Search

• Moringa oleifera seeds are a rich source of oil. • The use of ultrasound allows for faster mass and energy transfer; faster responses and increased production, among other benefits. • The physicochemical and biological properties of dehulled MO seed oil are almost similar to those of whole MO seed oil. This study aims to improve the extraction of oil from shelled and unshelled Moringa oleifera seeds using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction parameters optimized to obtain the highest yields are the ratio of 61.5 and 58.7 ml/g petroleum ether, extraction time 20–10 min, temperature 30°C - 25 °C for shelled and unshelled seeds, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the oil yield was in the range of 43.4 % and 36.6 %, respectively, which is in line with the prediction range of the BBD's prediction range of 42.9 %, 35.2 %. The optimized oil was analyzed to determine its properties. This study shows that the physical-chemical parameters such as acidity 1mgKOH/g - 1.75 mgKOH/g, and peroxide value 1.45 meqO2/Kg - 1.15 meqO2/Kg for, refractive index 1.46, Specific extinctions coefficients (K232) were 0.177 and 0.222, (k270) were 0.165 and 0.222, each of the shelled and unshelled seed oils, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the proximate composition, mineral content, fatty acid profile, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition of seven Apiaceae seeds (Coriandrum sativum, Petroselinum crispum, Carum carvi, Pimpinellla anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum , and Ammodaucus leucotrichus), grown in four different regions of Morocco. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, oil, and protein contents), energy value, and mineral profile were determined from the seed powder. While fatty acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition were determined from the soxhlet extracted oils. The results obtained during this study showed significant difference between the seven analyzed seeds. Moisture content varied between (6.76±0.03 and 8.68±0.08 g/100g), ash content ranged between (5.17 ± 0.05 g/100g and 6.64 ± 0.02 g/100g), oil content varied between (10.63 ± 0.53 and 14.38 ± 0.37 g/100g), protein content ranged between (7.68 ± 0.18 and 13.65 ± 0.12), carbohydrate content varied from (57.35 ± 0.52 to 67.21 ± 0.92 g/100g), and energy value varied from (385.37 ± 1.66 to 408.14 ± 1.94 kcal/100g). The major macroelement detected in all samples was S (1199.71 ± 0.42 to 2232.77 ± 7.72 mg/kg) followed by K (118.773 ± 0.7 to 199.812 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Ca (69.14 ± 0.18 to 121.23 ± 0.63 mg/kg), and P (21.96 ± 0.01 to 52.46 ± 0.08 mg/kg), while Fe (0.82 ± 0.01 to 7.36 ± 0.03 mg/kg) was the main microelement detected. Total phenol content ranged from 10.51 ± 0.64 mg GAE/g DM to 28.51 ± 1.81 mg GAE/g DM. Among the tested seeds, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum , and Carum carvi exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Eleven fatty acids were detected in our samples with a dominance of petroselinic acid (53.15 ± 0.05 to 80.65 ± 0.05 g/100g), and linoleic acid (7.7 ± 0.1 to 31.25 ± 0.05 g/100g). Total tocopherol contents ranged from (102.81 ± 0.79 to 359.07 ± 0.13 mg/100g) with dominance of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol. Total sterol content varied between (2556.24 ± 9.34 to 9339.33 ± 1.48 mg/kg). The major compound was β-sitosterol (997.55 ± 4.2 to 4362.15 ± 7.28 mg/kg), and the second was Δ-5-stigmasterol (632.73 ± 3.9 to 2908.36 ± 7.04 mg/kg). Moroccan Apiaceae seeds can be considered as a good source of energy, minerals, petroselinic acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol, which suggests an interesting nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. [Display omitted] • Nutritional value, and mineral profile of seven Apiaceae seeds, commonly used in Morocco. • Moroccan Apiaceae seed oils are characterized by the presence of petroselinic acid as main fatty acid. • Detection of β-sitosterol as major phytosterol in all studied seed oil. • Identification of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol as dominance tocopherols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SEVEN IN Absentia (SINA), a typical member of the RING E3 ligase family, plays a crucial role in plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. However, its biological functions in oil crops are still unknown. Previously, we reported that overexpression of AtSINA2 in Arabidopsis positively regulated the drought tolerance of transgenic plants. In this work, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of AtSINA2 in soybean improved the shoot growth, grain yield, drought tolerance and seed oil content in transgenic plants. Compared to wild type, transgenic soybean produced greater shoot biomass and grain yield, and showed improved seed oil and drought tolerance. Physiological analyses exhibited that the increased drought tolerance of transgenic plants was accompanied with a higher chlorophyll content, and a lower malondialdehyde accumulation and water loss during drought stress. Further transcriptomic analyses revealed that the expressions of genes related to plant growth, flowering and stress response were up- or down-regulated in transgenic soybean under both normal and drought stress conditions. Our findings imply that AtSINA2 improved both agricultural production and drought tolerance, and it can be used as a candidate gene for the genetic engineering of new soybean cultivars with improved grain yield and drought resistance. • AtSINA2 promoted grain yield, seed oil and drought tolerance in transgenic soybean. • Ectopic AtSINA2 expression altered growth and stress related gene expression. • Transgenic soybean plants showed early flowering under normal growth condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conversion of biomass waste of Cestrum nocturnum into renewable energy. • Synthesis of Sb 2 O 3 NPs using Chenopodium album leaf extract. • Optimization of transesterification via Response Surface Methodology. • The highest yield (94%) of methyl ester was produced. Presently, the world faces pressing global challenges encompassing social, economic, and sustainable development, all of which demand a growing scale of energy production and associated services. With abundant waste biomass at our disposal, there exists immense potential for harnessing it to produce biofuels. In this study, we synthesized biodiesel using waste seed oil from Cestrum nocturnum , employing a green nano catalyst composed of antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 NPs). Active ingredients were extracted from the leaf of Chenopodium album and used as a reducing agent. Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Disperse X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), the synthesized Sb 2 O 3 nanoparticles was characterized for chemical composition, functional groups, crystalline structure, and thermal stability. Additionally, the produced biodiesel was quantitatively evaluated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (1H and 13C NMR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest yield (94 %) of methyl ester was obtained at optimum reaction conditions of 0.56 wt% of the catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, at 95 °C for 180 min. Fatty acid profiles of synthesized biodiesel revealed elevated levels of 9-octadecenoic acid content. The cold properties (pour point, −11 °C and cloud point, −8 °C) and flash point (99 °C) of the biodiesel were within international requirements. The reusability of Sb 2 O 3 NPs revealed a maximum catalytic performance up to 5 cycles. The conversion of waste seed oil from Cestrum nocturnum to clean bioenergy has shown to be a successful waste management strategy for mitigating environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its numerous physiological effects, Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) is increasingly popular as a novel source of edible oil in China. To explore the characteristics of ATO accumulation, the potential biosynthetic mechanisms of the main fatty acids (FAs) were investigated during the six different developmental stages of A. truncatum seeds (i.e., S1 - S6). The results indicated that the ATO yields significantly increased from S1 to S5, and then decreased (S6), whereby the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids reached up to 82.63–90.65% of the total ATO content. The highest content of nervonic acid was observed at S6. Dynamic transcriptome data analyses revealed that 38,932 genes were actively transcribed in the five seed developmental stages (i.e., S1-S5), 103 of which were related to lipid metabolism. Combining with the gene expression and FA profiling, the potential metabolism of the main FA was further explored. Notably, changes in C18:1-CoA transformation were observed at the later periods of A. truncatum seed development (especially from S4 to S5), which might be the key factor limiting the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Additionally, 24 key functional genes related to lipid metabolism were highly correlated with VLCFA biosynthesis. Finally, 11 potential transcription factors from the bHLH, GRAS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, and MADS families exhibited highly positive correlations with these key functional genes in lipid metabolism, all of which might play important roles in regulating of VLCFA accumulation. • Characteristics of VLCFA accumulation were parsed during seed development. • Regulation of C18:1-CoA transfromation is the key steps in VLCFA accumulation. • Putative key genes and regulators were identified in VLCFA accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoids, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. In addition, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. The present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91 C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the weight of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha−1, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, a greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining a high oleic acid concentration and low linoleic acid concentration, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In the variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which had different averages for SOP and fatty acid concentration of seed oil, an approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 0.20 t ha−1. The most promising accessions for a higher oleic acid concentration of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 30%, almost all of which were also the most promising in terms of a lower linoleic acid concentration of the seed oil, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 45%. Part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber as compared with cultivated cucumbers. • The main fatty acids in wild cucumber seed oils are linoleic acid, followed by palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids. • Wild cucumber seeds could be utilized as an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. To determine the suitability of wild cucumber as a natural resource of seed oil, we assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) and compared them with those of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus) and gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Wild cucumber, cucumber, and gherkin seeds contained 21.04, 23.87, and 21.32 g 100 g−1 of oil, respectively, and were rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and fiber. Free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, saponification, and ester values of wild cucumber seed oil were 1.12%, 124.45 mg 100 g−1, 0.84 meq O 2 Kg−1, and 2.24, 140.25, and 138.0 mg of KOH g−1, respectively. The main fatty acid in seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Thus, wild cucumber seeds are an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing grape pomace (GP), a major waste from the wine industry, into multiple valueadded products based on the biorefmery concept has a potential to reduce waste disposal and promote a sustainable bioeconomy. However, its economic feasibility at a commercial scale remains unknown. The present study aims to evaluate the economics of a biorefinery process of GP, by performing comparative techno-economic analysis of three processing scenarios: (1) a whole biorefinery process that fully utilizes GP biomass and produces grape seed oil, polyphenols, and biochar (GSO + GSKP + GB), (2) a process that produces grape seed oil and polyphenols (GSO + GSKP), and (3) a process that produces only grape seed oil (GSO). A plant capacity of about 33,000 metric tons/year was considered in the analysis. Among the three scenarios, the whole biorefinery process (GSO + GSKP + GB) showed the highest economic performance with the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period of 111.7 million US-$, 34.3%, and 2.5 years, respectively, due to the diverse revenues and minimized waste disposal cost. The GSO plant showed the lowest economic performance with a negative NPV. Sensitivity analysis revealed that plant capacity, polyphenol price, polyphenol concentration (percentage) in grape pomace, and biochar price had dominating influences on the economic performance of the biorefinery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been successively applied in different industries such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, where a sustainable and "green" extraction is desired. The selectivity, low applied extraction temperatures, and in many cases short processing times, have led to the extensively use of this technique in extracting seed oils. Specifically, in this review we discuss the use of the supercritical fluid extraction technique to extract seed oils. In addition to the health importance of seed oils, different aspects of the use of the SFE technique, including the relevant extraction systems, associated with supercritical CO 2 extraction are reviewed. These aspects of SFE includes the mechanisms of extraction, the parameters used for extraction, the use of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the process, as well as the application of semi-empirical models to describe the thermodynamics and mass transfer processes associated with the supercritical extraction of seed oils. SFE is capable of extracting seed oils in high efficiency within a short time and at a low cost, using modeling and optimization methods suggested in recent years. Also, there is a recent trend towards the combination of SFE with other extraction methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction as a synergistic step to facilitate the extraction process. • Oil seeds contain many bioactive components such as various polyphenols. • Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a novel alternative to extract seed oil. • Temperature, pressure, CO 2 flow rate, etc. needs to be optimized in a SFE process. • Taguchi design, CCD, or BBD designs are used to optimize SFE. • Empirical, differential mass balance equations, and SPT are used in a SFE process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an exhaustive analysis of the species Cannabis sativa L. was carried out, focusing on the terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles of inflorescences from five different varieties and four intra-specific hybrids. In addition, terpenoid and cannabinoid compositions of seed oils from these same Cannabis varieties were examined. Aromatic compounds were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) while cannabinoids were by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical analysis were performed to determine the relationship between aromatic compounds within varieties for classification. A total of 71 naturally occurring aromatic compounds were identified, including 27 terpenoids and 10 isomers. Terpenoid clustering from the different inflorescence groups confirmed the commercial aromatic description of each Cannabis variety; however, they were not associated with the clusters observed in the cannabinoid profiles. Seed oils contained trace amounts of both aromatic compounds and cannabinoids, suggesting a migration of components during the industrial extraction process. This study contributes to understanding cannabis chemistry and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research of cannabis-derived products throughout comprehensive analysis of cannabinoid content, and especially aromatic profile in varieties. It can guide the development of targeted breeding programs, complex classification of varieties and formulation of cannabis-based products tailored to specific applications. • Cannabis sativa chemotypes are currently in high demand for therapeutic treatments. • Qualitative aromatic profile from nine chemotypes of Cannabis sativa was determined. • The identification of aromatic compounds clarified odor differences among chemotypes. • Terpenes/terpenoids were the predominant aromatic compounds identified in chemotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rosehip seed oil (RSO) has the potential for food and pharmaceutical applications. • In-depth research is required for the stability of RSO. • Summarizes the scattered information on RSO. In recent years, rosehip is gaining more attention due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Rosehip seeds usually discarded as waste, contain oil with high bioactive potential. These nutritional properties recommend the use of rosehip seed oil (RSO) to develop innovative food, pharma, and cosmetic products. In this review, different conventional and novel technologies for the extraction of RSO in terms of optimized conditions for better extraction of oil are discussed. In the lateral section of the manuscript, the detailed composition and biological activities of RSO are reviewed. Finally, a glimpse of the recent applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry are provided. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the value of RSO and promote its nutrition research and commercial product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon footprint (CF) of 1 kg of hemp and sunflower oil production were carried out. • CF of 1 kg of sunflower and hemp oil is 4.49 and 23.34 kg CO 2 eq, respectively. • Fertilization, tillage and harvest activities are responsible for high GHG emissions. • Using by-products and oilseed cake as amending reduces CF by -0.53 and -7.87 kg CO 2 eq. • Results can aid policymakers, farmers, and agribusiness to produce sustainable oils. The proteoleaginous plants demand has seen significant growth, leading to an expansion of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus , L.) and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa , L.) cultivation area in Italy. However, by-products obtained during seed oil extraction and agricultural residues are often unused due to the absence of a receptive market and nearby processing centers. The carbon footprint (CF) methodology was used to compare the two supply chains considering the soil incorporation of all crop residues and by-products. The boundary of the supply chains analyzed includes all the agricultural processes that occur during cultivation and the subsequent oil extraction phase. Furthermore, research explored the direct and indirect environmental benefits of incorporating by-products into the soil, in terms of reducing the need for mineral fertilizers to restore soil fertility due to the nutrients contained in the buried biomass, and the potential carbon sequestration achievable. Results show that 1 kg of sunflower and hemp oil release 4.49 kg CO 2 -eq and 23.34 kg CO 2 -eq, respectively. Agriculture represents the most impacting phase and, in particular, fertilization, tillage and harvest are responsible for high emissions. The different results between the two supply chains can be attributed mainly to yield and extraction efficiency. The use of by-products as amended in the soil (avoided fertilizers) contributes to a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by −0.53 kg CO 2 -eq and −7.87 kg CO 2 -eq per kg of sunflower and hemp oils, respectively. Additionally, the sequestration of carbon in biomass can result in a further reduction of −1.16 and −33.6 kg CO 2 -eq per kg of sunflower and hemp oil, respectively. In summary, sunflower oil production emits 74 % less CO 2 than hemp oil. However, if all crop biomass is buried, hemp has the potential to be more sustainable. This phenomenon depends on many factors such as soil type, climate, and farming practices. The study outcomes can aid policymakers, farmers, and the agribusiness to make informed decisions on promoting and expanding sustainable sunflower and hemp cultivation in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate is a prevalent fruit with a vast arena of food and