of our analytic solutions by comparing with values computed by Monte Carlo simulation. The impact of the double mean reverting formulation on the fair strike prices of the variance swaps are also scrutinized in the paper.

In the recent past, coronal mass ejection (CME) has received much research attention for its geo-effectiveness. In this paper, an investigation has been made to identify the scaling pattern of the CME linear speed time series data (February 1999 to December 2007 of solar cycle 23) collected from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) using Multi-Fractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) and Multi-Fractal Detrended Moving Average (MFDMA) method. The scaling exponent, generalized Hurst exponent, singularity strength and also the singularity spectrum have been computed to quantify the multifractality and to identify the singularities of the time series data. An effort has also been made to find out the possible sources which are responsible for the multifractality in the signal by studying the scaling patterns of the shuffled and surrogate version of the original data. It has been revealed in this paper that CME linear speed signal exhibit multifractal behaviour with long-term persistence. Both the long-range temporal correlation and the broad probability density function (pdf) are found to be the primary source of multifractality in the signal. The singularities or abruptness present in the signal are found to vary with time, and this fluctuation follows an AR (2) model.