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The change in the phase, from quiescence to surge, may perturb the glacier’s dynamical behavior. To understand these changes through geospatial technique, the fastest moving tidewater Monacobreen Glacier, Svalbard, was studied for the year 2016–2019. It was elucidated that the surge had initiated during 2017–2018 before it the glacier was in quiescence since 2001. Initially, the glacier radar zones, namely percolation refreeze, lower percolation, and clean ice, were identified using the multi-temporal SAR data. These zones were utilized to delineate the equilibrium line altitude, and it was found that it is continuously moving down during surging, unlike the quiescence phase. The accumulation area ratio was always more than 0.67 throughout the analysis. The seasonal change in glacier surface velocity for both the phases was estimated, adapting the most appropriate Offset Tracking approach using the SAR data. The mean velocity over the main trunk was found to vary from 0.5 to 4 m/day. Thereafter, Glen's flow law equation was used to estimate the ice-thickness and found that the glacier has an average thickness range of 216–326 m in quiescence and 136–244 m during the surging. The analysis depicted that the basal shear stresses are increasing with surging, and the viscosity is decreasing. It can be said that the transition of the glacier from quiescent to surging phase has entirely changed its dynamic behavior and characteristics. Further, in the absence of field observations, the geospatial technique may provide reasonable estimates of the glacier’s physical and dynamical parameters.

Although Mn-Ga alloys are discussed as novel permanent magnetic materials, there are several drawbacks, including the high price of Ga and the yet too small saturation magnetization to name a few. We used several guidelines to motivate the replacement of Ga by Sn to tackle these issues and explored the phase formation, structural and magnetic properties of a Mn 2.6 Ga 1− x Sn x alloy series. The structure of Sn-rich samples is dominated by the corresponding hexagonal and orthorhombic phases, while the structure of Ga-rich samples shows additional contributions from the tetragonal DO 22 structure. However, formation of the tetragonal phase happens only upon an appropriate annealing procedure. In contrast to the discussion in the literature, our experiments do not hint on the tetragonal DO 22 structure being metastable, but rather indicate the DO 22 structure being an equilibrium phase. In general, the experimentally found phase fractions impact on the magnetic properties and hard magnetic properties are downgraded very rapidly even if only a small amount of Ga is substituted by Sn. This indicates that the DO 22 phase found only in the Ga-rich samples is indeed the one which is most relevant for realization of high magnetic anisotropy.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating subset of stroke. One of the major determinates of morbidity is the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Disruption of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and consequently the control of cerebral blood flow (CBF), known as cerebral autoregulation, is believed to play a role in its pathophysiology. Through the pharmacological manipulation of in vivo NO levels using an exogenous NO donor we sought to explore this relationship.Phase synchronisation index (PSI), an expression of the interdependence between CBF and arterial blood pressure (ABP) and thus cerebral autoregulation, was calculated before and during sodium nitrite administration in 10 high-grade SAH patients acutely postrupture. In patients that did not develop DCI, there was a significant increase in PSI around 0.1 Hz during the administration of sodium nitrite (33%; p-value 0.006). In patients that developed DCI, PSI did not change significantly.Synchronisation between ABP and CBF at 0.1 Hz has been proposed as a mechanism by which organ perfusion is maintained, during periods of physiological stress. These findings suggest that functional NO depletion plays a role in impaired cerebral autoregulation following SAH, but the development of DCI may have a distinct pathophysiological aetiology.

