Search

• The effects of cast iron pipe corrosion on water quality risk and microbial ecology were investigated. • More trihalomethane and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) occurred in old cast iron pipe. • The extracellular polymeric substances with stronger bioflocculation ability and weaker hydrophobicity promoted chlorine reactivity. • Stronger microbial antioxidant systems respond caused higher ARGs abundance. • Corroded cast iron pipes induced a unique interaction system of biofilms, chlorine, and corrosion products. The effects of cast iron pipe corrosion on water quality risk and microbial ecology in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were investigated. It was found that trihalomethane (THMs) concentration and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) increased sharply in the old DWDSs. Under the same residual chlorine concentration conditions, the adenosine triphosphate concentration in the effluent of old DWDSs (Eff-old) was significantly higher than that in the effluent of new DWDSs. Moreover, stronger bioflocculation ability and weaker hydrophobicity coexisted in the extracellular polymeric substances of Eff-old, meanwhile, iron particles could be well inserted into the structure of the biofilms to enhance the mechanical strength and stability of the biofilms, hence enhancing the formation of THMs. Old DWDSs significantly influenced the microbial community of bulk water and triggered stronger microbial antioxidant systems response, resulting in higher ARGs abundance. Corroded cast iron pipes induced a unique interaction system of biofilms, chlorine, and corrosion products. Therefore, as the age of cast iron pipes increases, the fluctuation of water quality and microbial ecology should be paid more attention to maintain the safety of tap water. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ozonation enhanced the formation potential of regulated DBPs from Phe chlorination. • CH with highest yield of 21.31+1.05 ug/mgPhe was enhanced to 3 times after ozonation. • The DBPs formation rates in the first 6 h were much higher than subsequent time. • Br− promoted brominated DBPs generation and elevated the total cytotoxicity. • Ozonation enhanced the BIF of THMs, while reduced that of DHAAs. As a strong oxidizing agent, ozone is used in some water treatment facilities for disinfection, taste and odor control, and removal of organic micropollutants. Phenylalanine (Phe) was used as the target amino acid to comprehensively investigate variability of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during chlorine disinfection and residual chlorine conditions subsequent to ozonation. The results showed that subsequent to ozonation, the typical regulated and unregulated DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP), including trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) increased substantially, by 2.4, 3.3, 5.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 6.0 times, respectively, compared with only chlorination. Ozonation also significantly increased the DBPs yield under a 2 day simulated residual chlorine condition that mimicked the water distribution system. DBPs formations followed pseudo first order kinetics. The formation rates of DBPs in the first 6 hr were higher for TCM (0.214 hr−1), DCAN (0.244 hr−1), CH (0.105 hr−1), TCAcAm (0.234 hr−1), DCAA (0.375 hr−1) and TCAA (0.190 hr−1) than thereafter. The peak DBPsFP of TCM, DCAN, CH, TCAcAm, DCAA, and TCAA were obtained when that ozonation time was set at 5–15 min. Ozonation times > 30 min increased the mineralization of Phe and decreased the formation of DBPs upon chlorination. Increasing bromine ion (Br−) concentration increased production of bromine- DBPs and decreased chlorine-DBPs formation by 59.3%–92.2%. Higher ozone dosages and slight alkaline favored to reduce DBP formation and cytotoxicity. The ozonation conditions should be optimized for all application purposes including DBPs reduction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LaOCl belongs to one kind of promising solid electrolyte for chlorine-ion batteries due to its excellent electric insulation performance and special layered structure. However, LaOCl still suffers from poor chlorine-ion conductivity. Then, we proposed microstructure modulation of LaOCl to solve this problem based on Al doping method. Firstly, we carried out first-principles and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations to investigate the internal relation among structure stability, chlorine-ion conductivity and related physicochemical properties of Al doped LaOCl(La 1- x Al x OCl). It is found that La 0.75 Al 0.25 OCl not only possesses most stable structure but also demonstrates the best ductility. Moreover, La 0.75 Al 0.25 OCl also possesses much lower chlorine-ion diffusion energy barrier than LaOCl(0.40 eV vs.0.78 eV) and its chlorine-ion conductivity goes as high as 5.4 × 10−3 S/cm at 300K. This is attributed to the optimal reconstruction of La–Cl coordination structure induced by Al dopant, which weakens the limiting effect of La–Cl bond as far as possible. Meanwhile,La 0.75 Al 0.25 OCl exhibits excellent electrical insulating property due to its wide band gap of 5.87 eV. In addition, La 0.75 Al 0.25 OCl exhibits wide electrochemical window with La and Al metal acted as anode materials, respectively (1.92–9.66 V for La and 0–7.74 V for Al). At this stage, La 0.75 Al 0.25 OCl solid electrolyte requires no chlorine-ion uptake and loss in the process of oxidation and reduction, indicating its excellent electrochemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UV/chlorine needed half the time of in-situ chlorination to reach 90% CBZ removal. • LP UV/chlorine was the most energy efficient among the tested processes. • RCS were the dominant reactive species contributing to more than 70% of CBZ removal in all three processes. • Compared to •OH, RCS had lower energy barrier and higher reactivity in main CBZ degradation pathways. • UV/chlorine processes produced 15 times higher ClO 3 − than in-situ chlorination. Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for micropollutants removal. In this study, different chlorine-based AOPs, namely medium pressure (MP) UV/chlorine, low pressure (LP) UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, were compared for carbamazepine (CBZ) removal efficiency, energy consumption, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. All three processes could achieve nearly 100% CBZ removal, while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes. The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed (EE/O) of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine, and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process. Accordingly, MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) than in-situ chlorination. Besides, RCS were the dominant reactive species, contributing to 78.3%, 75.6%, and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP, LP UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, respectively. According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/•OH calculated based on density functional theory (DFT), RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene. When applied to secondary wastewater effluent, UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41 µg/L. However, the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities in daily life and industrial production generate a significant volume of substandard water with high salt content, organic compounds, and other pollutants, often exhibiting a neutral pH. Electrochemical oxidation is a widely applied technique for the purification of water sources. By integrating electrochemical oxidation reactions with electrolytic hydrogen evolution reactions, the potential arises to enhance energy utilization efficiency and reduce cost implications. This study describes the advantages and challenges of neutral aqueous chlorine solutions as electrolytes for hydrogen production from electrolyzed water. The cathodic and possibly anodic reactions in the electrolysis of neutral chlorinated electrolytes are also investigated. Finally, we present the progress of research on cathode and anode catalysts used in electrolyzing neutral chlorine-containing electrolytes. The aim is to inspire the research of industrialized low-cost and high-yield integrated hydrogen production systems. [Display omitted] • Concluded the challenges of electrolysis of neutral chlorine-containing solutions. • Low-energy anode reaction coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction can reduce lower. • Concludes the design principles of cathode and anode catalysts for water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing efficient antimicrobials for the rapid disinfection of water is increasingly critical owing to the rising threat of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, direct Z-scheme Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 heterojunctions were constructed using a simple in situ hydrothermal method. The optimal Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 Z-scheme heterojunction inhibited 98.80 % of Escherichia coli (5 × 108 CFU mL−1) at 0.35 mg mL−1 and 99.33 % of Staphylococcus aureus (5 × 108 CFU mL−1) at 0.5 mg mL−1 after 10 min of light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation. Furthermore, in antibiotic degradation experiments, Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 had a 92.91 % removal rate for ciprofloxacin with a pseudo-second-order degradation rate constant (k) of 0.056 min−1 after 240 min of irradiation. The antibacterial mechanism of Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 was systematically investigated and confirmed to occur by LED light-driven surface activation and efficient charge transfer. The surface and interfacial structures of the Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 samples were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The antibacterial mechanism was studied by controlled experiments and electron spin resonance analyses, which revealed that the primary antibacterial mechanism of Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 is oxidative sterilisation via generated reactive oxygen species. