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• A survey in terms of meaning and witness: identify, give a name, and even replace wooden pieces in the original Notre-Dame de Paris's framework using digital resources. • 3D restitution is helpful to create precise wood volume estimations. • First results of dendrochronology enable the phasing of the different parts of the Notre-Dame's frameworks. • The relocated remains dating will confirm or overturn archaeological hypothesis and allow wood resources studies. The tragic fire of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15th 2019 has provided researchers with a wide variety of materials to study. The condition of the framework remains does not allow any reuse, which creates an unprecedented opportunity to study the charred pieces of the frame: about 10,000 for the highest estimates. But upstream from the wooden items study, an inventory is required to establish methods that are consistent with the potential of the charred remains of the cathedral's framework. The purpose of this article is therefore to present the problems raised, the methods applied, the potential of the remains of the n-dame's frame - so called the "forest" - and the first results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issues of text mining based on a vector classification model. The term frequency and inverse document frequency function (TF IDF) is used as a measure to evaluate the selection of terms. The text preprocessing stage performs tokenization and normalization of the text. The algorithms of stemming and lemmatization of the Russian-language text are used during normalization. A set of programs has been created that makes it possible to analyze the selected subject area, create a thesaurus for thematic search for violations of the public procurement Federal Law of the Russian Federation, as well as to implement functionality for automated search and analysis of documents of arbitration courts within the framework of this law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the cognitive modeling of the COMPUTER SCIENCE terminological system in the form of a thesaurus. The thesaurus comprises over 3000 units, which are drawn from explanatory monolingual and bilingual dictionaries of computer science terms representing the basic phenomena and processes in the professional context. Methodologically, the analysis is based on the frame model and focuses on semantic relations specific to the sphere of computer science in terms of ontological and epistemological features. The thesaurus facilitates the detailed description and effective arrangement of the terminological system characterized by a complicated hierarchical structure, and thus plays a crucial role in forming and developing professional competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The increasing availability of data has driven a need for improved capabilities to discover data. Use of keywords drawn from a thesaurus is one way to enable browse-based discovery and to enhance searching. To assess the effect of using a thesaurus on the discoverability of ecological data, use of 81,415 keywords derived from 6132 data packages drawn from 28 ecological research projects in the U.S. Long-term Ecological Research Network were examined. The vast majority (95%) of data packages included at least one keyword drawn from the thesaurus, thus enabling their discovery using a hierarchical browse interface. For searching, keywords derived from the thesaurus would reveal 17 times more data packages than ad hoc keywords not in the thesaurus. Additionally, searches using keywords derived from the thesaurus returned data from a median of four different projects, whereas ad hoc search terms would typically yield data from only a single project. Of the search terms that yielded more than five data packages across two or more projects, 78% were found in the thesaurus. Use of keywords drawn from the thesaurus increased when compared to their use prior to establishment of the thesaurus, indicating that terms from the thesaurus are being actively added to metadata. A questionnaire assessed the process by which keywords were selected and indicated that information management personnel played an important role in assigning keywords drawn from the thesaurus. These results support the idea that adoption of a thesaurus can be an effective way to enhance the discoverability of ecological data, and that keywording practices play an important role in supporting that enhancement. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Searching of metadata was much more effective when terms drawn from a thesaurus were used. • In a case study, the vast majority (95%) of data packages could be discovered using a browse interface based on a thesaurus. • Adoption of a thesaurus or other lexical resource can aid in scientific data discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, functional trait-based approaches have undergone an extraordinary expansion in phytoplankton ecology, due to the relative simplicity and the well-defined traits that determine the ecological niche of these organisms. A large quantity of heterogeneous and distributed data has been produced on phytoplankton traits and their use could be made more effective and efficient if data harmonization and interoperability would be improved. The use of controlled vocabularies and thesauri is an acknowledged good practice to establish the foundation for semantic interoperability, a critical requirement for reuse and sharing of data. In fact, thesauri, collectively constructed, bypass ambiguity issues in natural language, facilitating the identification and integration of the information available in multiple data sources and allowing