We formulate a theory for the collective phase description of globally coupled noisy limit-cycle oscillators exhibiting macroscopic rhythms. Collective phase equations describing such macroscopic rhythms are derived by means of a two-step phase reduction. The collective phase sensitivity and collective phase coupling functions, which quantitatively characterize the macroscopic rhythms, are illustrated using three representative models of limit-cycle oscillators. As an important result of the theory, we demonstrate noise-induced anti-phase synchronization between macroscopic rhythms by direct numerical simulations of the three models., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures

The liquid-phase processes occurring during fuel droplet combustion are important in deciding the behaviour of the overall combustion process, especially, for the binary fuel droplets. Hence, understanding these processes is essential for explaining the combustion of the binary fuel droplet. However, experimental investigation of such processes is not easily accomplishable due to the very short period of time available for tracking them within the finely small fuel droplet. In the present work, a high speed imaging and subsequent image processing leading to quantitative analysis of the binary fuel droplet combustion including liquid-phase dynamics are performed. Two categories of binary fuels – in which diesel is the base fuel – are prepared and utilized. The first category is biodiesel/diesel and bioethanol/diesel blends, while the second category is the water-in-diesel and diesel-in-water emulsions. Specific optical setup is developed and used for tracking droplet combustion. The resulting magnification of the droplet images is up to 30 times the real size, offering the possibility of droplet interior visualization at high imaging rates up (to 40,000 fps). With the aid of this setup, spatial and temporal tracking of nucleation, bubble formation, puffing, microexplosion, and secondary atomization during the combustion of two adjacent binary fuel droplets are performed. The burning rate constants are evaluated and found to have the same trends as the isolated droplet combustion. However, the ratio of the droplet burning rate constant of the interactive droplet combustion to that of the isolated droplet combustion is higher than unity. This is the same for the nucleation rate within the interacting fuel droplets.

[EN] The microstructure of rubber-modified polystyrene after thermal ageing at 90 °C and multiple extrusion was analyzed by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) in a non-destructive manner. The transverse magnetization decay behaviour observed in TD-NMR was related to the total rubber fraction and its cross-linking density. The data reveal different mechanisms of long-term rubber degradation in high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) during thermo-oxidation and multiple processing: Multiple processing causes a slight increase in the cross-linking density of the rubber phase, without appreciably altering the total amount of rubber fraction. Thermo-oxidation is accompanied by a significant overall decrease of the rubber fraction, an increase of the cross-linking density, and a pronounced increase of the non-crosslinked fraction (chain ends and fragmented segments). The NMR results correlate well with spectroscopic observations and moderately with macroscopic mechanical properties. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., The lab support for the NMR studies by Jens Schober and Cornelia Willax is gratefully acknowledged. FV thanks the economical support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the FPU doctoral program.

The formation of spatially repetitive structures along the growth axis of a developing embryo is a common theme in developmental biology. Here we apply the novel flow-distributed oscillator (FDO) mechanism of wave pattern formation to the problem of axial segmentation in general and to somitogenesis in particular. We argue that the conditions for formation of FDO waves are satisfied during somitogenesis in the chick and mouse and that the waves of gene expression observed in these species arise from phase dynamics in a growing oscillatory medium. We substantiate this claim by showing that the FDO mechanism allows the waves to be mimicked by an inorganic experiment and that it predicts a wavelength that coincides with that observed experimentally. To see whether the FDO mechanism is compatible with other aspects of somitogenesis, we construct an FDO-based model of somitogenesis and successfully test it against a number of experimental observations, including the effect of heat shock. Our analysis provides a rigorous physical basis for the hypothesis that the phase dynamics of a segmental clock controls important stages of segmentation during somitogenesis in the chick and mouse as well as in other organisms that undergo segmentation during their axial growth.

Using the previous approach outlined in Ratliff and Bridges (2016, 2015), a novel method is presented to derive the fifth order Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(KP) equation from periodic wavetrains. As a result, the coefficients and criterion for the fifth order KP to emerge take a universal form that can be determined a-priori, relating to the system’s conservation laws and the termination of a Jordan chain. Moreover, the analysis reveals that generically a mixed dispersive term q X X X Y appears within the final phase equation. The theory presented here is complimented by an example from the context of flexural gravity waves in shallow water and a higher order Nonlinear Schrodinger model relevant in plasma physics, demonstrating how the coefficients in this model are determined via elementary calculations.