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy was used to analyse the charge-transfer pathway in Bi 2 WO 6 /TiO 2 , which demonstrated that the spatial separation of the redox-active sites extended the lifetimes of the photogenerated carriers, enhancing the oxidative destruction of bacteria. This comprehensive understanding paves the way for the design of new Z-type heterojunction photocatalytic materials for antimicrobial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The evolution and speciation of chlorine during ASR pyrolysis are studied. • Org-chlorine can be converted to InO-chlorine and remain in char. • Up to 12% and over 64% of chlorine are migrated to HCl and char, respectively. • Rising temperature promotes the conversion from Org-chlorine to inorganic in char. • Calcium-based compounds in ASR play a predominant role in the capture of chlorine. Disposal of automobile shredder residue (ASR) via pyrolysis enables the recovery of valuable products; however, the production of hazardous pollutants and low-value products is inevitable due to its high chlorine content. In this work, chlorine evolution behavior and the conversion mechanism during ASR pyrolysis between 480 and 600 °C were systematically studied. The experimental results for organic chlorine (Org-Cl) showed that released chlorinated gases were complex, and HCl only accounted for 35% of the gas phase products, while short-chain hydrocarbons with carbon atoms between two and four accounted for 52%. Chlorine was predominantly retained in the char, and Org-Cl was the primary contributor to the residual chlorine, accounting for over 50% of the char. The content of inorganic chlorine (InO-Cl) was low in the raw sample but significantly increased in the char. Through the distinction between organic and inorganic chlorine content in char, it was confirmed that Org-Cl could be converted to InO-Cl due to complex secondary reactions with metallic compounds. The conversion was favored by increasing the Org-Cl content and the temperature. Our findings clarified the evolution mechanism of chlorine and the transformation from Org-Cl to InO-Cl, thus providing guidance for chlorine regulation and the efficient recycling of metal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• IPM could be effectively degraded by the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. • SO 4 ·– was the major active oxidant contributing to the degradation of IPM. • I– and IO 3 – were generated during IPM degradation by the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. • IPM degradation by Mn(VII)/S(IV) caused the I-DBPs generation during chlorination. • More attention should be paid to the toxicity of the generated DBPs in this study. Permanganate/sulfite (Mn(VII)/S(IV)) process is a promising pre-oxidation technology for sequestering the emerging organic contaminants in drinking water treatment plant. Iopamidol (IPM), a representative of iodinated X-ray contrast media, has been widely detected in water sources and has the risk of forming iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in water treatment system. In this study, we investigated the evolution of iodine species during the IPM degradation by the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process and its effect on the subsequent formation of I-DBPs during chlorination at pH 7.0 and 8.0. IPM could be effectively degraded in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process at environmentally relevant pH (pH 7.0 and 8.0). The results of quenching and competitive oxidation kinetic experiments revealed that SO 4 ·– was the major reactive oxidizing species contributing to the degradation of IPM whereas the contributions of HO· and reactive manganese species were negligible in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. I– and IO 3 – were generated while no HOI was detected during the degradation of IPM in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. The effects of IPM oxidation by Mn(VII)/S(IV) on the subsequent formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) during chlorination were related to the category of Cl-DBPs. The pre-oxidation of IPM by Mn(VII)/S(IV) resulted in the generation of I-DBPs during the disinfection process although no I-DBPs were detected if no pre-oxidation was applied. The finding of this study suggested that attention should be paid to the toxicity of DBPs when water containing iodinated organic contaminants is treated by Mn(VII)/S(IV) process or other pre-oxidation technologies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cl distribution and speciation were determined during MSW pellets pyrolysis. • Chlorine mainly distributed in char (42.36–65.29 %) and gas (26.66–35.03 %). • Inorganic-Cl was the main form of chlorine in char. • Organic-Cl was converted into inorganic-Cl during MSW thermal decomposition. • Chlorine release was inhibited by the unprosperous pores in char. The migration process of chlorine during municipal solid waste (MSW) pellets pyrolysis was studied in a fixed bed reactor. Distribution and speciation changes of chlorine at different pyrolysis temperatures were determined by ion chromatography (IC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Results showed that chlorine was mainly distributed in pyrolysis char (42.36–65.29 %) and gas (26.66–35.03 %) after MSW pellets pyrolysis. With the temperature increasing, chlorine in char and tar was enriched due to the increase of chlorine release and the decrease of product yields, with chlorine concentration increasing to 3498 ppm and 1415 ppm at 800 °C, respectively. Results of chlorine forms analysis indicated that most of the organic-Cl in MSW was released into the volatiles during pyrolysis due to the dissociation of C Cl. Inorganic-Cl became the dominant form of chlorine in char after pyrolysis, with the proportion increasing from 46.69 % (raw) to 61.22 % (500 °C), which also suggested that part of organic-Cl was converted into the inorganic-Cl. Notably, the proportions of inorganic-Cl decreased at >600 °C due to the migration of inorganic. In addition, the pyrolysis release behavior of chlorine was affected by the pore structure of char, which could be inhibited by the unprosperous pores in char, especially at low temperatures (<600 °C). These findings provided a reference for the chlorine regulation of MSW pyrolytic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the chlorine isotope disequilibrium between chlorides in pore fluids and chlorides in seawater and infer its consequences for chlorine isotope exchange between ocean sediment pore fluids and seawater. We illustrate our methodology with pore fluids from two IODP drilled to depths of ≈1000 m (U1456 and U1457) in the Indus River fan dominated by clay-detritus sediments of the western Himalayas. At these two sites, the concentrations of chloride and sodium ions do not show significant changes with depth and remain very close to those of seawater. As a function of depth, however, chlorides show a progressive decrease in 37Cl (downto −2.5 and −1.4 ‰ respectively), while Ca2+ increases and Mg2+ decreases, as commonly observed in clay-rich oceanic sediments. The rate of the δ37Cl decrease is correlated to the lithology and sedimentation rate. Examining the chlorine budget on these two sites, we conclude that: (1) Most of the chlorine (≥96% of the total Cl) is contained in the pore fluids as chlorides, while the chlorine stored in the other sinks (minerals or organochlorine) is generally very minor (representing <4% of the total Cl). (2) These other sinks are too small to sequester the lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine, which could compensate for the decreased δ37Cl of the chlorides observed in the pore fluids (assuming that the pore fluids originally had chlorides with the chlorine isotopic composition of seawater, δ37Cl = 0 ‰). (3) This lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine has been released from the sediment into the overlying seawater, with fluxes of about 20 mol of chloride per square metre per kiloyear. In order to evaluate the consequence of this unbalanced on a global scale, we extend this chlorine budget analysis to 22 other oceanic sites drilled by IODP in a variety of tectonic environments. It is estimated that worldwide oceanic sediment pore fluids contain 1 × 1020 mol of chloride with mean δ37Cl at −2.3 ± 0.1 ‰ and mean chlorinity at 0.290 ± 0.055 mol Cl- per kg of sediment. Most of the calculated values of the lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine flux are between 3.5 and 45.6 mol of chloride per square metre per kiloyear (mean value of 18.3 mol Cl.m−2.kyr−1), corresponding to a typical chloride exchange time between sediments and seawater of between 5.5 and 71 Myr with a mean value of 14 Myr. Importantly, in oceanic sediments, a relationship between the δ37Cl of the chlorides in their pore fluids and the nature of the detrital minerals (smectite, illite, kaolinite, carbonate, quartz, ...) may exists. This relationship should be modulated by the detrital input from the continents to the oceanic sediments and should therefore be a consequence of the climatic conditions on the continents (mainly rain, temperature). The δ37Cl of the seawater should vary according to these detrital inputs. The expected range of variation would be between −0.3 and +0.3 ‰. This is consistent with the range of δ37Cl in seawater predicted by the study of evaporites deposited since 2 Ga (Eggenkamp et al., 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of flow channel configuration on the water disinfection efficiency of a photoreactor with ultraviolet (UV) C light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The synergistic effect of UV radiation and hydrodynamics on microbial inactivation was analyzed to obtain the UV fluence distribution for five channel configurations. Simulations revealed that the serpentine and spiral configurations led to similar microbial residence times. However, the high mixing efficiency in the serpentine configuration resulted in the efficiency of Escherichia coli inactivation being higher in this configuration than in the spiral configuration. Although the pin configuration achieved the highest average UV fluence of the five channel configurations, the E. coli inactivation value in this configuration was low because approximately 25 % of the microbes received UV fluence of less than 5 mJ/cm2. This study modified the pin configuration, and the results revealed that this configuration effectively increased the UV fluence received by microbes and eliminated low-fluence particles. At a flow rate of 120 mL/min, the average UV fluence in the modified pin configuration was 43 %, 52 %, and 72 % higher than those in the serpentine, spiral, and bioinspired configurations, respectively. Experimental findings indicated that at a maximum flow rate of 160 mL/min, the E. coli inactivation value achieved in the modified pin configuration was 3.3 log, which was approximately 0.4, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 log higher than those achieved in the serpentine, spiral, pin, and bioinspired configurations, respectively. The results of this study provide insights regarding enhancement of the UV exposure of microorganisms and can be used as a guideline in flow channel design for water disinfection reactors with UV-C LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical-magnetic production of chlorine from concentrated effluent (brine) was investigated. The efficiency and effectiveness of this process was evaluated using different experimental settings in an electrochemical-magnetic plant. The magnetic fields were created by a neodymium magnet with a magnetic flux density of 0.8 T. Box-Behnken design and response surface method were used to optimize the process and determine the optimal values of parameters for maximum chlorine production. The results showed that the optimal condition of the chlorine generation was 19.8 mg/L (as free chlorine residual) that was obtained at the NaCl concentration of 16.8 g/L, the electric