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The aim of this study is to identify the potency of land price as a general indicator of the homebound tendency of neighbourhoods. For this purpose, we focus on the associations between land price and older adults' going-out frequency, while considering the similarities and differences from factors associated with walkability. The study targets are 19,270 individuals living in the Tokyo metropolitan area who are aged 65 years or older who are not certified as needing public long-term care insurance. This study uses a two-step procedure: a) the land price of each neighbourhood is estimated using rent price data from 2010 to 2019 collected by an official Japanese realtor organization; b) the associations between older adults' goingout frequency, according to the 2016 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, and the estimated land price of their neighbourhoods is identified using multilevel analysis. The results indicate that land price has strong negative associations with older adults' going-out frequency. Associations between land price or other walkability-associated factors, such as population density, ratio of commercial area, and proximity to the nearest train station, only appear when these factors and land price are included within the same model. The results suggest that, when inspecting homebound tendency in some neighbourhoods, factors relating to the built environment must be considered alongside land prices. Furthermore, the homebound status of older adults is a pressing challenge, especially in neighbourhoods with high land prices., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration in whole or in part by another journal. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with submission to the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: This study investigated the relationship between built environments and the onset of frailty after 3 years., Methods: This was a longitudinal study using prospective cohort data from the 2013 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study on 38,829 older adults nested in 562 comunnities who were not frail. The dependent variable, frailty, was assessed using the Kihon checklist. The explanatory variables were eight items for the built environment at the individual and community levels. To consider each level of built environment simultaneously, multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals., Results: After 3 years of follow-up, the onset of frailty was 2740 (7.1%) in 2016. At the individual level, there was an increased risk of developing frailty in negative built environments, such as locations with graffiti or garbage (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.15; confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.25). Positive built environments, such as areas with access to parks and sidewalks (IRR, 0.78; CI, 0.70-0.88), lowered the risk of developing frailty. At the community level, the risk of developing frailty was lower only in areas with locations difficult for walking (hills or steps) (IRR, 0.97; CI, 0.94-0.99)., Conclusions: At the individual level, frailty onset was associated with all built environments. However, irrespective of their answers, there was a lower risk of developing frailty among older adults living in areas where walking was difficult. It would be desirable to verify whether the risk of developing frailty can be reduced by changing the built environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors reported no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: Elder abuse is a growing global public health concern. Previous studies have reported that elder abuse increases the risk of dementia; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated the association between different types of abuse and dementia onset yet. This study, therefore, investigated the association between physical, psychological, and financial abuses and dementia onset in independent older adults in Japan., Methods: A 6-year prospective cohort data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) were collected in 2010 through a mail survey conducted among 5,674 men and 6,562 women aged ≥65 years across Japan. Dementia was assessed using the nationally standardized dementia scale proposed by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Poisson regression analysis was performed separately for each type of abuse to calculate the incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals., Results: During follow-up, 552 (9.7%) men and 728 (11.1%) women developed dementia. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants who experienced financial abuse were 1.53 (1.09-2.16) times more likely to develop dementia than those who did not. On the other hand, participants who experienced physical abuse were 1.53 (0.92-2.56) times more likely and those who experienced psychological abuse were 0.98 (0.82-1.17) times less likely to develop dementia than participants who did not experience such abuses. However, the difference was not significant., Conclusion: Financial abuse may promote dementia among older adults in Japan, suggesting that preventing this abuse may help prevent dementia onset. However, further studies with larger data sets are warranted., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)