For αβ>−1, stable time periodic solutions A(X,T)=AqeiqX+iωqT are the locally preferred planform for the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation ∂ T A=A+(1+iα)∂ X 2 A−(1+iβ)A|A| 2 . In order to describe the spatial global behavior, an evolution equation for the local wave number q can be derived formally. The local wave number q satisfies approximately a conservation law ∂τq=∂ξh(q). It is the purpose of this paper to explain the extent to which the conservation law is valid by proving estimates for this formal approximation.

In this study we present an investigation on the impact of sparger configuration and fluid properties on the local gas phase dynamics for up to 17% total gas holdup. Experiments in a bubble column with 100 mm inner diameter were conducted with deionized water and NaOH solution of up to cNaOH = 32 mmol·l−1. Ultrafast X-ray computed tomography (UFXCT) was applied to obtain local hydrodynamic parameters, such as gas holdup distribution, bubble sizes and average bubble rise velocities. Radial gas holdup profiles show wall peaking, which is attributed to the uniform bubbly flow regime generated by the needle sparger used in this study. The addition of NaOH leads to similar gas holdup values but significant changes on local bubbly dynamics, such as bubble size distribution and axial gas phase velocity. The Sauter mean diameter was found to decrease with increasing concentration of NaOH, whereby the decrease is larger at higher gas flow rate.

In this work, we investigate the dynamics of vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted cylinder with very low values of mass and damping. We use two methods to investigate this canonical problem: first we calculate the instantaneous phase between the cylinder motion and the fluid forcing; second we decompose the total hydrodynamic force into drag and lift components that act along and normal to, respectively, the instantaneous effective angle of attack. We focus on the phase dynamics in the large-amplitude–response range, consisting of the initial, upper and lower “branches” of response. The instantaneous phase between the transverse force and displacement shows repeated phase slips separating periods of constant, or continuous-drifting, phase in the second half of the upper branch. The phase between the lift component and displacement shows strong phase locking throughout the large-amplitude range – the average phase varies linearly with the primary frequency – however the modulation of this phase is largest in the second half of the upper branch. These observations suggest that the large-amplitude–response dynamics is driven by two distinct limit cycles – one that is stable over a very small range of reduced velocity at the beginning of the upper branch, and another that consists of the lower branch. The chaotic oscillation between them – the majority of the upper branch – occurs when neither limit cycle is stable. The transition between the upper and lower branches is marked by intermittent switching with epochs of time where different states exist at a constant reduced velocity. These different states are clearly apparent in the phase between the lift and displacement, illustrating the utility of the force decomposition employed. The decomposed force measurements also show that the drag component acts as a damping factor whereas the lift component provides the necessary fluid excitation for free vibration to be sustained.

The liquid-phase processes occurring during fuel droplet combustion are important in deciding the behaviour of the overall combustion process, especially, for the binary fuel droplets. Hence, understanding these processes is essential for explaining the combustion of the binary fuel droplet. However, experimental investigation of such processes is not easily accomplishable due to the very short period of time available for tracking them within the finely small fuel droplet. In the present work, a high speed imaging and subsequent image processing leading to quantitative analysis of the binary fuel droplet combustion including liquid-phase dynamics are performed. Two categories of binary fuels – in which diesel is the base fuel – are prepared and utilized. The first category is biodiesel/diesel and bioethanol/diesel blends, while the second category is the water-in-diesel and diesel-in-water emulsions. Specific optical setup is developed and used for tracking droplet combustion. The resulting magnification of the droplet images is up to 30 times the real size, offering the possibility of droplet interior visualization at high imaging rates up (to 40,000 fps). With the aid of this setup, spatial and temporal tracking of nucleation, bubble formation, puffing, microexplosion, and secondary atomization during the combustion of two adjacent binary fuel droplets are performed. The burning rate constants are evaluated and found to have the same trends as the isolated droplet combustion. However, the ratio of the droplet burning rate constant of the interactive droplet combustion to that of the isolated droplet combustion is higher than unity. This is the same for the nucleation rate within the interacting fuel droplets.