potential of 6 V, the electrolysis time of 7.5 min and the current density of 20 mA/cm2. The results showed that the magnetic electrochemical approach leads to higher chlorine production (186 mg/L) than the electrochemical method (137 mg/L). Moreover, the produced active chlorine was optimized based on energy consumption, which was 77 mg/L for the energy consumption of 0.2 kWh/l. The application of magnetic fields in conjunction with electrolysis process presented a promising approach for chlorine production from the concentrated brine effluent of water membrane processes. This can be attributed to the Lorentz force, which acts on charged particles in the presence of a magnetic field, causing them to move in a certain direction. This alternative method has the potential to reduce the cost and environmental impacts associated with chlorine production, making it a suitable option for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermolysis of copper oxychloride is the highest temperature reaction step of Copper–Chlorine cycle which forms cuprous chloride and oxygen gas as products. In the present study, important design aspects of thermolysis reactor have been investigated experimentally and a mathematical model has been developed to understand the effect of critical parameters on conversion. Experiments were conducted in tubular reactors with three different diameters of 25 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm to study the effect of reactor geometry on heat transfer and conversion. Modelling of batch thermolysis reactor has been carried out using governing heat transport equations coupled with reaction kinetics and validated against experimental data. As per the experimental and modelling results, enhancement in conversion could be achieved with increasing aspect ratio and heat transfer. The studies provide clear insights into the design and scale-up of thermolysis reactor to address the issues of low conversion observed during the multi-step thermal decomposition reaction. • Experimental investigations into effect of reactor geometry on heat transfer and conversion. • Modelling using heat transport equations coupled with multi-step reaction kinetics. • Insights in to design aspects to achieve high conversion for scale-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of activated carbon (AC) electrode embedded with naturally occurring metal oxides (MO) from rocks for antibacterial activities against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Salmonella aureus) bacteria using capacitive deionization technique. The desalination and disinfection performance of the fabricated AC/MO electrode was evaluated through the batch mode experiments conducted at a potential difference of 1.2 V for 240 min (4 h). The results revealed that the AC/MO electrode achieved a complete removal efficiency of 100% for E. coli and 60% for S. aureus in the field water collected from Nduruma stream (natural water). The bacterial removal mechanism was attributed to the capacitive deionization (CDI) process and physical adsorption. The study highlights the potential of AC/MO electrode material as an effective antibacterial agent for the CDI process, which may have significant implications for the development of new technologies for water purification and disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the secondary effluent organic matter (EfOM) was divided into hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic base, hydrophobic neutral (HON), and hydrophilic components by using the wastewater from a sewage treatment plant as reclaimed water. The correlation between the type and structure of each component and the possible by-products of halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) produced within 30 min and 5 d after chlorination was investigated. The number of disinfection by-products and conventional water quality indicators were assessed. The results showed that the main HAAs species formed at 30 min were dominated by bromochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and monobromoacetic acid (accounting for 93.05% of the total generation). However, the main HAA species formed at 5 d were trichloroacetic acid, bromodichloroacetic acid, and DCAA (accounting for 88.76% of the total generation). HON in EfOM has a molecular weight of 5–10 kDa. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) carrying hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and benzene rings are the primary source of HAAs, accounting for 61.56% of the 30-min generation amount and 37.52% of the 5-day yield. Following HOA component, the molecular weight is similar to HON component, containing unsaturated carboxyl COO–, SMPs of aromatic hydrocarbons, humic acid, and fulvic acid organic compounds. The theoretical results of exploring the existence and related characteristics of disinfection by-products in EfOM can offer practical advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although wastewater treatment plants are considered hotspots for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), few studies have explored the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multidrug-resistance. Using four sequencing batch reactors under fluctuating concentrations of levofloxacin (LVX), we isolated 440 isolates, which were identified based on the sequence of the 16 S rRNA gene and growth at 37 ºC, focusing on potential human pathogens. We then evaluated the multidrug-resistance of 62% of these isolates by determining the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and LVX in the emergence of ARB. The average MIC was increased more than 100-fold in the first exposure, whereas did not show the same response after re-exposure due to different LVX concentrations between the 2 conditions. We identified 33 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates that emerged only during re-exposure, especially in R-2 and R-3, in which the LVX concentration was changed from 4 and 16 mg/L, respectively, to 128 mg/L. Moreover, we assessed the disinfection efficiency of chlorine/UV treatment against pathogenic ARB. The growth of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates was decreased by 0.9–7.4 log 10 following disinfection treatment with > 0.5 mg /L Cl 2 or > 30 min UV irradiation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Comparative analysis of the alkaline phosphatase post-inactivation dynamics in natural and tritiated water (H 2 O and HTO, respectively) after ultrasonic or γ-irradiations was performed. It has been established that in HTO, unlike in H 2 O, the enzyme retains its activity up to 15 days. It is hypothesised that different hydrogen bond structure of tritiated water results in a lower effect of ultrasound or gamma-irradiation reactive species onto enzyme globules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-contamination of water supplied through a water supply network most frequently occurs in its dead-ends. In many cases, these are located in the least urbanized areas of settlement units. Usually, the water intake from these pipelines is small, which leads to stagnation of the stored water and issues related to its deteriorating quality, especially in terms of microbiology. Traditionally, this problem has been solved by increasing the dosage of disinfectant in water supply stations, periodically flushing the pipelines or using network disinfection stations. Each of these methods has certain disadvantages and does not fully solve the indicated problem. The purpose of the current study is to present a novel disinfection solution of dead-end pipes. The solution developed herein combines a network disinfection station with forced circulation of water in the water supply pipe. The proposed solution was tested using the hydraulic and quality calculations presented in the paper. As a result, the conditions for the application of the developed solution in actual water supply networks were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono-chlorinated products of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS), i.e., Monochlormet-hylheptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane [D3D(CH 2 Cl)], monochlormethylnonamethylcyclopenta-siloxane [D4D(CH 2 Cl)], and monochlormethylundemethylcyclohexasiloxane [D5D(CH 2 Cl)], were detected in water [

The chlorine evolving reaction (CER) subdues the oxygen evolving reaction (OER) during seawater electrolysis, and impedes hydrogen production without generating harmful chlorine byproducts. We describe a new approach to suppressing CER and increasing the hydrogen production rate by highlighting its distinctive features: using electrical current densities J c > 10 A cm−2 that are much larger than the 1 A cm−2 currents conventionally employed; and using consumable graphite rod-shaped electrodes. Our approach creates a practical means for reaching an electrochemical regime where CER is drastically reduced and hydrogen production is substantially increased. Finite element modeling indicates the rapid reduction in CER is associated with establishing a steep gradient in the electric field between the electrodes. Our study suggests that explicitly elevating J c to more than 10 A cm−2 creates opportunities for creating hydrogen for use in large-scale and industrial applications by reducing CER to negligible levels – an environmental incentive – while increasing the OER and hydrogen production – an economic incentive. • Microscale system for higher than conventional current density electrolysis. • CER in seawater electrolysis suppressed with current densities greater than 10 A cm2. • Finite-element modeling distribution of electric field between electrodes in seawater. • Observed phenomena should scale to larger capacities and industrial implementation. • Potential breakthrough in producing non-polluting "Green Hydrogen" from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation energy consumption in industrial production accounts for 10–15 % of global energy consumption. Nonthermal separation represented by sand filtration can open a new door to separation energy savings. Traditional sand filters cannot be regenerated completely, which limits their efficiency. A sand filter coupling hydrocyclone (SFCH) was proposed to enhance regeneration. The performance of SFCHs with different separation particle sizes was systematically analyzed, as indicated by turbidity, water, and chlorine in a pilot-scale experiment. The larger the sand particle size of the SFCH was, the longer it took to reach saturation. The efficiency and cycle were balanced by combining SFCHs with particle sizes of 1–2 mm and 0.5–1 mm. The average turbidity, water and chlorine decreased from 793 NTU, 1439 mg/L, and 126 mg/L to 155 NTU, 389 mg/L, and 88 mg/L, respectively, with a cycle of 88 h. Under the same conditions, the effluent turbidity of the SFCH was half of that of the original disc centrifuge, which indicates that the life of the downstream alumina bed was doubled. Almost 260 t/year alumina consumption can be reduced in a 200,000 tons/year-capacity petroleum resin plant, saving 600,000 USD/year, mainly due to the extension of the service life of the alumina bed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis by sulfate radical (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) using Fe2+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) and Fe2+/H2O2 systems under neutral pH condition were investigated. 