both scientists and computer applications to interpret more effectively the meaning of data. Here we present a semantic resource on phytoplankton functional traits: the PhytoTraits thesaurus ( http://thesauri.lifewatchitaly.eu/PhytoTraits/index.php ). PhytoTraits is the result of the interdisciplinary collaboration of experts both from the phytoplankton functional domain and from information and communication technologies, working together within LifeWatch Italy, the Italian node of the e-science European infrastructure for biodiversity and ecosystem research. PhytoTraits is the first initiative to deal with the semantics of phytoplankton functional traits, focusing on morpho-functional traits towards standardized bio-volume assessment. It reflects the agreement of a scientific expert community to fix semantic properties ( e.g. label, definition) of approximately 120 traits. Following semantic web standard technologies, the thesaurus was implemented in Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), a common data model based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF). PhytoTraits is freely available online, it can be queried through a SPARQL endpoint ( http://thesauri.lifewatchitaly.eu/PhytoTraits/sparql.php ) and is also accessible via API ( http://thesauri.lifewatchitaly.eu/PhytoTraits/services.php ) for integration with other systems. If adopted as a standard and rigorously applied and enriched by the scientific community, PhytoTraits, providing harmonized concepts with associated unique and resolvable URIs, has the potential to significantly reduce the barriers to data discovery, integration, and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared ecological data have the potential to revolutionize ecological research just as shared genetic sequence data have done for biological research. However, for ecological data to be useful, it must first be discoverable. A broad-scale research topic may require that a researcher be able to locate suitable data from a variety of global, regional and national data providers, which often use different local languages to describe their data. Thus, one of the challenges of international sharing of long-term data is facilitation of multilingual searches. Such searches are hindered by lack of equivalent terms across languages and by uneven application of keywords in ecological metadata. To test whether a thesaurus-based approach to multilingual data searching might be effective, we implemented a prototype web-services-based system for searching International Long-Term Ecological Research Network data repositories. The system builds on the use of a multilingual thesaurus to make searches more complete than would be obtained through search term-translation alone. The resulting system, when coupled to commodity online translation systems, demonstrates the possibility of achieving multilingual searches for ecological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thesauri are knowledge models commonly used for information classification and retrieval whose structure is defined by standards such as the ISO 25964. However, when creators do not correctly follow the specifications, they construct models with inadequate concepts or relations that provide a limited usability. This paper describes a process that automatically analyzes the thesaurus properties and relations with respect to ISO 25964 specification, and suggests the correction of potential problems. It performs a lexical and syntactic analysis of the concept labels, and a structural and semantic analyses of the relations. The process has been tested with Urbamet and Gemet thesauri and the results have been analyzed to determine how well the proposed process works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion process of professionally relevant information in the Internet thus increasing of access time in the dialogue mode lead to the necessity to solve problem of real-time pertinent information delivery. The article presents the solution to the problem of choosing the most important concepts for selecting texts that are relevant to the thematic direction from the general flow of the texts delivered to the system by web crawler. To solve this problem, the author introduced the concept of “generality index” of the thematic thesaurus’ term. It is proposed to measure the terms value as keywords for agent search prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work shows the teaching-learning experience developed in the Department of Manufacturing Engineering of the University of Malaga. This experience is based on the need to generate a specific glossary of manufacturing engineering terms to be used as a study guide by the students. Eventually, it was decided to make a Thesaurus that would be aimed at a teaching activity. In addition, it would take part in the educational innovation project PIE 13-025 of the University of Malaga, within the biennium 2013/2015. The first step consisted of the design of Thesaurus pattern, taking into account the kind of information that it was necessary include in it. Afterward, this pattern would be place on the Virtual Campus and the student would have to complete the information required. Finally, the results obtained in the different applications of this activity would be analyzed and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neither traditional rule-based named entity recognition (NER) nor the latest language models perform well in information extraction from noisy text—the text that contains linguistic errors, slang, loanwords, and jargon. Building defect complaints filed by residents via online systems is a representative example of such noisy text. This paper proposes an NER method for automatically