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We introduce Alma (ﺍﺍ ﻠ ى), an open-source and state-of-the-art lemmatizer, POS tagger, and root tagger for Arabic, boasting both high speed and accuracy. Alma relies on a dictionary of morphological solutions ordered by the frequency of these solutions. This dictionary was developed based on the Qabas lexicographic database. Unlike many Arabic lemmatizers that return a lemma after stripping diacritics, shadda, and hamza (i.e., ambiguous lemma), Alma retrieves unambiguous lemmas (we called true lemmatization). Our POS tagger uses a rich tagset of 40 POS tags. Additionally, our root tagger is the first fully-featured tagger since it uses Qabas, the largest Arabic lexicographic database. We evaluated Alma on the LDC Arabic Treebank (ATB) that contains 339,710 tokens and achieved an 88% F1 score. We also evaluated Alma on the Salma corpus (34k tokens) and obtained a 90% F1 score. Compared to Farasa, MADAMIRA, and Camelira lemmatizers and POS taggers, Alma outperformed all of them in both tasks, excelling in both speed and accuracy. Alma demonstrated superior processing speed, handling 339k tokens in 10.00. Alma is open-source and publicly available at (https://sina.birzeit.edu/alma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neo-aortic root dilatation can lead to significant late morbidity after the arterial switch operation (ASO) for dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). We sought to examine the growth of the neo-aortic root in d-TGA. A single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent the ASO between July 1, 1981 and September 30, 2022 was performed. Morphology was categorized as dextro-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum (d-TGA-IVS), dextro-transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect (d-TGA-VSD), and double-outlet right ventricle-transposition of the great arteries type (DORV-TGA). Echocardiographically determined diameters and derived z scores were measured at the annulus, sinus of Valsalva, and sinotubular junction immediately before the ASO and throughout follow-up. Trends in root dimensions over time were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. The association between intrinsic morphology and the composite of moderate-severe aortic regurgitation (AR) and neo-aortic valve or root intervention was evaluated with univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Of 1,359 patients who underwent the ASO, 593 (44%), 666 (49%), and 100 (7%) patients had d-TGA-IVS, d-TGA-VSD, and DORV-TGA, respectively. Each patient underwent a median of 5 echocardiograms (Q1-Q3: 3-10 echocardiograms) over a median follow-up of 8.6 years (range: 0.1-39.3 years). At 30 years, patients with DORV-TGA demonstrated greater annular (P < 0.001), sinus of Valsalva (P = 0.039), and sinotubular junction (P = 0.041) dilatation relative to patients with d-TGA-IVS. On multivariable analysis, intrinsic anatomy, older age at ASO, at least mild AR at baseline, and high-risk root dilatation were associated with moderate-severe AR and neo-aortic valve or root intervention at late follow-up (all P < 0.05). Longitudinal surveillance of the neo-aortic root is warranted long after the ASO. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancing our understanding of the mechanisms associated with microbial-mediated signal transduction in plants can enhance our ability to precisely manipulate plant physiology to improve tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Long-distance signal transduction in plants can be initiated by the metabolism of specific microbial taxa in association with plants in the rhizosphere and/or phyllosphere. The transduction of specific long-distance signals in plants can be mediated by mobile peptides, RNA, metabolites, and phytohormones, all of which can be translocated via the vascular system. Embracing the complexity of plant physiological responses and regulation in a holobiont context will advance our knowledge of plant–microbe interactions and foster the development of new chemicals to manipulate plant physiological responses. Microorganisms colonizing the plant rhizosphere and phyllosphere play crucial roles in plant growth and health. Recent studies provide new insights into long-distance communication from plant roots to shoots in association with their commensal microbiome. In brief, these recent advances suggest that specific plant-associated microbial taxa can contribute to systemic plant responses associated with the enhancement of plant health and performance in face of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, most of the mechanisms associated with microbiome-mediated signal transduction in plants remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of long-distance signaling mechanisms within plants mediated by the commensal plant-associated microbiomes. We advocate the view of plants and microbes as a holobiont and explore key molecules and mechanisms associated with plant–microbe interactions and changes in plant physiology activated by signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Garetn.), a dicotyledonous herbaceous crop, has good adaptation to low nitrogen (LN) condition. The plasticity of roots drives the adaption of Tartary buckwheat under LN, but the detailed mechanism behind the response of TB roots to LN remains unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanism of two Tartary buckwheat genotypes' roots with contrasting sensitivity in response to LN was investigated by integrating physiological, transcriptome and whole-genome re-sequencing analysis. LN improved primary and lateral root growth of LN-sensitive genotype, whereas the roots of LN-insensitive genotype showed no response to LN. 2, 661 LN-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome analysis. Of these genes, 17 N transport and assimilation-related and 29 hormone biosynthesis and signaling genes showed response to LN, and they may play important role in Tartary buckwheat root development under LN. The flavonoid biosynthetic genes' expression was improved by LN, and their transcriptional regulations mediated by MYB and bHLH were analyzed. 