High critical temperature superconductors (HTS) based devices can have impact in the study of the phase dynamics of Josephson junctions (JJs) thanks to the wide range of junction parameters they offer and to their unconventional properties. Measurements of current-voltage characteristics and of switching current distributions constitute a direct way to classify different regimes of the phase dynamics and of the transport, also in nontrivial case of the moderately damped regime (MDR). MDR is going to be more and more common in JJs with advances in nanopatterning superconductors and synthesizing novel hybrid systems. Distinctive signatures of macroscopic quantum tunneling and of thermal activation in presence of different tunable levels of dissipation have been detected in YBCO grain boundary JJs. Experimental data are supported by Monte Carlo simulations of the phase dynamics, in a wide range of temperatures and dissipation levels. This allows us to quantify dissipation in the MDR and partially reconstruct a phase diagram as guideline for a wide range of moderately damped systems. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Understanding the coupled two-phase dynamics in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) and gas channel (GC) is of vital importance to optimize water management and to improve performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). However, it is difficult to directly observe the two-phase flow in the cathode of PEMFC because the GDL is opaque and has complex structures. To circumvent this issue, a similarity experiment model is developed in the present study. Based on the soft lithography technology, we fabricate a microfluidic device composed of a duct representing the GC and a bundle of tubes representing the GDL. Emergence of liquid droplets from these tubes into the duct gas stream is conducted to mimic the two-phase dynamics in the GDL and the GC. With this similarity experiment, we explore the influences of the gas flow rate on the liquid water flow in the cathode of PEMFC as well as the effects of the GDL surface defects on the two-phase dynamics in the GC. The two-phase flows in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic systems are also compared to elucidate the effects of wettability on water management of PEMFCs.

We study lipid phase behavior using giant unilamellar vesicles to model cell membrane dynamics. In our system, we investigate the effects of cross-linking in the head groups position via biotinylated lipids, avidin, and its analogues. Cross-linking is the linking of two molecules (biotinylated lipids) via a crosslinking agent (avidin). Vesicles allow us to isolate the lipid rearrangement due to cross-linking, a common activity on cell surfaces. By comparing specific binding strength of the coupling and self-adhesion, we study the role that cross-linking plays in membrane behavior. Using anti-avidin we attempt to induce aggregation of the membrane bound protein, producing micron size phase domains from initial one-phase vesicles. Confocal microscopy enables us to image this change in the membrane dynamics. Using phase specific dyes, we probe phase segregation on the nanometer scale from the addition of a cross-linker to the system. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) enables us to detect clustering on the submicron (1-10 nm) scale, beyond the limits of conventional microscopy. Both techniques allow us to quantify the phase behavior due presence of the cross-linking agent. Using FRET we detect lipid rearrangement associated with the transition from one-phase vesicles to two-phase vesicles using two different fluorescent dyes, a donor and acceptor. From judicious choice of donor and acceptor dyes, we detect the changes in fluorescence acceptor signal as a function of clustering. We are pursuing lifetime studies to complement our current FRET analyses. From this simple cross-linking system, we model membrane responses to protein complex formation and oligomerization.

The quantum chiral Schwinger model is formulated in terms of physical degrees of freedom. It is shown that the non-integrable phase of the Wilson line integral on the x-axis not only represents physical degrees of freedom of the gauge field, but also creates a linearly rising background electric field in which the physical degrees of freedom of the model are moving.