pharmaceutical applications. The oil obtained from pomegranate seeds is known for its functional and beneficial health properties. Recently, there was an escalation in the studies concentrating on the applications of PSO in food and the related consequences. This review provides an overview of different methods studied for the extraction of PSO along with its astounding fatty acid profile. The approach also demonstrates the multifaceted applications of PSO in the food industry, ranging from an animal feed to food packaging. An abridged view of the stability, toxicity, and authentication of PSO is given along with an update on the potential market. Scrutiny on scientific literature identified many reviews on pomegranate, its derivatives, and fruit seed oils; however, the present study specifically focused on the recent progress in PSO works. The PSO can be applied as a functional component in food and beverages, a fat replacer, and a property enhancer in food packaging. Moreover, enriching the lipid profile of meat and dairy products ensures the supply of conjugated fatty acids in the daily diet without changing the prevailing diet patterns. The assessment reveals an overview of the PSO applications in food from extraction to daily dietary intake and its immense potentialities, being the major source of punicic acid. Image 1 • Pomegranate seed oil is a rich source of rare conjugated fatty acids (punicic acid). • The ways to enrich the daily diet with the seed oil are discussed. • Technical recommendations for improving the potential market are assessed. • It has a wide range of pharmaceutical applications and functional properties. • Oil stability, toxicity, and authenticity are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa spp. seeds has recently been characterized with regard to its seed oil potential. Mature seeds of Moringa plant contains 38–54% edible oil. The oil of Moringa spp. seeds were found to contain high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The dominant saturated fatty acids were palmitic, lauric acid, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acid. Oleic acid was the most abundant of the unsaturated fatty acids found in Moringa oleifera seed oil. The major sterol components of the M. oleifera seed oil were β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and ∆5, avenasterol. The major sterol components of the Moringa oil were α-,Ɣ- and δ-tocopherols. Moringa oleifera is an important food commondity which has had enormous attention as the natural nutrition of the tropics. The extracts from Moringa spp. could be an effective source of natural antimicrobials with versatile potential applications. Traditionally, almost all parts of Moringa flower, fruits and roots are edible, and have long been consumed as vegetable. • Moringa oleifera Lam belongs to a single genus family Moringaceae. • The leaves, fruits, flowers and immature pods of this tree are edible. • The plant seeds contain hypotensive activity, strong antioxidant activity. • Moringa, commonly called Drumstick or Horse Radish Tree, is a fast growing tree and is • propagated quite easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensified green processes were investigated to extract several classes of active molecules from fresh purple passion fruits, and to prepare emulsions directly by extrusion for the fruit comprehensive utilization. A thermo-mechanical treatment was carried out through a discontinuous process from the edible part and through a continuous process by twin-screw extrusion using the whole fruit. Only mechanical energy was applied to the materials to generate a liquid fraction (filtrate) and a solid residue. Lipid contents of the obtained filtrates ranged from 0.5 to 2.6 g/100 g close to the extractible lipophilic part. Polyphenols extraction was improved when using the whole fruit and with the addition of water in extrusion. In-situ emulsions with droplets sizes between 2 and 8 μm were obtained. Emulsions obtained after extrusion showed an enhanced stability. This way represents a green alternative method to solvent extractions applied to the different parts of the fruit, and leads to bio-based emulsions enriched in vegetable oil, natural antioxidants and emulsifiers, such as phospholipids, proteins, polysaccharides, pectins and polyphenols. • Filtrates from passion fruit are obtained by mechanical activation based processes. • Simultaneous extraction of active molecules leads to in situ o/w emulsions. • The stabilities of emulsion are correlated to rheology and light scattering analyses. • The discontinuous process leads to emulsions rich in lipids and proteins. • Extrusion of the whole fruit results in stable emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, plant seeds that have not been enough explored and exploited are cheap sources of a lot of natural molecules for industrial applications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate for the first time the composition of fatty acids and triacylglycerols (TAG) of mature unexploited seeds of some Acacia species (Acacia cyclops , Acacia ligulata and Acacia salicina) harvested in Tunisia in order to reveal their potential for human consumption. Results showed that, Acacia seed oils were mainly unsaturated (more than 71%). The polyunsaturated fatty acids were the major fractions (52–68%) with the linoleic acid as the major fatty acid (more than 52%), followed by oleic acid (15–27%) as monounsaturated fatty acid. The TAG composition was significantly different among the three Acacia species. PLL, PLO, LnLO, OLL, OOL, and OOO were the major forms. Acacia seed oil could be used as potential source of oil with high industrial value; nevertheless in vivo tests are essential to confirm its safety before use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the physicochemical characteristics including fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols composition of Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich seed oil was determined. Results showed that linoleic acid (48.64%) and punicic acid (22.38%) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most abundant (396.25 mg/100 g), while the major tocopherol form was γ-tocopherol (44.23 mg/100 g). In addition, we evaluated for the first time the effect of E. elaterium seed oil on the growth of human colonic adenocarcinoma (HT29) and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cell lines. The original finding was its potent antiproliferative effect on both tumour cell lines. This effect was dose-dependent, with half-maximal inhibition values of IC 50 = 4.86 μg/ml and 4.16 μg/ml respectively. This pilot study opens the way for further investigation about the potential use of E. elaterium as an anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prinsepia utilis (PU) Royle, native to the Himalayan region, is a deciduous thorny shrub with numerous traditional uses of its roots, leaves and seeds for treatment of conditions such as rheumatic pain, joint pain, arthritis, and inflammation. Keeping in mind the growing demand of products of natural origin as alternate medicine, the present study was undertaken to scientifically validate for the first time the traditional claims of healing pain and inflammation by evaluating the fatty oil isolated from the seeds using established in vitro and in vivo models. PU Seeds were Soxhlet extracted using n -hexane and fatty oil was isolated. Chemical composition of the oil was established with the aid of Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil was then subjected to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by following the established protocols of trypsin inhibitory and bovine serum albumin denaturation assays. The acute toxicity of the oil was also studied using OECD guidelines 423. The anti-inflammatory property of the oil was further evaluated using carrageenan-induced and formalin-induced edema in the rat paw. Moreover, hot plate latency and tail immersion assay were employed to evaluate analgesic activity of the oil. To establish the quality of the oil, various physicochemical properties were also studied. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of linoleic acid (59.06 ± 0.00%), oleic acid (28.11 ± 0.01%), palmitic acid (9.51 ± 0.01%) and stearic acid (3.32 ± 0.01%). In vitro trypsin inhibitory and bovine serum albumin denaturation assay revealed dose-dependent notable activity of the oil with IC 50 value of 63.57 μg/mL and 518.14 μg/mL, respectively. The physico-chemical characterization demonstrated that the oil possesses a low acidity and a high oxidative stability index. The oil was found to be non-toxic and displayed effective anti-inflammatory activities with significant inhibition till 4 h in carrageenan-induced and formalin-induced rat paw edema at maximum tested dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. The oil also exhibited significant results in hot plate latency and tail immersion assay with positive effects showing up to 4 h after dose administration. These findings, besides supporting the traditional claims, suggest that P. utilis seed oil has potential therapeutic applications as a natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. Further studies are warranted to explore its mechanisms of action and potential use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. [Display omitted] • Palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid comprise the fatty oil in seeds of Prinsepia utilis. • The oil was found to be with low acidity and a high oxidative stability index. • The oil was non-toxic at maximum tested dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. • Significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the oil was observed upto four hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total of 212 AP2/ERF genes were identified in the genome of perilla. • The expression of genes potentially involved in lipid biosynthesis is differentially expressed in seeds of perilla varieties with different oil contents. • There is significant correlation between the expression levels of 36 AP2/ERF genes and 90 lipid metabolism genes. • The PfWRI1 , PfABI4 and PfRAV1 may play important roles in regulating oil accumulation. Perilla (Perilla frutescens) is a potential specific oilseed crop with an extremely high α-linolenic acid (ALA) content in its seeds. AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in multiple biological processes. However, limited information is known about the regulatory mechanism of the AP2/ERF family in perilla's oil accumulation. In this research, we identified 212 AP2/ERF family members in the genome of perilla, and their domain characteristics, collinearity, and sub-genome differentiation were comprehensively analyzed. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that genes encoding key enzymes involved in oil biosynthesis (e.g., ACCs , KASII , GPAT , PDAT and LPAAT) were up-regulated in the high-oil variety. Moreover, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized FAD2 and FAD3 were significantly up-regulated in the high-ALA variety. To investigate the roles of AP2/ERFs in lipid biosynthesis, we conducted a correlation analysis between non-redundant AP2/ERFs and key lipid metabolism genes using WGCNA. A significant correlation was found between 36 AP2/ERFs and 90 lipid metabolism genes. Among them, 12 AP2/ERFs were identified as hub genes and showed significant correlation with lipid synthase genes (e.g., FADs , GPAT and ACSL) and key regulatory TFs (e.g., LEC2 , IAA , MYB , UPL3). Furthermore, gene expression analysis identified three AP2/ERFs (WRI , ABI4 , and RAVI) potentially playing an important role in the regulation of oil accumulation in perilla. Our study suggests that PfAP2/ERFs are important regulatory TFs in the lipid biosynthesis pathway, providing a foundation for the molecular understanding of oil accumulation in perilla and other oilseed crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian clock regulates temporal metabolic activities, but how it affects lipid metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we show that the central clock regulators LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) regulate the initial step of fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in seeds was increased in LHY -overexpressing (LHY -OE) and decreased in lhycca1 plants. Metabolic tracking of lipids in developing seeds indicated that LHY enhanced FA synthesis. Transcript analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in FA synthesis, including the one encoding β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KASIII), was oppositely changed in developing seeds of LHY/CCA1 -OEs and lhycca1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, and transactivation assays indicated that LHY bound and activated the promoter of KASIII. Furthermore, phosphatidic acid, a metabolic precursor to TAG, inhibited LHY binding to KASIII promoter elements. Our data show a regulatory mechanism for plant lipid biosynthesis by the molecular clock. [Display omitted] • LHY/CCA1 bind to KASIII promoter mediating the first FA condensation reaction • LHY/CCA1 enhance KASIII expression and FA synthesis in Arabidopsis • PA inhibits LHY/CCA1's interaction with KASIII • The results show an interconnection between the molecular clock and lipid metabolism Kim et al. show that Arabidopsis clock regulators LHY/CCA1 enhance expression of KASIII , which encodes KASIII, catalyzing the first condensation of FA biosynthesis. LHY/CCA1 bind to KASIII's promoter, whereas PA inhibits the binding, potentially acting as a retrograde modulator of the clock regulation of lipid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ESI-MS/MS fragmentation pattern of the [M+Na]+ ion of PEs was studied. • Fragment ions useful to detect known and new PEs in J. curcas seed oil were found. • Method is useful to detect PEs contamination of derivatives for food use. • Use of MeOH/H 2 O (85:15) in HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis enhanced the [M+Na]+ ion signal. Jatropha curcas L. is an inedible plant whose seed oil is an interesting source for biodiesel production. Seed cake, the main byproduct remaining (about 70% w/w) after the oil extraction process, has a high nutritional value but the presence in Jatropha curcas seed of phorbol esters (PEs), a family of toxic compounds with a tigliane skeleton, prevents application of seed cake and other byproducts (e.g. glycerin) in animal feed without an efficient detoxification. Considering the high toxicity of PEs, it is important to have a sensitive analytical method to evaluate the presence of these compounds in Jatropha curcas derivatives. In this paper we present the study of the ESI-MS/MS fragmentation pattern of the [M+Na]+ ion at m / z 733.5 of the six known PEs, namely Jatropha factors (JFs) C 1 -C 6 , which allowed to tentatively identify a series of characteristic and specific fragment ions useful to reveal the presence of JFs in Jatropha curcas seed oil, distinguish them from each other, and identify new PEs (J1-J4). Moreover, the substitution of the usual acetonitrile/water as mobile phase with a mixture of methanol/water (85:15, v/v) allowed to increase the signal of the sodium adduct of about 50-fold during the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Residual oil in post-expeller canola cake, is industrially recovered by solvent extraction using hexane with greater than 90% recovery. However, due to health and environmental risks, industry is seeking safer and air polluting alternatives to hexane. The present work explores the application of ultrasound in the megasonic range for aqueous-based extraction of oil from canola cake. A factorial experiment was designed to examine various ultrasound and canola cake extraction parameters including frequency (0.4, 1, and 2 MHz; 33.6–122.4 kJ/kg), sonication time (10, 20, and 30 min), cake: water ratio (1:9, 2:8 and 3:7 w/w), and temperature (60, 70, and 80 °C). A rapid and simple aqueous-based megasonic extraction method was established for preliminary screening of studying the effect of processing parameters for maximising oil extractability. We also assessed the oil quality tests for each condition by analysis of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and chlorophyll for the best conditions. Control (non-megasonic) trials were also carried out in parallel to determine the net ultrasound extractability (NUE). The highest NUE obtained was 49.5% (g oil/100 g hexane extractable oil in meal) at treatment conditions of 2 MHz, 30 min, meal: water 1:9 (w/w), and 80 °C. An aqueous-based centrifugation method was then established and tested under the same conditions without and with ultrasound, giving a net ultrasound yield improvement (NUY) of 31.8% (g oil/100 g meal) and a NUE of 30.6%. The canola oil quality after ultrasound aqueous-based extraction met the industry standard specifications for free fatty acids, chlorophyll, peroxide, and phosphorus content. Highlights • In this work, megasonic-assisted aqueous-based extraction of oil from canola cake was investigated as an alternative to conventional hexane extraction. • Using a megasonic intervention the aqueous based recovery of canola oil from canola cake approached 50 % oil extractability. • Major factors affecting ultrasound aqueous based extraction were identified and indicate that a frequency of 2 MHz, a sonication time of 30 min, a temperature of 80 °C, and 10% solids were the most adequate conditions to yield 47.2% net ultrasound extractability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Utilization of seed oils-a renewable resource. • To prepare waterborne polyurethanes (WBPU) and their nanocomposites dispersion. • Towards a cleaner production of polymeric and nanocomposite green coatings. • For decorative, protective and high-performance applications. Abstract Nowadays, waterborne (WB) eco-friendly coatings have received greater attention as an alternative to solvent-borne coatings due to their nontoxic and nonflammable behavior along with the emission of lesser or no (volatile organic compounds) VOCs. Several WB coatings such as WB alkyds, water reducible alkyds, WB alkyd-acrylic hybrids, WB polyurethane (PU) dispersions, and their composite latexes have been prepared for sustainable development. Amongst them, WBPU dispersions received increased attention due to their environmental friendliness, excellent physicomechanical, and chemical properties. They can be an excellent replacement for organic solvent-based PU materials which are currently used in printing, inks, adhesives, and coatings industries. A number of renewable resources can be used to prepare WBPU dispersions for various decorative and high-performance coatings applications. This review especially covers the work carried out in the field of seed oil based WBPU dispersions along with WBPU nanocomposite dispersions for decorative and protective coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corticosteroids remains compound of choice for topical treatment of psoriasis. Several side effects associated with chronic application of corticosteroids limit its uses. Hence, there is a need to find a safe and effective alternative agent for psoriasis treatment.Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of petroleum ether extract of Annona squamosa seeds (ASO) as an antipsoriatic agent. The toxicity profile of ASO and its effect on psoriasis-induced inflammation has also been determined.Methods: Physicochemical characterization was performed to determine constituents of ASO. Anti-proliferative activity of ASO was studied by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay using HaCaT cell lines. Oxazolone-induced psoriasis in female Balb/C mice was used as an animal model for investigating in vivoefficacy of ASO. Inflammatory markers were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of mice ears. Safety profile of ASO was confirmed by performing acute dose dermal toxicity and repeated dose dermal toxicity testing.Results: Predominant presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids viz. linoleic acid and oleic acid in ASO was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC-MS analysis. The petroleum ether extract of Annona squamosa seeds showed inhibition of cell proliferation of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The growth inhibitory property of ASO was significantly higher than that was observed in presence of corticosteroid, clobetasol propionaste (CP). Application of ASO to the ears of Balb/C mice with oxazolone induced psoriasis showed marked reduction in erythema and edema, which was comparable to treatment with 0.05% CP cream. The increased levels of cytokines IL6, IL17, TNF-α, INF-γ, GMCSF, and infiltration of CD4 T cells observed in psoriasis lesions were decreased upon application of ASO. Acute and repeated dermal toxicity studies of ASO did not reveal any adverse events affirming the safety of