6 log of E. coli and 2.71 log of E. faecalis were inactivated in Fe2+/PDS system, respectively, compared to 0.98 log and 0.51 log in Fe2+/H2O2 system. E. coli was much easier to be inactivated than E. faecalis. And the inactivation rate of E. coli within the first 30 min was higher than that in 30-120 min, while the E. faecalis was the opposite. This suggests that the different inactivation patterns of bacteria by advanced oxidation treatments were due to the variation of microbial structures. In addition, the inactivation ability of Fe2+/PDS on E. coli and E. faecalis in the wastewater effluent decreased by 23.5% and 23.6%, respectively, while the inactivation ability of Fe2+/H2O2 decreased by 88.8% and 78.2%, respectively. Higher inactivation efficiencies by SO4•-were obtained than that by •OH. Therefore, inactivation efficiency by SO4 •-based advancedoxidation treatment was less affected by the actual reclaimed water matrix for disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the present need to access a large-scale supply of hydrogen in the short-term, methane pyrolysis for hydrogen production could be utilized as a transition technology, since existing natural gas infrastructures can be exploited. Here, a novel chlorine-mediated pyrolysis process is presented that overcomes the considerable challenges posed by the input of external energy in the direct methane pyrolysis. By operating at a methane to chlorine inlet ratio of roughly 1.5 to 1, the heat released by the exothermic chlorination reaction can be leveraged to generate hydrogen by pyrolysis in addition to the hydrogen chloride. A downstream hydrochloric acid electrolysis enables the chlorine to be recycled and produces further hydrogen resulting in an overall hydrogen yield of 99%. An approximate cost calculation highlights the main costs of the process and reveals the high outlays for the electrolysis unit. [Display omitted] • Chlorine-mediated process for the hydrogen production from methane. • Autothermal coupling of exothermic chlorination and endothermic pyrolysis reaction. • Excess methane supply (CH 4 /Cl 2 ≈ 1.5) ensures hydrogen production in reactor. • HCl electrolysis provides chlorine recovery and further hydrogen production. • Cost calculation shows limitations imposed by electrolysis expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel PCN-222 metal−organic framework based multitasking membrane was developed for separation of emulsified oils as well as photo-Fenton degradation of refractory aromatic pollutants and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in water. Fe(III)@PCN-222 nanorods were prepared via impregnation method and subjected to amino-modification, and then robustly anchored on polydopamine (PDA) decorated PVDF membrane via catechol-amine reaction. The as-prepared N-Fe(III)@PCN-222/PDA/PVDF composite membrane exhibited underwater superoleophobicity, and showed high separation efficiency (above 99.4 %) as well as relatively favorable permeation flux (874.9–1592.3 Lm−2h−1) in the separation of emulsified oils ranged from nanoscale to microscale from water. Meanwhile, the membrane serving as a recyclable photo-Fenton platform showed an extensive degradation capacity towards aromatic contaminants and high inactivation activity against bacteria under visible light. The grafted Fe(III) is used as an electron acceptor to promote the separation of photo-generated charge carriers, adjusted the band structure to shorten the bandgap value, and can be reduced to Fe(II) by photo-generated electrons as a Fenton-like catalyst. The photo-Fenton mechanism was studied in detail from the aspects of photoelectric properties, band structure and reactive oxygen species. This work could promote the application of PCN subclass MOFs based superwetting membrane as a recyclable platform for complex wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic cavitation was considered as a new efficient and green water treatment technology, which doesn't produce any disinfection by-products. In the present paper, the disinfection characteristics of a novel rotor-radial groove hydrodynamic cavitation reactor were evaluated. The effects of various rotor speeds, flow rates, and initial bacterial concentrations on the removal of Escherichia coli were analyzed on the basis of experimental research and numerical simulation. The possible mechanism of hydrodynamic cavitation disinfection was explained. 93.3% disinfection rate of Escherichia coli can be obtained at 3900 rpm and 2 m3/h in 20 min for 15 L water of simulated effluent. With the increase of flow rate, the disinfection effect of the reactor was improved based on the cavitation effect and the exposure time of bacteria in the bubble collapse area (passing times). The disinfection of Escherichia coliis based on the micro jet, shock wave, and shear stress generated by hydrodynamic cavitation. The findings of the present study can provide support for the application development of hydrodynamic cavitation disinfection and the theoretical development of rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant and proxy for water quality (WQ) monitoring in water distribution networks (WDN). Chlorine-based WQ regulation and control aim to maintain pathogen-free water. Chlorine residual evolution within WDN is commonly modeled using the typical single-species decay and reaction dynamics that account for network-wide, spatiotemporal chlorine concentrations only. Prior studies have proposed more advanced and accurate descriptions via multi-species dynamics. This paper presents a host of novel state-space, control-theoretic representations of multi-species water quality dynamics. These representations describe decay, reaction, and transport of chlorine and a fictitious reactive substance to reflect realistic complex scenarios in WDN. Such dynamics are simulated over space- and time-discretized grids of the transport partial differential equation and the nonlinear reaction ordinary differential equation. To that end, this paper (i) provides a full description on how to formulate a high fidelity model-driven state-space representation of the multi-species water quality dynamics and (ii) investigates the applicability and performance of different Eulerian-based schemes (Lax–Wendroff, backward Euler, Crank–Nicolson, and Implicit Upwind) and Lagrangian-based schemes (Method of Characteristics) in contrast with EPANET and its EPANET-MSX extension. Numerical case studies reveal that the Implicit Upwind scheme, Method of Characteristics, and Lax–Wendroff scheme outperform other schemes with reliable results under reasonable assumptions and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural organic matters (NOMs) are present in many water resources across the world, particularly surface and groundwater sources. NOMs in water supplies cause several issues, particularly in the conventional water treatment procedure. One of the most important precursors of water disinfection by-products is the existence of contaminants such as acid humic (HA) in water. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous function of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and ultrasonic in the removal of HA from aqueous solutions. In the presence of H2O2 and ultrasonic, the influence of affective factors such as pH (3–9), contact time (5–30 min), HA concentration (10–50 mg/L), and H2O2 (mM) concentration was evaluated discontinuously on HA removal effectiveness. A spectrophotometer set to 254 nm was used to determine the final HA concentration. As a result, H2O2 concentration was directly related to HA removal effectiveness, whereas HA concentration was inversely related. Under optimal ultrasonic time of 5 min, the maximum removal effectiveness of HA (50%) was 10 mg/L = HA, H2O2 = 0.10 mM. Also, this degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetic (R2 > 0.9). The removal rate by ultrasonic and H2O2 was acceptable, indicating that the combined use of H2O2 and ultrasonic in the generation of hydroxyl radicals is successful. As a consequence, ultrasonic and H2O2 pre-treatment of HA-containing water may be a reasonable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial interactions between infectious agents severely interfere with the disinfection process, and current disinfection methods are unable to effectively inactivate intracellular pathogens, posing a new threat to drinking water safety. In this study, we first reported the high efficiency of piezocatalysis in inactivating amoebae and their intracellular bacteria. Results showed that the inactivation rates of the MoS 2 /rGO piezocatalytic system for amoebic spores and their intracellular bacteria were 4.18 and 5.02-log, respectively, within 180 min. Based on scavenger studies and ESR tests, the efficient inactivation of pathogens can be attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and different pathogens exhibit varying tolerances to distinct ROS. Moreover, TEM analysis revealed that the sharp edge of MoS 2 /rGO was conducive to the physical cutting of amoeba's cell wall and membrane, promoting the attack of ROS and ensuring a more thorough deactivation. Additionally, the intracellular ROS produced by amoebae is not only conducive to the inactivation of amoebae but also the main reason for the inactivation of bacteria in spores. This study provides a new solution for the inactivation of amoeba spores and their intracellular bacteria and emphasizes the high efficiency of the synergistic effect of physical damage and chemical oxidation. [Display omitted] • MoS 2 /rGO with more sharp edges was synthesized for enhanced piezocatalytic water disinfection. • Effective inactivation of amoebic spores and their intracellular bacteria in water was achieved. • Intracellular ROS produced by amoebae led to inactivation of intracellular bacteria. • Irreversible destruction of cell surface structures was caused by MoS 2 /rGO piezocatalytic system. • The efficiency was attributed to both physical damage and chemical oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soilless cultivation is increasingly common, but the nutrient-rich drainage from substrate cultivation is often discarded. However, drainage can be safely reused if previously disinfected. Slow sand filtration (SSF) is a low-cost, ecological, and effective method for water disinfection, primarily through biological control. Enhancing SSF with antagonistic microorganisms is not well-studied. Additionally, SSF has not been tested to control Rhizoctonia solani , a phytopathogen that can be spread by irrigation water. Therefore, the objective of his work was to test the efficacy of a slow sand filter improved through the inoculation of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma atroviride , evaluating its suppression capacity against Rhizoctonia solani spread by the irrigation water in a closed substrate cultivation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Five