extracting defect information from noisy text using a defect thesaurus and transfer learning. The thesaurus built herein included 1097 defect named entities in 23 categories. The NER performance was tested using 69,750 defect complaints through transfer learning of three representative pre-trained language models: Multilingual Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Korean BERT (KoBERT), and Korean Efficiently Learning an Encoder that Classifies Token Replacements Accurately (KoELECTRA). The proposed method achieved an average F1 score of 91.0% using KoBERT. This NER performance was higher than that of the open benchmark NER performance for clean text (86.1%). • Method for recognizing named entities (NEs) from noisy defect complaints. • Noisy text processing and thesaurus development method in construction systemized. • Syntactic and semantic noises in construction identified. • Method was validated using 23 NE categories from 69,750 defect complaints. • NER performance of 91.0% F1 score was achieved using KoBERT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, it is important to make the results of scientific research accessible in a simple and understandable way according to the Open Science policy. This movement uses tools to enhance findability and interoperability of data. This paper describes the transformation of the meat dictionary published by the French Meat Academy as a book into a machine actionable and freely accessible terminological resource based on the SKOS standard format. This thesaurus contains 1567 concepts describing the meat production chain. This work was carried out by experts in semantic web, meat biology and meat vocabulary. This thesaurus can be used to index articles, journals and datasets, thus facilitating consultation; it can also be used to facilitate interoperability of the indexed datasets and provide contextual definitions for building ontologies, i.e. formal descriptions of knowledge for reasoning on data. The thesaurus can be useful to enrich other vocabularies with new knowledge, such as French specificities in terms of meat cuts or definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most controversial aspect of the collaboration between computer science and legal sciences remained for about two decades trying to develop programs capable of simulating specific work of a lawyer or judge. An electronic platform will be designed, a new tool for prisoners, lawyers and economic environment. Information retrieval system will be different, the DSpace open source information system will be used, will be in touch with legislative database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thesaurus is used in many Information Retrieval (IR) applications such as data integration, data warehousing, semantic query processing and schema matching. Schema matching or mapping is one of the most important basic steps in data integration. It is the process of identifying the semantic correspondence or equivalent between two or more schemas. Considering the fact of the existence of many thesauri for identical knowledge domain, the quality and the change in the results of schema matching when using different thesauri in specific knowledge field are not predictable. In this research, we studied the effect of thesaurus size on schema matching quality by conducting many experiments using different thesauri. In addition, a new method in calculating the similarity between vectors extracted from thesaurus database is proposed. The method is based on the ratio of individual shared elements to the elements in the compound set of the vectors. Moreover, we explained in details the efficient algorithm used in searching thesaurus database. After describing the experiments, results that show enhancement in the average of the similarity is presented. The completeness, effectiveness, and their harmonic mean measures were calculated to quantify the quality of matching. Experiments on two different thesauri show positive results with average Precision of 35% and a less value in the average of Recall. The effect of thesaurus size on the quality of matching was statically insignificant; however, other factors affecting the output and the exact value of change are still in the focus of our future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: LanguaL™ is a multilingual, facetted thesaurus created to describe foods in a systematic way. Originally developed in the US more than 30 years ago, LanguaL has been managed by the European LanguaL™ technical committee since 1999. Proposals for new terms or clarification of existing terms are submitted by LanguaL™ users and published on the LanguaL™ website for discussion. This year, descriptors were added for indexing dietary supplements. LanguaL™ 2010 also includes new descriptors for USDA SR24, revised fish and plant species information with links to authoritative sources, and an update of food additive information. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Research on the various components of biodiversity has and will produce large quantities of heterogeneous and distributed data that need to be integrated and characterized in a unified way to reveal their full potential. Over the last thirty years the trait-based, functional approach to biodiversity has undergone an extraordinary expansion and has been key to advances in many fields of natural science. To represent, exploit and share the tremendous amount of data the biodiversity community has to acquire data standards, which should reflect the perception of this community. A first step toward this goal is to define the set of concepts that form the basis of this particular domain of knowledge, thereby developing a thesaurus for plant functional diversity research. Such concepts can be represented by a controlled list of preferred terms that are identified by the thesaurus'' developers. Such a thesaurus will serve as a stable reference of standards for integration purposes, specifically when published in RDF language, a Semantic Web standard, and in addition available as linked data on the web. Here we present Thesauform—Traits, a web based tool dedicated to the collaborative construction of a thesaurus by experts in the field of plant functional diversity research. Thesauform—Traits fully exploits the key principle of the semantic web to facilitate both the thesaurus construction with SKOS and the interaction with Dublin Core and FOAF. It has been successfully used by a group of 15 experts to annotate and validate a set of definitions for more than 150 plant traits. ThesauFom—Traits will be made available as an open source product and will allow scientific communities of all fields to develop thesauri for their specific domain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes the CITOM approach for an incremental construction of multilingual Topic Maps. Our main goal is to facilitate user''s navigation across documents available in different languages. Our approach takes into account three types of information sources: (a) a set of multilingual documents, (b) a domain thesaurus and (c) all the possible questioning sources such as FAQ and user''s or expert''s requests about documents. In this paper we present the different steps of the proposed approach to construct the Topic Map and the pruning process of the generated Topic Map. We validate our approach with a real corpus from the sustainable construction domain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigates the key factors for knowledge management in the national government of Taiwan. The achievements of the government KM initiatives demonstrate two distinctive dimensions: core KM processes (organizational missions and values, IT applications, documentation, process management, and human resource) and KM performance (knowledge capture and transformation, business performance, and knowledge sharing and value addition). In terms of modern public administration, issues of paradigm shift and disruptive changes have arisen with the introduction of Information Technology (IT) service delivery and operation in organizations [Hori, K. (2000). An ontology of strategic knowledge: Key concepts and applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 13, 369–374.]. The strategic roles of IT have emerged in modern organizations from the government, business and non-profit sectors. The initiatives created by the e-government include enormous capacity in processing information, reengineering government, empowering citizens as well as the potential in reframing the context of governance. These initiatives are seen as more than technological phenomena: they are also a key element in the strategies of government modernization []. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pathologies and acts are classified in thesauri to help physicians to code their activity. In practice, the use of thesauri is not sufficient to reduce variability in coding and thesauri are not suitable for computer processing. We think the automation of the coding task requires a conceptual modeling of medical items: an ontology. Our task is to help lung specialists code acts and diagnoses with software that represents medical knowledge of this concerned specialty by an ontology. The objective of the reported work was to build an ontology of pulmonary diseases dedicated to the coding process. To carry out this objective, we develop a precise methodological process for the knowledge engineer in order to build various types of medical ontologies. This process is based on the need to express precisely in natural language the meaning of each concept using differential semantics principles. A differential ontology is a hierarchy of concepts and relationships organized according to their similarities and differences. Our main research hypothesis is to apply natural language processing tools to corpora to develop the resources needed to build the ontology. We consider two corpora, one composed of patient discharge summaries and the other being a teaching book. We propose to combine two approaches to enrich the ontology building: (i) a method which consists of building terminological resources through distributional analysis and (ii) a method based on the observation of corpus sequences in order to reveal semantic relationships. Our ontology currently includes 1550 concepts and the software implementing the coding process is still under development. Results show that the proposed approach is operational and indicates that the combination of these methods and the comparison of the resulting terminological structures give interesting clues to a knowledge engineer for the building of an ontology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Current approaches that support the transactions of A/E/C product information are not able to handle issues including ambiguous textual product information, domain knowledge utilization, and information comprehensiveness all at one time. Therefore, this researcher has developed a knowledge-supported approach to tackle the recognized issues to obtain an increased amount of product information from the available market, as a way to promote A/E/C product information transactions. Specifically, two strategies including automated query expansion and conceptual indexing that incorporate domain knowledge into Information Retrieval (IR) models were adapted and tested to compare with an existing search engine their capabilities in gathering additional product information. It was concluded from the investigation and testing that existing domain knowledge can be helpful when used adequately with IR operations to promote the transaction of A/E/C product information. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In many medical fields, maintenance, comparison and aggregation of unambiguous terminologies go through formal specialized clinical terminologies: ontologies. We describe a methodology to build medical ontology from textual reports using a natural language processing tool, the SYNTEX software. The methodology is illustrated in the surgical intensive care medical domain. We have tested the possibility for an expert to build a sizeable ontology in a reasonable time. The quality of the ontology has been evaluated according to its capacity to cover the ICD-10 terminology in the field. Finally, the methodology itself is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Urban Regeneration and the Environment Research Programme (URGENT) required a system for cataloguing its datasets and enabling its scientific community to discover what data were available to it. This community was multidisciplinary in nature and therefore needed a range of facilities for searching. Of particular importance were facilities to help those unfamiliar with specialist terminology. To meet these needs, four applications were designed and developed: a Metadata Capture Tool for describing datasets in compliance with the National Geospatial Data Framework (NGDF) standard, a Term Entry Tool for creating an ISO compliant thesaurus, a Thesaurus Builder for merging thesauri and a Search Tool. To encourage users to help in cataloguing data, the capture tools were written as stand alone applications, which users could keep and use to build their own metadatabases. The tools contained export and import facilities that allowed the URGENT Data Centre to build a central database and publish it upon the web. During the development work, it was found necessary to extend the NGDF standard as it could not adequately describe time variant or 3-D atmospheric datasets. The four applications met their design objectives. However, a number of ergonomic issues will need to be addressed if the system is to meet the needs of the much larger up coming programmes. The main challenges will be moving from the NGDF standard to the ISO standard, hence bringing the work into line with the recommendations of the INSPIRE Project, and merging the metadatabase with the scientific database, which enable metadata maintenance to be semi-automated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A thesaurus is one, out of many, possible representations of term (or word) connectivity. The terms of a thesaurus are seen as the nodes and their relationship as the links of a directed graph. The directionality of the links retains all the thesaurus information and allows the measurement of several quantities. This has lead to a new term classification according to the characteristics of the nodes, for example, nodes with no links in, no links out, etc. Using an electronic available thesaurus we have obtained the incoming and outgoing link distributions. While the incoming link distribution follows a stretched exponential function, the lower bound for the outgoing link distribution has the same envelope of the scientific paper citation distribution proposed by Tsallis and Albuquerque (Eur. Phys. J. B 13 (2000) 777). However, a better fit is obtained by simpler function which is the solution of Ricatti''s differential equation. We conjecture that this differential equation is the continuous limit of a stochastic growth model of the thesaurus network. We also propose a new manner to arrange a thesaurus using the “inversion method”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Etablissement franc¸ais des Greffes (EfG) is a state agency dealing with Public Health issues related to organ, tissue and cell transplantation in France. The evaluation of organ retrieval and transplantation activities, one of its missions, is supported by a national information system (EfG-IS). The EfG-IS is moving towards a new n-tier architecture comprising a terminology server for end-stage diseases, organ failure, dialysis and transplantation (EfG-TS). Following a preliminary audit of the existing coding system and in order to facilitate data recording, to improve the quality of information, to assume compatibility with terminological existing standards and to allow semantic interoperability with other local, national or international registries, a specific work has been conducted on the thesauri to integrate within the EfG-TS. In this paper focusing on the server's content rather than the container, we report first the functional and cognitive requirements that resulted from the preliminary audit. We then describe the methodological approach used to build the terminological server on “sound ontological foundations”. We performed the semantic analysis of existing medical terms to set up disease description frame-like structures. These diseases description frames consist of a limited set of nosological discriminating slots such as etiology, semiology, pathology, evolution and associated diseases. Each relevant medical term is thus associated to a concept defined and inserted within a hierarchy according to disease description frame resulting from the semantic analysis. Last, because this terminological server is shared by various transplant and dialysis centers to record patient data at different time point, contextualization of terms appeared as one of the functional requirements. We will also point out various contexts for medical terms and how they have been taken into account. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]