ASO.Conclusion: The present data has demonstrated that ASO is a safe and effective anti-psoriatic agent when tested in animal models. The efficacy of ASO in preclinical studies could further be exploited for the development of potential novel topical antipsoriatic agent for therapy in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Red pepper was extracted by different methods. • Red pepper seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and γ-tocopherol. • Microwave extracted red pepper seed oil showed the highest antioxidant activities. • The extraction methods affect the composition and the quality of red pepper seed oil. • Red pepper seed oil may become interesting for specific applications in several segments of non-food industries. Abstract The present work was undertaken to study the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid, phenolic and tocopherol compositions as well as the antioxidant activities of red pepper seed oils extracted using different methods (soxhlet, cold-pressing, supercritical-CO 2 and microwave-assisted extraction process). The results showed that the red pepper seeds were (on a dry-weight basis): ash 3.05%, water 6.63%, oil 18.39%, protein 28.33%, and total carbohydrate 43.60%. In addition, the results revealed that the predominant fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids. The highest and lowest contents of linoleic acid (76.54%) were found in microwave-assisted (76.54%) and soxhlet (73.65%) extracted pepper seed oils, respectively. < Gamma>-tocopherol was the main tocopherol at 278.65 mg/100 g seed oil, followed by < alpha>-tocopherol and < delta>-tocopherol. Nevertheless, high content in total tocopherols was found in microwave extracted red pepper seed oils. The lowest and highest values of oxidative stability were 1.25 and 11.26 h for soxhlet and microwave-assisted extracted seed oils, respectively. Overall, the high antioxidant activities of microwave-assisted extracted seed oil suggest that it could be economically used as valuable natural products for industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical utilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cold press extraction is the ultimate method to extract essential phytonutrients from oil seeds. Other extractions such as chemical and hot press extraction include processes like deodorizing and refining which affect the quality of phytocompounds (essential fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols). In this study, antioxidant capacity, tocopherol and fatty acid profiles of six cold-pressed oils (sesame, coconut, peanut, neem, castor and iluppai) were determined. Lipophilic extracts showed excellent DPPH-free radical scavenging activity compared to hydrophilic extracts. Lipophilic extract of sesame oil showed the highest antioxidant capacity in both DPPH (0.61 ± 0.02 TEAC µM/g dw) and ABTS (0.85 ± 0.05 TEAC µM/g dw) free radical scavenging assays. The presence of alpha (α), gamma (γ) and delta (δ) tocopherols were detected and quantified in all the six seed oil samples through UPLC analysis. From the results it was confirmed that γ- tocopherol content is predominant in castor (395.32 ± 2.12 mg/kg), sesame (278.72 ± 2.80 mg/kg) and peanut (104.11 ± 2.86 mg/kg) oils. GC-MS analysis of all the six seed oil samples exhibited fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid in various compositions. The highest levels of total saturated (SFA) in coconut oil, monounsaturated (MUFA) in castor oil and polyunsaturated (PUFA) in sesame oil were quantified at the range of 85.51%, 64.09%, and 31.72% respectively. In conclusion these phytoconstituents from cold pressed oil play a promising role in improving human health without side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Free fatty acid (FFA) contents in the seed oil ranged from 0.21 to 1.82% for most of J. curcas accessions. • Seed oil samples were transesterified efficiently to fatty acid methyl esters as evident from 1H NMR spectra. • Fatty acid composition (FAC) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). • J. curcas accessions could be distinctly grouped into two categories based on oleate and linoleate contents of seed oils. • J. curcas accessions are promising for biodiesel feedstocks, industrial uses, and prebreeding materials. Abstract Jatropha curcas L. is recognized as one of the important non-edible tree borne oilseeds (TBOs) in India and many other tropical countries. J. curcas is a promising bioenergy crop as its seed oil is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. This study focused on a total of 19 J. curcas accessions for seed oil extraction, oil quality analysis and fatty acid composition. Most of the accessions showed more than 30% oil content with free fatty acid content ranging from 0.21 to 1.82%. The oil samples were transesterified efficiently to fatty acid methyl esters as evident from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. As revealed by gas chromatography, the contents of the four major fatty acids were found to significantly vary in the seed oils viz Palmitic acid (8.64–17.05%), stearic acid (4.34–7.94%), oleic acid (26.26–46.36%) and linoleic acid (28.72–53.78%). A number of seed oils showed high level of oleic acid (40.02–46.36%), and some other oil samples were rich in linoleic acid (∼45%). These J. curcas accessions appeared to be promising with regard to clonal propagation, field trials, large-scale plantations for biodiesel feedstocks, other industrial applications, and also as prebreeding materials in crop improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Argentinian national cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding program has demonstrated a 3.24 kg ha−1 y−1 genetic progress in lint yield from 1965 to date. Although previous studies have examined different trends in cotton lint yield, lint quality parameters, and other agronomic traits of cultivars over time, there have been no investigations in Argentina analyzing the genetic progress in the different components of technological fiber quality, cottonseed oil and protein composition. (i) to estimate the genetic progress of the lint and seed quality parameters among cultivars released in Argentina since 1965, (ii) to evaluate the variation of genetic progress for the lint and seed quality parameters under different environmental conditions, and (iii) to determine the correlations between lint quality and lint yield traits. This study was conducted over a two-year period, involving 20 cotton cultivars grown in four different environments (achieved through varying sowing dates) in Reconquista, Santa Fe, Argentina. Several fiber variables were evaluated, including upper half mean length (UHML), strength (Str), uniformity index (UI), micronaire (Mic), short fiber index (SFI), and spinning consistency index (SCI), as well as seed measurements, such as cottonseed oil content (Oil), protein content (Prot), and cottonseed oil fatty acid composition. Significant differences were observed in all the quality parameters evaluated according to the environment and genotype, highlighting the importance of agronomic management in improving the different quality parameters. Oil content in the genotypes and years studied showed significant increases over time. Likewise, the maintenance of quality parameters despite the significant increases in lint yield and some of its components is considered a positive result for the Argentinian breeding program. Pearson correlation analysis showed that LY was positively correlated with UHML, UI, SCI, oil, and linoleic acid, whereas LY was negatively correlated with SFI, and both stearic and oleic acids. The data obtained from this study would serve as a basis for future research to explore the mechanisms responsible for altering or increasing both the fiber quality parameters and the concentrations of these by-products to improve cotton quality in Argentina. • Almost all variables showed differences among genotypes and sowing dates. • The genetic progress was positive for oil content regardless of sowing date. • The rate of increase in oil content was 0.014% y−1 (p < 0.05). • The main quality parameters did not show negative correlation with cotton yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm " Phoenix dactylifera" variety Zahidi is a unique well-known cultivar. Mature fruits are semi-dry, medium size, cylindrically shaped and golden brown. However, there are three stages to harvesting the dates soft, hard or semi-soft. In this research, the oil processed from the seed/kernel of the date palm Zahidi is chemically analysed for its composition, antioxidant capacity and its antibacterial properties were investigated. Date seeds were ground and extracted for the oil. Wet chemical analyses were implemented on the extracted oil via various analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Oil fractions of ethanol, methanol and acetone were tested for antibacterial activity, which was evaluated employing the Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial action was examined for four bacterial strains; two of them representing Gram-positive such as Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the other two for Gram-negative such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamycin and vancomycin were used as positive standards. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the bacterial strains were tested and evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as free-radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2,2 - diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals for the methanol fraction (MF), remaining lipid fraction (LF) and non-fractioned oil, i.e., the total fraction (TF). The RSCs for the MF, LF and TF were 42.5, 9.1 and 68.3, respectively. Zahidi seed/kernel oil extract inhibited all of the test microorganisms, with MICs that ranged from 10 to 42 mg/mL and MBCs were found to be ranged between 21 and 167 mg/mL. These outcomes suggest that the extracts could be developed as a foundation of expected antimicrobial complexes to fight unwanted bacteria in foods. Overall, the results showed that the oil is suitable for food, cosmetics, personal care products and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarrow species (Achillea L.) have therapeutic importance, and due to the wide distribution of diverse species of the genus in Iran, in the present study, the seed oil content and fatty acid (FA) composition of seven populations from five species were examined and analyzed from chemotaxonomic and nutritional standpoints. The taxonomic status of the infra-generic grouping of the genus was identified using numerical analysis. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) clustering was determined based on the Euclidean similarity index to evaluate the possibility of grouping the studied populations. A detailed examination of the data indicated that the total oil content of the seeds ranged from 25.25 to 30.22% dry weight. Linoleic (46.74–74.19%), oleic (18.14–37.39%), palmitic (5.48–11.48%), and stearic (1.07–3.84%) acids were the most prevalent in the species. The n-6 FA content varied from 47.35 to 74.80%. Our results showed that FA signatures might be used as reliable chemotaxonomic strategies to distinguish Achillea species at the inter-sectional level. A fatty acid study revealed that the seed oils of various Achillea species might be employed as potential sources of novel n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical preparations. • Results provide new data on the seed oil fatty acid composition of Achillea species. • Achillea seed oils are new sources of n6-unsaturated fatty acids. • Achillea seed oil fatty acids, as chemical markers, have taxonomic importance. • Fatty acids can use for discrimination of Achillea taxa at intra- and inter-levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the function of phytoglobin 2 (Pgb2) on seed oil level in the oil-producing crop Brassica napus L., we generated transgenic plants in which BnPgb2 was over-expressed in the seeds using the cruciferin1 promoter. Over-expression of BnPgb2 elevated the amount of oil, which showed a positive relationship with the level of BnPgb2 , without altering the oil nutritional value, as evidenced by the lack of major changes in composition of fatty acids (FA), and key agronomic traits. Two key transcription factors, LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and WRINKLED1 (WRI1), known to promote the synthesis of fatty acids (FA) and potentiate oil accumulation, were induced in BnPgb2 over-expressing seeds. The concomitant induction of several enzymes of sucrose metabolism, SUCROSE SYNTHASE1 (SUS) 1 and 3 , FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE (FPA), and PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE (PGK), and starch synthesis, ADP-GLUCOSE PHOSPHORYLASE (AGPase) suggests that BnPgb2 favors sugar mobilization for FA production. The two plastid FA biosynthetic enzymes SUBUNIT A OF ACETYL-CoA CARBOXYLASE (ACCA2), and MALONYL-CoA:ACP TRANSACYLASE (MCAT) were also up-regulated by the over-expression of BnPgb2. The requirement of BnPgb2 for oil deposition was further evidenced in natural germplasm by the higher levels of BnPgb2 in seeds of high-oil genotypes relative to their low-oil counterparts. • Over-expression of the Brassica napus Phytoglobin 2 elevates seed oil. • Phytoglobin 2 affects sugar metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. • Other desirable phenotypic traits are not affected by Phytoglobin 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oil accumulation in walnut kernel happened before embryos began to solidify; • TAG profile in walnut kernel was changing along with DAFs due to increased 18:1 FA; • Enhanced acyl editing was responsible for the flux of FA through PC for TAG synthesis. Walnut oil with very high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibits many health beneficial effects. We hypothesized that the oil composition is led by a special pattern/mechanism for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis as well as accumulation in walnut kernel during embryo development. To test this hypothesis, shotgun lipidomics was performed for class-targeted lipid analysis (including TAG, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and lysophosphatidylcholine species) in walnut kernels from three cultivar collected at three critical stages of embryo development. The results indicated that TAG synthesis in the kernel happened before 84 days after flowering (DAF) and was significantly enhanced between 84 and 98 DAF. Moreover, TAG profile was changing along with DAFs due to the increased composition of 18:1 FA in TAG pool. Moreover, lipidomics also demonstrated that the enhanced acyl editing was responsible for the flux of FA through phosphatidylcholine for eventual TAG synthesis. Therefore, TAG biosynthesis in walnut kernel was characterized directly from lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of organic solvent plays an important role in the degree and nature of lipid extraction. This work aimed to first evaluate the effect of solvents (hexane an ethanol) used for the extraction of castor oils on their physicochemical properties and compositions. Second, the chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from fresh and dried leaves of castor plants were studied by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis. Two castor plant varieties grown in Saudi Arabia ( Ricinus communis zanzibariensis and Ricinus communis impala ) were used in this study. The results showed that the tocol and sterol contents were significantly affected by the type and variety of the solvent. Moreover, the presence of minor fatty acids was related to the type of solvent. The ricinoleic acid and oil yields were not affected by the type of solvent but were affected by the variety. The chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from fresh and dried leaves were characterized by high concentrations of fatty acid methyl esters (38.42%) in Ricinus communis zanzibariensis and ketone (29.67%) and aldehyde (24.77%) components in R icinus communis impala . This work has proved that the quality of castor oils is related to the type of solvent extraction and the variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, we aimed to study, for the first time, the phenolic composition of Pistacia lentiscus seed oils from different growing areas. Extraction of the phenolic fraction from oils was done by methanol/water. Phenolic profiles were determined using chromatographic analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD/MSD) and its quantification was done using an internal standard which is unidentified in the studied oil (syringic acid). Forty phenolic compounds were quantified and only eighteen of them were identified. The eight studied oils showed different phenolic profiles. The total phenols amount varied from 538.03 mg/kg oil in Jbel Masour oils to 4260.57 mg/kg oil in oils from Kef Erraai. The highest amount of secoiridoids was reached by Bouchoucha oil containing 366.71 mg/kg oil of Oleuropein aglycon. Oils from Kef Erraai locality contained the highest concentrations in flavonols (377.44 mg/kg oil) and in phenolic acids (2762.67 mg/kg oil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heliophila is a genus of approximately 90 recognized plant species endemic to southern Africa and considered the most morphologically diverse genus in the family Brassicaceae. To begin to characterize chemical diversity in the genus, seed oil content and fatty acid composition were determined for 9 species, with representatives from the three major recognized clades. All species produced very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) as major components of the seed triacylglycerol (TAG) oil, with considerable diversity of fatty acid chain length. The 22-carbon (C22) monounsaturated fatty acid erucic acid ( cis -13-docosenoic acid) was the dominant VLCFA in the oil of Heliophila coronopifolia at 47.6% of total seed fatty acids whereas the unusual C26 fatty acid ximenic acid ( cis -17-hexacosenoic acid) dominated the VLCFA profile of oil from Heliophila scoparia at 35.8%. Heliophila africana oil was identified as a potential novel source of the nutraceutical fatty acid, nervonic acid ( cis -15-tetracosenoic acid). Analysis of the oil of 3 species by sn -1,3 regioselective lipase digestion demonstrated the virtual exclusion of VLCFAs from the sn -2 position of TAG. Examination of the oil from H. scoparia by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry revealed the presence of high molecular weight TAGs and widespread distribution of VLCFAs among the TAG molecular species. Heliophila species have significant potential as sources of novel seed oil enriched in VLCFAs and as model species to study the mechanisms and evolution of VLCFA biosynthesis in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated costs and profitability associated with mango processing waste biorefinery plant with the goal of generating wealth from waste. Three pathways were evaluated (i) Only Pectin recovery (PEP) (ii) Pectin and Seed Oil recovery (PSEP), and (iii) whole biorefinery with multiple products (WMB). A plant capacity of 10 tons/h was considered as a base case for analysis. Effect of biomass feed composition on product yields were also reported in this study. The PSEP was found to be the best alternative for mango waste utilization. The NPV, IRR and PEP were $41 million, 34% and 2.4 years, respectively. In case of PEP and WMB, NPVs were $14.2 and $43.2 million; IRRs were 20% and 26%, and PBP were 4.2 and 3.4 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that plant capacity, plant operating days, and raw material composition were most important factors that influenced plant economics. Selling price of main product i.e. pectin had a major influence on plant economics. The effect of raw material price fluctuation however, did not influence plant economics significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nigella sativa, or commonly called black cumin is a small herb of family Ranunculaceae is a well-known medicinal plant but its effects on tissue mineral concentrations of animal bodies is unknown.Purpose: To study the effect of oral administration of fixed oil of black cumin seeds on tissues mineral content using laboratory rats as experimental model.Study Design: Experimental animals were exposed to two oral doses of seed oil (60 and 120 ml kg-1 body weight). Short- and long term experiments lasted 24 h and 60 days respectively, with three replicates each.Methods: Oil extracted from black cumin seeds was subjected to GC-MS to identify chemical components. Following the wet digestion in nitric acid, samples of whole blood and organs of rats were subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determination of elements concentrations. Data were compared statistically at p < .05.Results: Compared to control, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn showed decrease, whereas Co, Na, Mg and K demonstrated increase, but Ca showed both increase and decrease in most of the tissues upon short term exposure to low and high doses of black cumin oil. During long term exposure, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu exhibited decrease; Co, Na, Mg and Ca concentrations demonstrated an upregulation, whereas Ni and Zn showed increase and decrease in most of the tissues. Comparison of short term with long term experiments at low dose revealed increases in Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, K and Ca, a decrease in Cr, Mn, Ni and Cu in most tissues, but both increase and decrease in Na. At high dose, an increase occurred in Fe, Ni, Zn, K, Ca, Mg, a decrease in Cr, while both increase and decrease in Cu, Co and Na concentrations.Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that oral administration of black cumin seeds oil to laboratory rats significantly alters tissue trace elements and electrolytes concentrations. The study appears beneficial but indicates modulatory role of black cumin oil as regards mineral metabolism with far reaching implications in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability in growth and reproductive characteristics, seed traits, quality and oil content of six accessions of Jatropha curcas growing in Murcia (Spain) under greenhouse conditions were analysed. Differences were found among accessions in branch length, ratio female to male flowers (F/M), productions, seed weight, endosperm weight, percentage of endosperm and percentage of aborted seeds oil contents, fatty acids composition and quality indexes of the biodiesel. Two genotypes (8-8 and 6-3) have shown a good vigor plant, the best F/M ratio, and appropriate average productions. In addition, these accessions showed the highest average single seed weights, and the best average endosperm weights. The highest total seed oil percentages were observed in the accessions 4-5 (42.42 ± 0.26), 6-3 (41.51 ± 0.20), and 8-8 (40.41 ± 0.73), whereas percentages lower than 30% were recorded in the others. The percentage of endosperm oil ranged from 42.72 ± 0.98% to 65.71 ± 0.36%. In relation to the fatty acids composition, the highest monounsaturated fatty acids percentages with the highest concentration of oleic acid and the lowest concentration of linolenic acid were observed in three genotypes (4-5, 8-8 and 6-3). The biodiesel obtained from these accessions presented high cetane number and low iodine value, which indicates the good ignition quality and stability of the oil. The knowledge of plant growth parameters and oil quality of the studied genotypes could be useful to choose the appropriate ones to be grown under subtropical climatic conditions or to be used as parents in a breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils and fats are stored in endosperm during seed development in the form of triacylglycerols. Three acyltransferases: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase (LPAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) are involved in the storage lipid biosynthesis and catalyze the stepwise acylation of glycerol backbone. In this study two members of GPAT gene family ( JcGPAT1 and JcGPAT2 ) from Jatropha seeds were identified and characterized. Sequence analysis suggested that JcGPAT1 and JcGPAT2 are homologous to Arabidopsis acyltransferase-1 ( ATS1 ) and AtGPAT9 respectively. The sub-cellular localization studies of these two GPATs showed that JcGPAT1 localizes into plastid whereas JcGPAT2 localizes in to endoplasmic reticulum. JcGPAT1 and JcGPAT2 expressed throughout the seed development with higher expression in fully matured seed compared to immature seed. The transcript levels of JcGPAT2 were higher in comparison to JcGPAT1 in different developmental stages of seed. Over-expression of JcGPAT1 and JcGPAT2 under constitutive and seed specific promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana increased total oil content. Transgenic seeds of JcGPAT2-OE lines accumulated 43–60% more oil than control seeds whereas seeds of Arabidopsis lines over-expressing plastidial GPAT lead to only 13–20% increase in oil content. Functional characterization of GPAT homologues of Jatropha in Arabidopsis suggested that these are involved in oil biosynthesis but might have specific roles in Jatropha . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil obtained from the seeds of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Kalahari melon) is highly sought after in the cosmetic industry as a prized ingredient to maintain healthy skin. Seed oils contain a range of fatty acids that may be beneficial upon topical application to the skin. The quantification of the fatty acids was done using two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS). The safety (irritancy potential test) and efficacy (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration and occlusivity tests) of topically applied Kalahari melon seed oil on healthy Caucasian adult female volunteers ( n = 20) was determined. Skin irritation and dryness were determined by visual scoring using a 2 × magnifying lamp while Chromameter®, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments were used to quantify the irritancy level, TEWL and hydrating properties of Kalahari melon oil, respectively. The occlusive effect of the oil was assessed using Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments. Four major fatty acids, linoleic acid (51.4%), oleic acid (36.7%), stearic acid (6.3%) and palmitic acid (5.6%), were quantified using comprehensive GC × GC–MS analysis. Kalahari melon seed oil was non-irritant to the skin when topically applied (observed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Aquaflux® and Corneometer® results showed that the application of Kalahari melon seed oil resulted in reduced TEWL and increased moisture retention. The non-irritant, hydrating and moisturising effects of Kalahari melon seed oil observed in this study justifies its incorporation into cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies supercritical fluid extraction in which we take the effects of solute concentration variation on mass transport into account. A kinetics model with variable mass transfer coefficients proposed to describe supercritical fluid extraction of grape and almond seed oil. Three distinct stages are found for extraction process, i.e., fast-extraction, slow-extraction, transition period, with a very short overflow oil in first stage. The overflow oil period is so short and the concentration variation is so slight that we think this period belongs to the fast-extraction stage. Theoretical predictions for yield distributions of supercritical fluid extraction are highly in agreement with the experimental data in literatures, which implies that the proposed model can be used to predict more mechanism for the extraction process. Moreover, the effects of involved parameters on mass transport and supercritical extraction process are shown graphically and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi seeds were collected from 60 populations distributed over a wide geographic area (a range of 12.0° latitude, 19.0° longitude, and 1800 m elevation) across southern China. The variation in fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil between the two species and among individuals was determined, and relationships with geographical and environmental factors were analyzed. The oil characterization allowed the identification and the quantification of 12 fatty acids. The C16–C20 fatty acids accounted for more than 98% of the total content, of which oleic acid was the most abundant (more than 50%). The fatty acid composition was generally stable between the two species and among individuals despite the wide geographic range from which the samples were collected, and the oil showed good potential for biodiesel production. Oleic acid showed insensitivity to environmental factors. Correlation analysis showed that environmental factors had a strong influence on the composition of other fatty acids, such as C20:1 (20.95%), C18:2 (7.56%), C20:0 (6.01%), and C16:0 (4.55%), and explained 36.68% of the total variance. Among the environmental factors, elevation, maximum temperature, and precipitation significantly contributed to variation in seed kernel oil fatty acid composition among populations. Furthermore, the cooperativity of elevation and maximum explained 30.13% of the variance ( P < 0.01). Thus, environmental factors, especially elevation, maximum temperature, and precipitation, of the original provenance should be considered during genotype selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research work was to determine the characteristic features of the oil content and composition of nutrients of sesame seeds grown in Morocco. Characteristic features of the seed oil revealed a high degree of unsaturation and as determined by gas chromatography reported herein, the major unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (46.9%) followed by oleic acid (37.4%), while the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid (9.1%). Sesame seed oil was also found to be rich in tocopherols with a predominance of γ-tocopherol (90.5%). The phytosterol marker β-sitosterol accounted for 59.9% of total sterols contained in sesame seed oil. This oil, therefore, has a potential for its use in human nutrition or industrial applications. Compositional analysis revealed that the sesame seeds contained considerable amounts of protein (22%) and high amounts of lipids (52%). Nutrient information reported herein illustrates the benefits to public health for consumers of these plant seeds. In terms of oil, sesame seed oil may be considered as a valuable source for new multi-purpose products as industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphometric and phytochemical parameters of seeds of three populations of Echium vulgare L. were compared. Two metallicolous populations (designated as MZ and MC) originated from waste deposits left over Zn Pb ore smelting and processing and the reference population originated from an uncontaminated area (NM - nonmetallicolous population). The length, width, weight, and surface area of collected seeds were measured; additionally, the germination ability and vigour index for each population were determined. Moreover, heavy metal, seed oil, and secondary metabolite concentrations were