experiments were conducted, testing the presence and absence of a sand filter, T. atroviride , and R. solani in each trial. Median disease severity was expressed on a scale of 1–5. The improved SSF increased disease control percentage by 49% compared to SSF alone and by 86% compared to no disease control method. In some experiments, SSF with T. atroviride totally controlled R. solani. The results confirm that biologically enhanced SSF with T. atroviride can effectively disinfect drainage in closed soilless cultivation systems infected with R. solani. • SSF with T. atroviride reduced R. solani damping-off in soilless cucumber. • R. solani damping-off was reduced by 75%–100% in soilless cucumber. • SSF with T. atroviride improved control by 49% compared to no antagonist. • Lower disease control (9%) when T. atroviride was applied directly to the water. • SSF with T. atroviride enables safer water reuse in closed soilless crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A fixed-bed reactor with cobalt ferrite catalyst was constructed for the first time. • Electromagnetic induction heating additionally activates cobalt ferrite catalyst. • HCO 3 − ions significantly decrease the acute toxicity of treated water. • The CoFe 2 O 4 /H 2 O 2 /EMH/HCO 3 − system provides the best bacteria inactivation. • CoFe 2 O 4 is an environmentally friendly catalyst due to low leaching of metal ions. This work is a pioneering study demonstrating a promising breakthrough in water disinfection using a cobalt ferrite catalyst in a fixed bed. The performance of CoFe 2 O 4 in E. coli inactivation is due to HO• radicals generated in the Fe3+/Fe2+ and Co3+/Co2+ redox cycles. In contrast to existing reports using cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, the bulk cobalt ferrite provides long-lasting catalytic performance in a flow reactor. The positively charged surface of cobalt ferrite attracts negatively charged E. coli membranes, which enhances disinfection. The CoFe 2 O 4 catalyst was synthesized by the flow co-precipitation method, which allows obtaining kilogram quantities needed for industrial applications. The efficiency of E. coli inactivation was studied as a function of H 2 O 2 concentration. For the first time, the reactor with a CoFe 2 O 4 catalyst was additionally boosted by an electromagnetic field to decompose H 2 O 2 and inactivate bacteria. The electromagnetically heated CoFe 2 O 4 /H 2 O 2 system provides a significant 6 log bacterial inactivation. Importantly, cobalt ferrite is very stable under operating conditions. Only a negligible leaching of Fe and Co ions was observed. The presence of inorganic anions was beneficial for the bacterial inactivation. Ecotoxicological analysis revealed the absence of the toxicity of the treated water after using CoFe 2 O 4 /H 2 O 2 with electromagnetic heating in the presence of bicarbonate ions. The results show that the magnetic cobalt ferrite is a promising, durable, heterogeneous catalyst for large-scale water disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Disinfectant tolerance of hvKP with HMV is stronger than that of lvKP and E. coli. • Virulence plasmid contributes to disinfectant tolerance of hvKP in water. • CPS and mitigating oxidative stress contribute to disinfectant tolerance of hvKP. • Disinfection strategy should be strengthened to control hvKP in water environment. Due to the strong pathogenicity of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP), its performance against disinfectants in water should be understood to protect public health and ecological environment. Unfortunately, the disinfectant tolerance of hvKP with a hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype is a critical underexplored area. Here, the tolerance of K. pneumoniae isolates to common disinfectants was evaluated, and its underlying mechanisms were clarified. Results showed that hvKP strains with HMV exhibited remarkable tolerance to triclosan (TCS), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and benzalkonium bromide (BB), surpassing that of low-virulent K. pneumoniae (lvKP) and Escherichia coli , which is the microbial indicator of drinking water quality. Ct value of NaClO reached 4.41 mg/L·min to kill 4-log hvKP, while the values were 2.52 and 2.28 mg/L·min to achieve 4-log killing of lvKP and E. coli , respectively. The curing of the virulence plasmid from hvKP strain K2044 revealed that capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis, driven by the virulence plasmids, helped mitigate cell membrane injury and bacterial inactivation under NaClO stress; consequently, it provided a protective advantage to hvKP. Enhancing the antioxidative stress system to reduce ROS production and mitigate oxidative stress caused by NaClO further improved the disinfectant resistance of hvKP strains with HMV. This study emphasized that hvKP strains with HMV posed a considerable challenge to disinfection procedure of water treatment. It also revealed that an improved dosage of NaClO ensures bacteria killing, indicating the optimization of the design of water treatment processes involving disinfection strategies and technical parameters should be considered. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identified about 100 unreported N-DBPs during chloramination of phenolic compounds. • Revealed structural diversity of the novel N-DBPs using HRMS and DFT calculations. • Proposed novel formation pathways of N-DBPs through experiments and computations. • Explored the unreported bonding mechanisms of coupling heterocyclic N-DBPs. Disinfection is critical for ensuring water safety; however, the potential risks posed by disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have raised public concern. Previous studies have largely focused on low-molecular-weight DBPs with one or two carbon atoms, leaving the formation of high-molecular-weight DBPs (HMW DBPs, with more than two carbon atoms) less understood. This study explores the formation of HMW DBPs during the chloramination of phenolic compounds using a novel approach that combines high-resolution mass spectrometry with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For the first time, we identified nearly 100 previously unreported HMW nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), with nearly half of those being halogenated N-DBPs. These N-DBPs were tentatively identified as heterocyclic (e.g., pyrrole and pyridine analogs) and coupling heterocyclic N-DBPs. Through detailed structure analysis and DFT calculations, the key formation steps of heterocyclic N-DBPs (monochloramine-mediated ring-opening reactions of halobenzoquinones) and new bonding mechanisms (C–N, C–O, and C–C bonding) of the coupling heterocyclic N-DBPs were elucidated. The selective formation of these novel N-DBPs was significantly influenced by factors such as contact time, monochloramine dosage, pH, and bromide concentration. Our findings emphasize the occurrence of diverse HMW heterocyclic N-DBPs, which are likely toxicologically significant, underscoring the need for further research to evaluate and mitigate their potential health risks in water disinfection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TiO 2 /FeS 2 shows 95.7% and 92.4% sterilization against E. coli and S. aureus. • S-O bonds between TiO 2 and FeS 2 could improve the light absorption and reduce the carrier recombination. • Under light, FeS 2 photosensitized TiO 2 produced ROS, which effectively killed bacteria. • TiO 2 /FeS 2 coated the bacterial surface in the dark and significantly reduced its activity. Driven by market demand and resourcefulness of low-value minerals, the preparation of low-cost visible photocatalytic bactericidal materials has become a research hotspot. Here, a simple solvothermal method was constructed FeS 2 photosensitized TiO 2 , which is a promising antibacterial and photocatalytic sterilization strategy. The disinfection efficiency of TiO 2 /FeS 2 for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was 95.7 and 92.4%, respectively. In the darkness, TiO 2 /FeS 2 could wrap around the surface of bacterial cells and significantly decrease their metabolic activity of bacterial cells of E. coli and S. aureus to 21.4% and 30.1%, respectively. Under the light irradiation, TiO 2 /FeS 2 exhibited the light absorption feature of both TiO 2 and FeS 2. Meanwhile, an internal electric field from FeS 2 to TiO 2 was established to realize electron transmission, which as dominant role cooperating with the surface redox reaction, allowed TiO 2 /FeS 2 produced obviously higher •OH, •O 2 –, and 1O 2 to perform an ideal disinfection effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogen intrusion in drinking water systems can pose severe health risks. To better prepare in planning and responding to such events, computational models that capture the intrusion and health impact dynamics are needed. This study presents a novel benchmark testbed that integrates current knowledge on pathogen transport and fate in chlorinated systems and can assess infection risk from contamination events. The model considers organic matter degradation, chlorine decay mechanisms, pathogen inactivation kinetics, as well as stochastic water demands. We studied modeling of wastewater intrusion events that can occur anywhere within a chlorinated and non-chlorinated network. We applied the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment framework focusing on three pathogens: enterovirus, Campylobacter , and Cryptosporidium , and their respective dose-response models. Synthetic household-level water demand time series were used to model the individual water consumption timing and calculate the infection risk (exposure via ingestion). Model outcomes indicate that while chlorination aids mitigation, larger contaminations can still lead to infections due to chlorine resistance (for Cryptosporidium) and chlorine depletion at the contamination point. In our example scenarios, chlorine-susceptible pathogens infected 0.78 – 26.6 % of the downstream population, while chlorine-resistant ones infected the entire downstream population. Enterovirus infection risk is higher, despite the concentrations in the contamination source being lower, due to the lower susceptibility to chlorine than Campylobacter. In non-chlorinated networks, the modeled wastewater contamination events led to 11 – 46 % infection risk in the total population, depending on the contamination location. Hydraulic uncertainty had a limited influence on infection risk. Furthermore, Campylobacter's infection risk is more sensitive to the initial concentration in the contamination source whereas enterovirus infection risk to the inactivation rate. The model further indicates that the time window for effective mitigation of the magnitude of a waterborne outbreak is short (within hours). [Display omitted] • Chlorination reduces infections by susceptible pathogens around 50 times. • The response time for mitigation is usually 5–10 h post-contamination. • A wastewater contamination event causes infections, despite chlorination. • Pathogen concentration, inactivation rate, and duration influence infection risk. • In chlorinated systems enterovirus infection risk is higher than Campylobacter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A "three birds with one stone" strategy was used to develop an Fe(Ⅲ)-coordinated cross-linked cellulose composite membrane with multiple benefits. • Fe(Ⅲ)-coordinated cross-linking enhances membrane stability, preserves photodynamic efficiency, and accelerates Fenton-like reactions. • The composite membrane demonstrates synergistic antibacterial activity, eliminating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through photodynamic and Fenton-like mechanisms.. • The membrane exhibits high bacterial repellency , exceptional anti-biofouling properties, and potential for practical applications in advanced water purification. The development of green and highly efficient antimicrobial filter membranes for water disinfection is crucial to public health. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an emerging bactericidal strategy, has shown significant potential for the preparation of antimicrobial filter membranes. Unfortunately, its antibacterial efficacy is often compromised by self-quenching caused by the aggregation of photosensitizers, as well as the short diffusion length and lifespan of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated. Herein, a Fe(Ⅲ)-coordinated cross-linked antibiofouling cellulose composite membrane (Fe/TOCNF-TPZnPc-1.5) with significantly enhanced synergistic photodynamic and Fenton-like bactericidal performance was fabricated via a facile flow-based sequential filtration method for water disinfection. The formation of a Fe(Ⅲ)-coordinated cross-link increases the structural stability of the membrane, prevents the migration and aggregation of tetra(4-carboxyphenoxy)-phthalocyaninatozinc (ii) (TPZnPc), and also provides the Fe(Ⅲ) complexes for the accelerated Fenton-like reaction. Through synergistic photodynamic and Fenton-like reactions, the Fe/TOCNF-TPZnPc-1.5 membrane achieves rapid and effective inactivation for E. coli and B. subtilis with a lethality rate of 100 % under NIR irradiation and H 2 O 2 treatment. The primary active species responsible for bacterial inactivation are singlet oxygen species (1O 2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). The disinfection performance of the Fe/TOCNF-TPZnPc-1.5 membrane in river water samples demonstrated 100 % disinfection efficiency for waterborne pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the Fe/TOCNF-TPZnPc-1.5 membrane exhibits moderate water permeance (26.6 L m−2 h−1), high bacteria rejection (＞96 %), excellent antifouling ability, and 100 % biodegradation within 90 days. These attributes indicate significant potential for the practical application of this composite membrane in water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PSPC/MNB disinfection system via pyro-/piezoelectric catalysis is developed. • A strong local electric field is formed on the surface of PSPC induced by MNB collapse. • PSPC/MNB exhibits favorable disinfection performance for E. coli. • Synergistic in-situ electroporation and ROS achieve fatal damage to microorganisms. • High disinfection efficiency for real water verifies application potential of PSPC/MNB. In-situ electroporation disinfection technology inactivates microorganisms by local electric field penetrating antioxidant membranes without producing by-products, which reduces the consumption of oxidants. However, this individual technology exhibits weak disinfection performance for high water fluxes. Herein, a disinfection system based on the synergy of porous spontaneously polarized ceramic (PSPC) and micro-nano bubbles (MNB) (PSPC/MNB disinfection system, PMDS) was constructed for efficient disinfection of drinking water. Pyro-/piezoelectric effects of PSPC induced by MNB collapse constructed a 1.92 × 108 V/m of local electric field (simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics) and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS; •OH, 1O 2 , •O 2 −, and H 2 O 2), resulting in electroporation damage on microorganisms and subsequent fatal oxidation of the intracellular contents by ROS. PMDS completely inactivated 107 CFU/mL of E. coli within 45 min, about 10 times faster than the MNB process, which is attributed to that the abundant porous and rough surface in PSPC increased the specific surface area and dipoles for pyro-/piezoelectric catalysis. Moreover, MNB collapse enriched •OH and induced pyro-/piezoelectric effects of PSPC through local temperature and pressure gradients. Synergistic interaction of PSPC/MNB collected additional thermal and mechanical energies besides the collapse of MNB, and the pyro-/piezoelectricity-induced in-situ electroporation–ROS deep oxidation avoided oxidant consumption and hazardous by-products. PMDS presented favorable disinfection efficiency in actual drinking water source, expected to be a practical system for eliminating microbial hazards in drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ARB can achieve >5-log reduction in the E-UV/Cl 2 process. • No photoreactivation of ARB occurred after the E-UV/Cl 2 treatment. • Intracellular ARGs can achieve >4-log reduction in the E-UV/Cl 2 process. • AFM analysis shows low risk of horizontal gene transfer after the E-UV/Cl 2 treatment. • ARG removal was associated to •OH, Cl 2 ‒•, and ClO• exposures. The UV/chlorine (UV/Cl 2) process is a developing advanced oxidation process and can efficiently remove antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the transportation and storage of chlorine solutions limit the application of the UV/Cl 2 process, especially for decentralized water treatment. To overcome the limitation, an electrochemically driven UV/Cl 2 process (E-UV/Cl 2) where Cl 2 can be electrochemically produced in situ from anodic oxidation of chloride (Cl−) ubiquitously present in various water matrices was evaluated in this study. >5-log inactivation of the ARB (E. coli) was achieved within 5 s of the E-UV/Cl 2 process, and no photoreactivation of the ARB was observed after the treatment. In addition to the ARB, intracellular and extracellular ARGs (tet A, sul 1, sul 2, and erm B) could be effectively degraded (e.g., log(C 0 /C) > 4 for i-ARGs) within 5 min of the E-UV/Cl 2 process. Atomic force microscopy showed that the most of the i-ARGs were interrupted into short fragments (< 30 nm) during the E-UV/Cl 2 process, which can thus effectively prevent the self-repair of i-ARGs and the horizontal gene transfer. Modelling results showed that the abatement efficiencies of i-ARG correlated positively with the exposures of •OH, Cl 2 −•, and ClO• during the E-UV/Cl 2 process. Due to the short treatment time (5 min) required for ARB and ARG removal, insignificant concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) were generated during of the E-UV/Cl 2 process, and the energy consumption (E EO) of ARG removal was ∼0.20‒0.27 kWh/m3-log, which is generally comparable to that of the UV/Cl 2 process (0.18–0.23 kWh/m3-log). These results demonstrate that the E-UV/Cl 2 process can provide a feasible and attractive alternative to the UV/Cl 2 process for ARB and ARG removal in decentralized water treatment system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The contributions of HO•, Cl• and ClO• species for CBZ degradation were quantified. • HO• attack CBZ by hydrogen atom transfer and radical adduct formation mechanisms. • Cl• attack CBZ mainly by hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. • ClO• attack CBZ mainly by radical adduct formation mechanism. • DFT calculations confirmed the main products formation pathways of CBZ degradation. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a ubiquitous persistent micropollutant in water. This study evaluated the degradation of CBZ by UV/Chlorine process. The influencing factors, such as chlorine dosage, solution pH, and water matrix constituents (Cl−, HCO 3 – and NOM) on CBZ removal were systematically investigated. The reactive HO•, Cl• and ClO• species were mainly responsible for the degradation of CBZ, and their contributions determined by probes (Benzoic acid, Nitrobenzene and 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene) varied with pH. Theoretical quantum calculations involving a total of 79 transition states suggested that HO• attack CBZ by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and radical adduct formation (RAF) mechanisms, while Cl• and ClO• proceed mainly through HAT and RAF mechanism, respectively. The reaction rates between CBZ and free radicals were calculated by evaluating the energy barriers and transition states. Furthermore, the proposed formation pathways and reaction mechanisms of main hydroxylated products and chlorine substituted products were unequivocally authenticated by transition states calculations. Overall, this study combined experimental and computational approaches to provide an in-depth degradation mechanism of CBZ in UV/Chlorine process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Inactivation of E. coli was successfully achieved using bare/Fe-TiO 2 specimens. • Role of Fe doping was followed by first order kinetic parameters of inactivation. • Water matrix constituents retarded the inactivation rate of E. coli. • In-situ formed organics were identified by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. • Released K+, protein, and carbohydrate contents revealed the destruction of E. coli. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely investigated for the removal of pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms. Various modified photocatalysts were developed for the beneficial use of solar light. E. coli inactivation by Fe doping of TiO 2 (P-25) and sol–gel prepared (SynTiO 2) was achieved upon solar irradiation in both isotonic (IsoT) and water matrix (WM) conditions. First order kinetic rate constants were comparatively higher for bare SynTiO 2 both in IsoT (k = 0.254 min−1) and WM (k = 0.180 min−1) solutions. WM exerted an overall retardation effect for all photocatalysts except for 0.50 % Fe-TiO 2 and 0.25 % Fe-SynTiO 2. Release of intracellular components was followed by spectroscopic parameters as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents. E. coli cell destruction was related to the released protein, carbohydrate, and K+ ion contents. Solar photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using novel sol–gel prepared TiO 2 and Fe doped sol–gel TiO 2 was successfully demonstrated as an alternative and promising method for disinfection purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • In-situ complexation of Cu(II) with PEI triggers the enhanced formation of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm. • Cu(II) concentration, pH, and chlorine dose affected HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm formation. • Cu(I)/Cu(II) circulation and Cl• sustainable production were validated. • Formation pathways of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm from Cu(II)-PEI were proposed. • Cu(II) complexes for enhancing HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm depended on ligand structure and coordination mode. The complexation