We have developed a new time-resolved fluorescence platform which enables us to follow the molecular orientation and dynamics of a lipid monolayer at the air - water interface. Confocal microscopy is limited in its ability to characterize dynamic orientation changes within cellular membranes. By implementing an all reflective Cassegrain objective we minimize dispersion while eliminating the restriction of collinear excitation. This enables us to unambiguously identify fluorescence probe orientation and dynamic freedom within our membrane model, with the highest available temporal resolution, and without the restriction imposed by a supporting substrate. We investigate miscibility transition of ternary lipid mixture, DPPC / DOPC/ Cholesterol, using a combination of fluorescence imaging and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. The technique affords unprecedented dynamic characterization for lipid orientation, self-assembly, and dynamic freedom as the monolayer is forced from the liquid to the gel phase. We demonstrate the novelty and applicability of this device by contrasting the time-resolved fluorescence signal of three different lipid probes: 1-palmitoyl-2-{6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (NBD-PC), 5-butyl-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-nonanoic acid (BIODIPY), and 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) which show dramatically different orientation and dynamic freedom when bound to the lipid layer, over a range of lipid phases. Using this technique we can resolve highly dynamic processes such as the insertion of peptide and proteins into the lipid membrane.

We study lipid phase behavior using giant unilamellar vesicles to model cell membrane dynamics. In our system, we investigate the effects of cross-linking in the head groups position via biotinylated lipids, avidin, and its analogues. Cross-linking is the linking of two molecules (biotinylated lipids) via a cross-linking agent (avidin). Vesicles allow us to isolate the lipid rearrangement due to cross-linking, a common activity on cell surfaces. By comparing specific binding strength of the coupling and self-adhesion, we study the role that cross-linking plays in membrane behavior. Confocal microscopy gives us the ability to visualize the membrane dynamics. Using phase specific dyes, we study the changes that occur with the addition of a cross-linker to the system. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) enables us to detect clustering on the submicron scale, beyond the limits of conventional microscopy. Using FRET we detect lipid rearrangement associated with the transition from one-phase vesicles to two-phase vesicles using two different fluorescent dyes, a donor and acceptor. Both techniques allow us to quantify the phase behavior due presence of the cross-linking agent. From this simple cross-linking system, we model membrane responses to protein complex formation and oligomerization.

The hydrodynamics of two-phase liquid—liquid co-current down-flow in a packed column was investigated using adequate tracer techniques. Emphasis was set upon dispersed phase behaviour and hold-up; the choice of a model which accounts for the experimental results obtained has been discussed.

We have developed a new time-resolved fluorescence platform which enables us to follow the molecular orientation and dynamics of a lipid monolayer at the air - water interface. This enables us to identify fluorescence probe orientation and dynamic freedom within our membrane model. We have dubbed our technique Dynamic three-Dimensional Fluorescence Microscopy (D3DFM). We demonstrate the novelty and applicability of this device by contrasting the time-resolved fluorescence signal of two different fluorescent probes: NBD-PC and BODIPY bound to a lipid layer (DPPC) and a fatty acid layer (Stearic Acid). We control the phase behavior of our sample by controlling the pressure, and find that unlike the rotational diffusion, the in-plane wobbling is highly sensitive to the the position along the pressure-area isotherm. We believe this is indicative phase coexistence. Other fluorescence techniques are not sensitive to this form of motion due to the geometric constraints of collinear excitation. Using this probe we are able to characterize local dynamic changes that take place upon lipid phase transition, which may be critical for membrane protein recognition and insertion.

The application of the transient grating method to the understanding of gas-phase velocity distributions and collisional effects is presented. Theoretical models are discussed in view of the experimental data obtained from iodine vapor. Applications of the transient grating method to other gas-phase problems are also mentioned.

In multi-modular process architectures with independent but interacting subsystems, identification may not be the first choice at hand for closed loop control. A robust relay-based PID autotuning strategy is presented and validated on a quadruple tank system with non-minimum phase dynamics. The controller ensures a specified closed loop robustness, which is of great benefit to the overall performance. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method fulfils the robustness requirement and performs well in various operating conditions of the testbench.