measured. The results obtained indicated differentiation in the seed size and germination ability between the populations. The smaller size of seeds from the metallicolous populations was accompanied by lower germination ability; however, the seeds from the MC population achieved the highest vigour index. Furthermore, the MC population was characterized by the lowest concentration of allantoin and rosmarinic acid; additionally, the seeds of the MC population contained higher content of seed oils and increased contribution of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids by ca. 60 and 45%, respectively, and a decreased (by 16%) fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the NM population. The strong differentiation of the MC population coincided with the high seed metal accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied erucic acid accumulation in the biodiesel feedstock Pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense L.) as a first step towards the development of a sustainable strategy for biofuel production in the EU territory. To that end, two inbred Pennycress lines of European origin, “NASC” and “French,” were cultivated in a controlled chamber and in experimental field plots, and their growth, seed production and seed oil characteristics analyzed. Differences in some agronomical traits like vernalization (winter-French versus spring-NASC), flowering time (delayed in the French line) and seed production (higher in the French line) were detected. Both lines showed a high amount (35–39%) of erucic acid (22:1 Δ13 ) in their seed oil. Biochemical characterization of the Pennycress seed oil indicated that TAG was the major reservoir of 22:1 Δ13 . Incorporation of 22:1 Δ13 to TAG occurred very early during seed maturation, concomitant with a decrease of desaturase activity. This change in the acyl fluxes towards elongation was controlled by different genes at different levels. TaFAE1 gene, encoding the fatty acid elongase, seemed to be controlled at the transcriptional level with high expression at the early stages of seed development. On the contrary, the TaFAD2 gene that encodes the Δ12 fatty acid desaturase or TaDGAT1 that catalyzes TAG biosynthesis were controlled post-transcriptionally. TaWRI1, the master regulator of seed-oil biosynthesis, showed also high expression at the early stages of seed development. Our data identified genes and processes that might improve the biotechnological manipulation of Pennycress seeds for high-quality biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesamum indicum L. of the Pedaliaceae family is considered an economically important oil-bearing plant that has been cultivated for more than 5000 years. In this research, we examined genetic diversity and seed fatty acid composition in 11 Iranian populations of S. indicum. We extracted the nuclear DNA using the CTAB protocol and then amplified the genomes using 10 SCoT molecular primers. For the phytochemical study, the seed fatty acid methyl esters were subjected to a GC apparatus and their composition was determined. The data were then analyzed using PAST, POPGENE, Geno-Dive, and STRUCTURE software. We determined that the percentage of polymorphic loci was 62%. According to the AMOVA test and estimated genetic diversity parameters, high genetic differentiation occurred between the examined populations, which was followed by a low rate of gene flow and Hs. Based on the Nei's genetic distance and Structure analysis, the populations were divided into seven genotype groups. Most identified genotypes had homogeneous genetic structures indicating a limited genetic flow rate. The phytochemical evaluation revealed that a great part of the seed oils was composed of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic and oleic acids as the main compounds. We detected palmitic acid as the major saturated fatty acid. The populations were divided into four chemotype groups based on the seed oil fatty acids composition. However, the population clustering patterns in the molecular genetic and seed fatty acid analyses were not identical. These results indicated that some environmental parameters strongly affect the seed oil fatty acids composition. We suppose that the populations under study are comprised of several genotypes or cultivars grown in various Iranian locations. • Sesame populations in Iran were clustered to seven genotype groups based on sCoT molecular markers. • The oleic/linoleic acids ratio varied among the studied populations. • Sesame populations were divided into four chemotype groups based on seeds oil fatty acids composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid procedure using ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO 2 extraction (UASCE) was developed to recover Cosmos sulphureus seed oil (CSSO). Optimization of CSSO extraction was executed by the Taguchi approach. The maximum oil yield (193.1 ± 4.4 mg/g, dry mass) was obtained at 75 dynamic extraction time, 25 MPa pressure, 55 ℃ temperature, 0.5 g/min CO 2 flow rate, and 0.2 W/mL ultrasound energy density (UED). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that a remarkable porous and loose microstructure was observed in UASCE-treated sample, this may have positive effects on oil release. CSSO acquired by UASCE had higher global yield and higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, phenols, and exhibited better physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity and oxidation and thermal stability compared to CSSO acquired by traditional techniques. Furthermore, the kinetics study highlighted that the employed Sovová models fitted well with the extraction kinetics behaviors. The extraction transport primarily contributed from convective mechanisms during the UASCE process and ultrasound clearly increased mass transfer coefficients and abridged the characteristic extraction periods. Consequently, UASCE can be considered a high-performance and sustainable technique for plant oil extraction in food and dietary supplement industries. Cosmos sulphureus is a potential good source of edible oil due to its excellent nutritional properties. • Cosmos sulphureus seed oil was acquired by ultrasound assisted supercritical CO 2. • Ultrasound improved the yield, characteristics and phytochemicals of the oil. • The oil exhibited good antioxidant activity, oxidation and thermal stability. • The Sovová model fitted well with ultrasound assisted supercritical CO 2 process. • Cosmos sulphureus is a good potential source for functional edible oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) belong to the Rosaceae family. The fruit is grown in diverse regions of the world, from Siberia to South Africa and from China and India to Middle Eastern countries. Apricot seeds are a good source of oil with bioactive components such as fatty acid, tocopherols, terpenoids phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Its seed and oil have been medicinally used to mitigate or stop different disorders, including its positive effect on cardiovascular health, attracting more attention from the food and pharmaceutical industry due to its functionality in terms of nutritional composition, biological properties, health benefits, and safety. This review has given particular attention to the nutritional composition, biological properties, health benefits, and safety of apricot seeds, kernels, and oil. This review provides new perspectives for potential research directions. The bioactive compounds in apricot seed and oil show promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as against fungi. This review highlights the nutritional value of apricot fruit, seed, and oil and describes the potential uses of bioactive agents in the fruit, seed, and oil. • Apricot seed and oil can act as enrichment agents in many food products. • Flavonoids and other polyphenols of the apricot seed can inhibit platelet accumulation. • Apricot seed and oil are able to disrupt the cellular metabolism of pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effect of Ecbalium elaterium seed oil on adhesion, migration and proliferation of human brain cancer cell line (U87) was determined. Treatment of U87 cell line with the seed oil resulted in strong inhibition of their adhesion to fibrinogen (Fg), fibronectin (Fn). It also reduced their migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner without being cytotoxic. Concomitantly, by using Matrigel™ assays, the oil significantly inhibited angiogenesis. The anti- tumor effect of the oil is specifically mediated by αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins. The presence of integrin antagonists in seed oil from E. elaterium could be used for the development of anticancer drugs with targeted “multi-modal” therapies combining anti-adhesif, antiproliferative, antimetastasic and anti-angiogenic, approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because there have been no previous reports on the use of screw presses for black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil extraction, the present study examined the effects of feed rate, temperature, and moisture content on the yield and thymoquinone content of mechanically extracted cold-pressed black cumin seed oil. The extraction parameters were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. Optimal conditions were identified by superimposing the response surfaces of oil yield and thymoquinone content. The thymoquinone content was stable under extraction conditions of 60 °C. Moisture played an important role in both oil yield and thymoquinone content. A maximum oil yield of 31.67 wt% ± 0.85 wt% was obtained at a feed rate of 45 g/min, temperature of 70 °C, and moisture content of 6 wt%. However, a low thymoquinone content of 5.14 ± 0.74 mg/mL was observed under these conditions. Furthermore, high thymoquinone content (∼12.00 mg/mL) reduced the oil yield to 10–13 wt%. The optimal conditions were found to be a feed rate of 50–54 g/min, moisture content of 15–18 wt%, and temperature of 55–60 °C, which gave a yield of 22 wt% oil and 10 mg/mL thymoquinone content. [Display omitted] • Effects of extraction parameters on yield and thymoquinone content were examined. • The extraction parameters were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. • Optimal conditions were identified by superimposing the response surfaces. • Moisture played an important role in both oil yield and thymoquinone content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]