of copper ions (Cu(II)) with coexisting organic ligands (e.g. polyethyleneimine (PEI)) in water may pose a new threat to water quality. This study revealed that the maxima concentrations of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm from Cu(II)-PEI complex during UV/chlorine disinfection were 1.54, 2.00, and 1.25 times higher than those from PEI, and the maxima concentrations of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm from Cu(II)-PEI complex during chlorination disinfection were 1.22, 1.31, and 1.10 times higher than those from PEI. Meanwhile, specific Cu(II) concentration (0.25 ∼ 3.0 mg L−1) and alkaline pH were more favorable for forming HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection, which were highly dependent on the involvement of HO· and Cl·. Cu(II)-PEI, an in-situ formed stable complex that permitted an efficient interconversion cycle of Cu(II)/Cu(I) via concurrent metal-to-ligand charge transfer and ligand-to-metal charge transfer. The analysis and comparison of extensive products provided solid evidence for the primary role of Cu(I) and the enhanced production of Cl· in increasing HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm productions, rather than only Cu(II) catalysis similar to that during chlorination. The new findings broaden the knowledge of the influence of in-situ formed Cu(II)-organic complexes on forming HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system based on double-ring triboelectric nanogenerator (DR-TENG) is proposed for simultaneous disinfection of air and drinking water. The double-ring structure results in an average power of 188.74 mW, about 1.20 and 2.05-fold higher than traditional TENGs with only OR-TENG and IR-TENG structures, and the average power density per rotation is up to 20.04 mW/m2·rpm at the rotational speed of 300 rpm. [Display omitted] • A cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system is developed. • The double-ring structure enables DR-TENG with ultrahigh APD/R of 20.04 mW/m2·rpm. • Simultaneous disinfection of air and water breaks the single environment barrier. • CECIC water disinfection efficiency increases as electric conductivity decreases. • The entire system cost can be as low as $12.92 for a 2-year service. The transmission of infectious diseases by bacteria in air and drinking water represents a significant challenge to public health. However, the majority of existing disinfection methods are dependent on a power grid and cannot achieve simultaneous disinfection when both air and drinking water are contaminated. Here a cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system was developed based on double-ring triboelectric nanogenerator (DR-TENG) with an outer-ring TENG (OR-TENG) and an inner-ring TENG (IR-TENG). The double-ring structure enables DR-TENG to achieve an average power of up to 188.74 mW, which is approximately 1.20 and 2.05 times higher than that of traditional TENGs with OR-TENG and IR-TENG structures only, respectively. Subsequently, the two outputs of OR-TENG and IR-TENG can power UV lamps and tubular coaxial-electrode copper ionization cell (CECIC), respectively, for the simultaneous disinfection of air (>5-log disinfection efficiency within 5 min) and drinking water (>6-log disinfection efficiency at the HRT of 2 min), which breaks the limitation that traditional TENG-driven disinfection systems can only achieve disinfection in a single environment (air or water). A systematic investigation was conducted to examine the phenomenon of a reduction in disinfection efficiency with an increase in electric conductivity during CECIC drinking water disinfection. Meanwhile, the self-powered system is independent of the power grid, and a cost as low as $12.92 for a 2-year service enables the system to be cost-effective and expands the application scenarios. In the practical environment, the self-powered disinfection system can be used for simultaneous disinfection of air and drinking water in remote energy-scarce areas or densely populated spaces such as hospitals and schools, and will potentially promote family medical care and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MDR E. coli was rapidly inactivated within 10 s by PM/BS in real water. • PM/BS exhibited effectiveness in removing the of ARGs and MGEs. • The subcellular mechanism of MDR E. coli inactivation was analyzed. • Mn(III) aq and SO 4 ∙− were responsible for ARB and ARGs removal. • This study provides a promising way to remove ARB and ARGs for real hospital wastewater treatment. Bacterial pathogens with multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics pose a significant public health concern, impeding the effective utilization of antibiotics. In this study, a bisulfite/permanganate (PM/BS) process was used for the rapid inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and the elimination of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). Targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli), the PM/BS process rapidly reduced 3.09-log and 1.05-log within 10 s in real hospital effluent and tap water, respectively. Control experiments revealed enhancements in the inactivation of MDR E. coli with the presence of dissolved oxygen, Fe3+, Mg2+, and Cl−, whereas CO 3 2− and HA inhibited water disinfection. Additionally, the PM/BS process significantly reduced the absolute abundance of two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and a total of 52 ARGs across nine classes. These genes are responsible for MDR E. coli resistance to clinically important cephalosporins and carbapenems. The removal efficiencies of nine classes of ARGs varied from 91.49 to 98.17 % in ultrapure water and from 28.58 to 87.18 % in hospital effluent, respectively. The average removal efficiency of MGEs in hospital effluent also reached 71.94 %. In-situ generated Mn (III) aq and S O 4 ∙ - were further found as key contributors to the rapid inactivation of MDR E. coli and the reduction of ARGs and MGEs. This resulted in severe damage to cell membranes, significant K+ leakage, and protein degradation in MDR E. coli. These findings highlight the potential of the PM/BS process for rapid and efficient inactivation of ARBs and ARGs in both wastewater and drinking water, offering an alternative to traditional oxidants and opening avenues for the application of reactive Mn (III) species in disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Parabens in WWTP lead to the formation of DBP during water disinfection. • DBP from parabens can include chlorinated, brominated, and hydroxylated parabens. • Parabens transformation products are found in WWTP, rivers, swimming pools, and DW. • Biofilms in DWDS and the type of water disinfection affect DBP production. • Parabens transformation products are more toxic than the parent parabens. Parabens are used as preservatives in personal care products and many other products of daily use. Their removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is inefficient, allowing their spread into the environment. A great diversity of biological and chemical transformations occurs in these water systems leading to the formation of parabens transformation products (PTP). The presence and persistence of PTP in water sources are primarily affected by the type of tertiary wastewater treatment employed and the extent to which paraben-containing products are used. Despite laboratory evidence of PTP formation, their detection in real-world water systems remains limited. Few reports described their presence in real WWTP, rivers, swimming pools, and even drinking water (DW), occasionally at concentrations surpassing their parent counterparts. Among them, para -hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) is the most frequently detected, reaching concentrations up to 200 μg/L in WWTP influents, followed by hydroxylated parabens (1 μg/L), as well as chlorinated and brominated parabens (<0.1 μg/L). The toxicological implications of these PTP raise concerns, considering the health risks associated with parabens such as their potential endocrine disruption and toxicity. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of PTP formation during water treatment processes and its prevalence in water sources in real and laboratory conditions. Their environmental and public health impacts are also addressed, highlighting the need to invest in the monitoring of PTP in water systems using integrated water management approaches and promote community education to reduce the use of these compounds, safeguarding environmental and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a useful tool for producing pathogen-free seed fish. This study aimed to apply dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to reduce the microbial population in the water of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Nile tilapia larval culture. Initially, a PAW system prototype was developed and found to effectively reduce bacterial populations in both stagnant and circulating water. Additionally, a slight increase in water temperature was observed in the circulating water. Subsequently, the optimisation of PAW conditions in the circulating water was performed. The PAW system, with a copper anode distance of 2 cm and a 1 cm distance between the copper tip and the water surface, combined with a non-spaced cathode pad, exhibited the highest bactericidal effect. Using the optimised PAW conditions, for Experiment I, Nile tilapia larval culture was established in the RAS, supplemented with a bacterial suspension (Bacillus subtilis , Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila) to assess the bactericidal effects. Three treatments were applied: 1) control (no PAW or antibiotics), 2) PAW, and 3) antibiotic treatment for Nile tilapia larvae cultured in the RAS system for 672 h. The results demonstrated that both PAW and antibiotic treatments significantly reduced the bacterial populations in the water in relation to the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, a substantial reduction in bacterial population was observed in the whole body of the fingerlings in both the PAW and antibiotic groups in relation to the control fingerlings (P < 0.05). In Experiment II, Nile tilapia larval culture in the RAS was conducted under three different conditions: 1) control (no PAW or antibiotic), 2) PAW, and 3) antibiotic treatment, to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of PAW on waterborne bacterial populations for 672 h. Similar to Experiment I, both antibiotic and plasma treatments significantly reduced the bacterial populations in the water and whole-body fingerlings in relation to the control (P < 0.05). Notably, the growth performance and whole-body composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash) of the fingerling fish appeared comparable among the experimental groups (P > 0.05), suggesting that PAW had no detrimental effects on long-term fish culture. Therefore, PAW can be employed to effectively reduce bacterial populations in water, thus minimising bacteria-related issues in fish without adverse impacts on fish growth. • PAW reduces bacterial populations in stagnant and circulating