By applying the ‘theory of synchronization’ from the science of complexity to studying the regional regularity of ore formation within the Nanling region of South China, a characteristic target-pattern regional ore zonality has been discovered. During the early and late Yanshanian epoch (corresponding respectively to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods), two centers of ore formation emerged successively in the Nanling region; the former is mainly for rare metals (W, Sn, Mo, Bi, Nb) and one rare-earth element (La) and was generated in the Jurassic period; whereas the latter is mainly for base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, Hg), noble metals (Au, Ag), and one radioactive element (U) and was generated in the Cretaceous period. Centers of ore formation were brought about by interface dynamics respectively at the Qitianling and Jiuyishan districts in southern Hunan Province. The characteristic giant nonlinear target-pattern regional ore zonality was generated respectively from the two centers of ore formation by the spatio-temporal synchronization process of the Nanling complex metallogenic system. It induced the collective dynamics and cooperative behavior of the system and displayed the configuration of the regional ore zonality. Then dynamical clustering transformed the configuration into rudimentary ordered coherent structures. Phase dynamics eventually defined the spatio-temporal structures of the target-pattern regional ore zonality and determined their localization and distribution. The integral successive processes of synchronization-dynamical clustering-phase dynamics accomplished the regional ore zonality by way of “multiple field dynamics” of spatio-temporal superposition of multiple coupled pulsatory solitary wave trains of the zonal sequences of different ores. A new methodology for revealing regional ore zonality is developed, which will encourage further investigation of the formation of deep-seated ore resources and the onset of large-scale mineralization.

Rider models are employed to gain insight into bicycle rider steering behaviour and to improve characteristic properties of bicycles. In this paper, stability properties as well as basic dynamic characteristics of the passive (uncontrolled) bicycle-rider system and consequences on the rider control modelling are addressed. In particular, the unstable motion of the system at low velocities and bandwidth limitations caused by non-minimum phase dynamics are emphasized. To analyse the effectiveness of the steering torque and the lean torque as possible rider's inputs to control the dynamics of the bicycle, a controllability analysis of the bicycle-rider system has been performed. It turns out that lean torque input, in contrast to steering torque input, has marginal impact on the dynamics of the system. Finally, a bicycle rider control model considering human rider properties is presented, and its capabilities are demonstrated by performing a curve entering manoeuvre.

The theory of coupled phase oscillators provides a framework to understand the emergent properties of networks of neuronal oscillators. When the architecture of the network is dominated by short-range connections, the pattern of electrical output is predicted to correspond to traveling plane and rotating waves, in addition to synchronized output. We argue that this theory provides the foundation for understanding the traveling electrical waves that are observed across olfactory, visual, and visuomotor areas of cortex in a variety of species. The waves are typically present during periods outside of stimulation, while synchronous activity typically dominates in the presence of a strong stimulus. We suggest that the continuum of phase shifts during epochs with traveling waves provides a means to scan the incoming sensory stream for novel features. Experiments to test our theoretical approach are presented.

Investigating the dynamics of a network of oscillatory systems is a timely and urgent topic. Phase synchronization has proven paradigmatic to study emergent collective behavior within a network. Defining the phase dynamics, however, is not a trivial task. The literature provides an arsenal of solutions, but results are scattered and their formulation is far from standardized. Here, we present, in a unified language, a catalogue of popular techniques for deriving the phase dynamics of coupled oscillators. Traditionally, approaches to phase reduction address the (weakly) perturbed dynamics of an oscillator. They fall into three classes. (i) Many phase reduction techniques start off with a Hopf normal form description, thereby providing mathematical rigor. There, the caveat is to first derive the proper normal form. We explicate several ways to do that, both analytically and (semi-)numerically. (ii) Other analytic techniques capitalize on time scale separation and/or averaging over cyclic variables. While appealing for their more intuitive implementation, they often lack accuracy. (iii) Direct numerical approaches help to identify oscillatory behavior but may limit an overarching view how the reduced phase dynamics depends on model parameters. After illustrating and reviewing the necessary mathematical details for single oscillators, we turn to networks of coupled oscillators as the central issue of this report. We show in detail how the concepts of phase reduction for single oscillators can be extended and applied to oscillator networks. Again, we distinguish between numerical and analytic phase reduction techniques. As the latter dwell on a network normal form, we also discuss associated reduction methods. To illustrate benefits and pitfalls of the different phase reduction techniques, we apply them point-by-point to two classic examples: networks of Brusselators and a more elaborate model of coupled Wilson–Cowan oscillators. The reduction of complex oscillatory systems is crucial for numerical analyses but more so for analytical estimates and model prediction. The most common reduction is towards phase oscillator networks that have proven successful in describing not only the transition between incoherence and global synchronization, but also in predicting the existence of less trivial network states. Many of these predictions have been confirmed in experiments. As we show, however, the phase dynamics depends to large extent on the employed phase reduction technique. In view of current and future trends, we also provide an overview of various methods for augmented phase reduction as well as for phase–amplitude reduction. Weindicate how these techniques can be extended to oscillator networks and, hence, may allow for an improved derivation of the phase dynamics of coupled oscillators.