water. • Strongest bactericidal effect in a RAS for Nile tilapia larval culture. • PAW and antibiotic treatments reduce bacteria in water and whole-body fingerlings. • Antimicrobial effects on waterborne bacteria without affecting fish growth. • Plasma technology is a safe, green option for water disinfection in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we fabricated phosphorus-modified carbon felt electrode anodes for chloride oxidation in saline solutions to produce HClO via electrocatalysis, forming a compound fungicide saline applicable for debridement and disinfection. A low-cost phosphorus-modified carbon felt electrode (P@CF) with high chlorine evolution reaction activity was synthesized to address the reduced efficiency of CER and the solution's pH increase. Heteroatoms P and O were introduced into the carbon felt by phosphoric acid activation followed by heat treatment. The maximum active chlorine concentration on the P@CF electrode could reach 616.8 mg/L in 60 min under the optimal synthesis conditions of a phosphoric acid mass fraction of 30%, a phosphoric acid impregnation time of 3 h, and a heat treatment temperature of 300 °C. The active chlorine concentration was 1.8 times higher on the P@CF electrode compared to the original carbon felt electrode. The optimal reaction conditions for the generation of active chlorine were as follows: salt concentration of 9 g/L, voltage of 7 V, and electrode spacing of 2 cm as verified by response surfaces. This electrolysis reaction follows one-stage reaction kinetics. Subsequently, the disinfection efficacy of the produced disinfectants was examined. The prepared disinfectant was also compared to a commercially available hypochlorite disinfectant, showing similar disinfection effects on E. coli for both. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of phosphorous modified carbon felt electrode to enhance HClO yield. • Optimization of key parameters using response surface methodology. • Achieving disinfectant efficacy comparable to commercial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, analytical analysis of a wind-induced vibration energy harvester used for the bacterial disinfection of water is mainly considered. The complexification-averaging (CA) method is utilized to analytically calculate the results of the harvester, the model equations of the harvester satisfied are reduced into a set of complex variable equations. The relationship between the displacement amplitude and voltage amplitude is derived under the steady-state case. The amplitudes and phases of both the displacement and voltage are obtained. The analytical solutions of the harvester are then verified by direct numerical simulation. The response mechanism under different parameters is discussed. The frequency island and multi-valued phenomena are found. Meanwhile, it is found that a higher wind speed corresponds to a larger displacement amplitude and voltage. In addition, the RMS voltage and average power are studied. Both have the same variation rules under different excitation amplitudes. Under the same coupling coefficient, load resistance and piezoelectric patch capacitance, the lower the frequency, the easier it is to obtain the larger voltage output. However, the load resistance has the opposite effect on both of them. Finally, to obtain maximum output in a wider frequency region, the optimization and choice of the parameters is studied, and the critical boundary can be identified. • Analytical solutions of the wind-induced vibration energy harvester are presented. • The relationship of frequency response is derived based on complexification-averaging method. • The root mean square voltage and average power are studied. • The selection of important parameters is discussed, and the critical boundary can be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A –OH and −C N grafted g-C 3 N 4 is first used as a photocatalytic disinfectant. • The −C N can act as oxygen adsorptioncenters to accelerate the surface reaction. • The hydrophilic interface favors electron transfer and surface catalytic reaction. • The HAC-CN shows an excellent performance in inactivating E. coli and S. aureus. Exploration of cost-effective and high-performing photocatalysts for bacteria disinfection remains a difficult task. Herein, the hydroxyl (–OH) and cyano groups (–C N) co-modulated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) was first employed as a photocatalytic disinfectant. Systematic characterizations have proved that the abundant –OH and –C N can not only obtain favorable hydrophilicity but also promote the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. Meanwhile, the –C N can serve as the oxygen adsorption center and the photogenerated electrons accumulation center to accelerate the surface reaction, thus realizing the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species. As expected, the optimal sample can inactivate 6.76-log of Escherichia coli (E. coli) within 60 min and 7.14-log of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) within 90 min under visible light, which shows the most superior disinfection rate of S. aureus and the relatively excellent inactivation ability of E. coli , as compared to other recently reported monolithic g-C 3 N 4 -based photocatalysts. This work provides new insights into maximizing the dynamic behavior of photogenerated charge carriers and constructing novel photocatalytic disinfectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection is a necessary treatment to kill harmful pathogens and protect public health from infectious diseases, and it is essential for human survival. Compared to traditional physical and chemical disinfection methods, electrochemical disinfection has gained much attention due to its effectiveness, low cost, and cleanliness. In this review, the mechanisms of direct action, indirect action and the combination of the two in electrochemical disinfection are described to compare the treatment effects. Then, the disinfection efficiency enhancement caused by the innovation of reaction system design for electrode materials, reactors, electrodes, devices, and operating conditions is presented to provide a reference for practical applications. After that, electrochemical disinfection was introduced in three aspects: disinfection of sewage, disinfection of water for use, and disinfection of electrolyzed water. Examples were given to illustrate its wide range of application areas. Finally, we provide some outlook on the field in both research and the application of electrochemical disinfection systems, hoping to give some inspiration and help readers and future researchers contribute to human health. [Display omitted] • Compared and contrast direct and indirect electrochemical disinfection mechanisms. • Introduced system innovations to improve disinfection efficiency. • Gave examples of three applications of electrochemical disinfection. • Looked forward to both system research and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology holds immense promise for transforming the aquaculture sector by offering significant advancements in disinfection, water quality monitoring, and wastewater treatment. As the global demand for seafood continues to escalate, traditional fishing methods alone are unable to meet this rising need, necessitating the sustainable and regulated expansion of aquaculture practices. However, the industry faces multifaceted challenges, including supply demands for seeds, feed, and fertilizers, frequent disease outbreaks impacting production, competition for resources like land and water, and the imperative to ensure the quality of fish produced. Moreover, aquaculture activities contribute to declining water quality, further exacerbated by other pollutants from agricultural and industrial sources. In this context, our review explores pioneering research utilizing nanotechnology to address these pressing challenges. The major points covered are as follows: 1) The innovative and recent use of nanoparticles for efficient disinfection and water quality regulation; 2) The deployment of advanced nanosensors for precise monitoring of water conditions and combating microbial threats; 3) The strategic application of nanomaterials for wastewater remediation to prevent environmental pollution; 4) The exploration of cutting-edge nanotechnology solutions for comprehensive aquaculture management; 5) The discussion of potential challenges to overcome barriers to the commercialization of nanotechnology in the aquaculture industry. This review serves as a vital contribution by offering a thorough examination of the diverse applications of nanomaterials throughout all facets of aquaculture operations, providing a cohesive viewpoint for both researchers and industry professionals aiming to capitalize on the extensive benefits of nanotechnology in bolstering sustainability and productivity within aquaculture systems. [Display omitted] • Nanoparticles have enormous potential in disinfecting waterborne microbes. • Use of nanosensors enhances pathogen detection, specificity, and applicability. • Nanocoating creates a fouling-resistant barrier, reducing environmental impact. • Nanotechnology offers cost-effective and efficient wastewater treatment solutions. • Comprehending the environmental fate of nanoparticles is essential for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical disinfection is characterized by its simple operation and maintenance, along with effective sterilization capabilities, making it ideal for decentralized wastewater treatment in rural areas. As a bimetallic oxide, spinel ferrite exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a novel cathode was fabricated from nickel foam modified with spinel ferrite and multi-way carbon nanotubes (CoFe 2 O 4 -MWCNTs@NF). The modification successfully strengthens the electrochemical cathode reaction to generate strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and Hydroxyl radical, enabling the disinfection of water bodies with low chloride concentrations. Compared to other influencing factors (including current density, aeration rate, and electrode spacing), the impact of conductivity on hydrogen peroxide generation is relatively minor. Modified electrodes still exhibited effective disinfection capabilities in water with low conductivity. At a current density of 2 mA/cm², the CoFe 2 O 4 -MWCNTs@NF electrode achieved 4.00 log removal of E.coli in real treated sewage within 15 minutes, with an energy consumption of 1.038 kWh/m³. Electrochemical disinfection also had a certain degradation ability for sulfonamides and quinolones antibiotics in water. The disinfection and antibiotic removal effects of the modified electrode demonstrated its potential for practical applications. [Display omitted] • A novel cathode was fabricated with CoFe 2 O 4 and multi-way carbon nanotubes. • Modification enhanced the cathode's electrocatalytic activity and sterilization. • The cathode can be potentially used for rural sewage treatment with low chlorine. • Electrochemical disinfection has a certain ability to degrade antibiotics in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]