This work describes an analytical framework suitable for the analysis of large-scale arrays of coupled resonators, including those which feature amplitude and phase dynamics, inherent element-level parameter variation, nonlinearity, and/or noise. In particular, this analysis allows for the consideration of coupled systems in which the number of individual resonators is large, extending as far as the continuum limit corresponding to an infinite number of resonators. Moreover, this framework permits analytical predictions for the amplitude and phase dynamics of such systems. The utility of this analytical methodology is explored through the analysis of a system of N non-identical resonators with global coupling, including both reactive and dissipative components, physically motivated by an electromagnetically-transduced microresonator array. In addition to the amplitude and phase dynamics, the behavior of the system as the number of resonators varies is investigated and the convergence of the discrete system to the infinite-N limit is characterized.

The dissolution and microfluidic mass transfer of carbon dioxide in water at high-pressure conditions are crucial for a myriad of technological applications, including microreactors, extractions, and carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) processes. In this experimental work, we use a high-pressure microfluidic method to elucidate the mass transfer process of CO2 in water at high pressure. An intriguing multiphase CO2 flow and dispersions are observed when operating at the pressure-temperature ($P$-$T$) condition close to the CO2 gas-liquid phase boundary ($P=6.5$ MPa and $T=23.5\pm 0.5~^{\circ}$C). We propose a series of strategies to unravel this complex multi-phase dynamics by calculating each phase's volume and mass change in a gas-liquid coexistent CO2 dispersion, estimating the possible CO2 concentration change in water, and comparing with the CO2 solubility data. Finally, we quantify the CO2 mass transfer by directly calculating the CO2 dissolution rate in water and estimating the volumetric mass transfer coefficient ($k_{L}a$). The results show that the mass transfer may be influenced by the specific area ($a$), CO2 concentration gradient in the water slug, and the traveling speed of a dispersion., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Growing empirical and modeling evidence tends to support the hypothesis that humans are inadvertently modifying the Earth's climate. Such changes should lead to changes in the mean of climatic parameters. Furthermore, the physical processes behind the changes in the mean are likely to result in changes in the variance as well. Vegetation plays a significant climatic role by determining the physics of ice-free continental surfaces and the local, regional, and global hydrology, influencing the global climate by modifying the chemical composition of the atmosphere, and, in particular, by partially controlling the CO2 flux to the atmosphere. In turn, vegetation is affected by climate, which has numerous important consequences for human societies managing it as a crop or exploiting it as a natural resource. It is therefore crucial to understand and model vegetation response to climatic changes. For this purpose, statistical, probabilistic, physio-physical, and gap-phase dynamics approaches to modeling vegetation are presented and evaluated. A series of sensitivity study is performed with the gap-phase dynamics approach to investigate the qualitative and quantitative differences between the outcome of changes in the mean and in the standard deviation of temperature and precipitation, and to analyze the physics and the biology of the parameterizations causing these differential responses.