78 transcription factors, 124 small secreted peptides and 38 receptor-like protein kinases encoding genes involved in LN response. 438 genes were differentially expressed between LN-sensitive and LN-insensitive genotypes by comparing their transcriptome, including 176 LN-responsive DEGs. Furthermore, nine key LN-responsive genes with sequence variation were identified, including FtNRT2.4 , FtNPF2.6 and FtMYB1R1. This paper provided useful information on the response and adaptation of Tartary buckwheat root to LN, and the candidate genes for breeding Tartary buckwheat with high N use efficiency were identified. • Nitrogen deficiency improved root growth of low nitrogen (LN)-sensitive genotype. • Flavonoid biosynthetic genes' expression was improved by LN, and their transcriptional regulations were analyzed. • Nine key LN-responsive genes with sequence variation were identified, such as FtNRT2.4 , FtNPF2.6 and FtMYB1R1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmotic stress is one of the biggest problems in agriculture, which adversely affects crop productivity. Plants adopt several strategies to overcome osmotic stresses that include transcriptional reprogramming and activation of stress responses mediated by different transcription factors and phytohormones. We have identified a WRKY transcription factor from tomato, SlWRKY23, which is induced by mannitol and NaCl treatment. Over-expression of SlWRKY23 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhances osmotic stress tolerance to mannitol and NaCl and affects root growth and lateral root number. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing SlWRKY23 showed reduced electrolyte leakage and higher relative water content than Col-0 plants upon mannitol and NaCl treatment. These lines also showed better membrane integrity with lower MDA content and higher proline content than Col-0. Responses to mannitol were governed by auxin as treatment with TIBA (auxin transport inhibitor) negatively affected the osmotic tolerance in transgenic lines by inhibiting lateral root growth. Similarly, responses to NaCl were controlled by ethylene as treatment with AgNO 3 (ethylene perception inhibitor) inhibited the stress response to NaCl by suppressing primary and lateral root growth. The study shows that SlWRKY23 , a osmotic stress inducible gene in tomato, imparts tolerance to mannitol and NaCl stress through interaction of the auxin and ethylene pathways. • SlWRKY23 is induced by NaCl and mannitol stress in tomato. • SlWRKY23 enhances the osmotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. • SlWRKY23 confers osmotic stress tolerance by differentially regulating auxin and ethylene pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the canopy-root interactions is the key to further improving maize yield with dense planting. However, the effects of nature-based nutrient management on these interactions in dense maize production are not yet well understood. In this study, we attempted to unravel the interplay between above-ground canopy and below-ground root morphology and their correlation with grain yield and quality within a high-yielding maize system (HYMS) and under nature-based nutrient management. A 2-yr field experiment at the Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University was conducted to compare the HYMS with nature-based nutrient management, with current farmers' practices (CP) in 2021 and 2022. The variety, planting density, and fertilization for CP were based on the practices commonly used by local farmers. The HYMS included four treatments: crop-soil management (CSM), rhizosphere management with CSM (CSM+RM), microbial addition with CSM (CSM+MA), and integrated crop-soil system management (ICSM). Above-ground dry matter (AGDM) contributed 74–82 % to grain yield, with the remainder from the harvest index. At physiological maturity, the average AGDM in HYMS was 19.5 t ha−1 in 2021 and 24.3 t ha−1 in 2022, 14.9 % and 22.3 % higher than CP. For the canopy, HYMS exhibited a maximum leaf area index of 4.8 in 2021 and 4.9 in 2022, higher than that of CP by 0.40 and 0.39. At silking, the leaf nitrogen content in HYMS surpassed that in CP by 15.0 % with stronger ear leaf in length and thickness. The index of the leaf stay green degree in HYMS was 4.3 % higher than CP. As a result, the source supply/sink demand ratio in HYMS treatments was 0.17, exceeding that of CP by 11.2 %. For visible roots within the 0–60 cm soil depth, HYMS treatments generally had 2.9–13.1 % lower values per plant for root dry matter root nitrogen root length root average diameter root surface area, and root volume compared to CP due to higher plant density. However, the root system in HYMS showed a lower senescence rate than CP. Nature-based nutrient management alleviates the reduction in individual root growth caused by high-density planting, thereby supporting the canopy and resulting in increased AGDM and grain yield. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective management strategies to achieve high maize yields under dense planting conditions. • We studied the canopy-root interaction with nature-based nutrient management. • 74–82 % contribution to grain yield resulted from above-ground dry matter. • High-yielding maize system (HYMS) had an optimal canopy. • HYMS had a lower senescence and higher resilience root system. • Improved root morphology consistently corresponds to better leaf canopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants grow by anchoring their roots in the soil, acquiring essential water and nutrients for growth, and interacting with other signaling factors in the soil. Root systems are crucial for both the basic growth and development of plants and their response to external environmental stimuli. Under different environmental conditions, the configuration of root systems in plants can undergo significant changes, with their strength determining the plant's ability to adapt to the environment. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate root development is essential for crop root architecture improvement and breeding for stress resistance. This paper summarizes the research progress in genetic regulation of root development of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. amidst diverse environmental stimuli over the past five years. Specifically, it focuses on the regulatory networks of environmental signals, encompassing light, energy, temperature, water, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species, on root development. Furthermore, it provides prospects for the application of root architecture improvement in crop breeding for stress resistance and nutrient efficiency. • Plants integrate various environmental signals to regulate plant growth and development. • Light and energy synergistically regulate the maintenance of plant roots. • Interactions between nutrient element signals coordinate and sustain root growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate deficiency and drought are significant environmental constraints that impact both the productivity and quality of wheat. The interaction between phosphorus and water facilitates their mutual absorption processes in plants. Under conditions of both phosphorus deficiency and drought stress, we observed a significant upregulation in the expression of wheat MYB-CC transcription factors through the transcriptome analysis. 52 TaMYB-CC genes in wheat were identified and analyzed their evolutionary relationships, structures, and expression patterns. The TaMYB-CC5 gene exhibited specific expression in roots and demonstrated significant upregulation under phosphorus deficiency and drought stress compared to other TaMYB-CC genes. The overexpression of TaMYB-CC5A in Arabidopsis resulted in a significant increase of root length under stress conditions, thereby enhancing tolerance to phosphate starvation and drought stress. The wheat lines with silenced TaMYB-CC5 genes exhibited reduced root length under stress conditions and increased sensitivity to phosphate deficiency and drought stress. In addition, silencing the TaMYB-CC5 genes resulted in altered phosphorus content in leaves but did not lead to a reduction in phosphorus content in roots. Enrichment analysis the co-expression genes of TaMYB-CC5 transcription factors, we found the zinc-induced facilitator-like (ZIFL) genes were prominent associated with TaMYB-CC5 gene. The TaZIFL1 , TaZIFL2 , and TaZIFL5 genes were verified specifically expressed in roots and regulated by TaMYB-CC5 transcript factor. Our study reveals the pivotal role of the TaMYB-CC5 gene in regulating TaZIFL genes, which is crucial for maintaining normal root growth under phosphorus deficiency and drought stress, thereby enhanced resistance to these abiotic stresses in wheat. • The TaMYB-CC5 exhibited specific expression in roots, and was induced by both phosphorus deficiency and drought stress. • The TaMYB-CC5 exhibited binding to the promoter of TaZIFLs genes, and influenced the expression of TaZIFLs genes in wheat roots. • TaMYB-CC5 gene enhances tolerance of drought and phosphorus deficiency by maintaining root growth under stress condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cichorium plants are particularly notable due to their remarkable therapeutic and medicinal properties, besides being used as food and conventional medication. Although Cichorium plants have been studied for their phytoconstituents and biological activities, there is limited knowledge about the constituents of the roots of C. bottae. A phytochemical study of the 90% MeOH extract of C. bottae roots resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds belonging to guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpene lactone glucosides, and phenolic derivatives, of which two compounds designated as 9 α -hydroxycrepediaside B (1) and cichobotinal (2) were previously undescribed. The isolated compounds were assessed for their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and resultant decrease in nitric oxide generation in LPS-induced macrophages. Among the isolates, compounds 2 and 11 (8-deoxylactucin) inhibited iNOS activity with IC 50 values of 21.0 ± 4 and 6.8 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. The methanolic extract of C. bottae inhibited iNOS with an IC 50 of 10.5 ± 0.5 μg/mL. [Display omitted] • A phytochemical study of the MeOH extract of Cichorium bottae roots was conducted. • Twelve compounds of which two previously undescribed ones were isolated. • Compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity. • Two compounds reduced iNOS with IC 50 values of 17.0 ± 3 and 6.8 ± 0.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure to identify and treat the root canal system in its entirety has been known to be one of the leading causes of unsuccessful root canal treatment (RCT). This study aims to retrospectively assess the permanent canines in a Saudi Arabian sub population for the number of roots, root canal morphologies and the presence of symmetry among them using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans belonging to 945 patients were screened. A total of 1880 permanent canines, 928 pertaining to maxilla and 952 pertaining to mandible were analyzed for the number of roots, root canal morphologies and the presence of symmetry among them. Comparative evaluation between genders was done using Fisher's exact test, since majority of the groups had expected count of less than 5. A calculated P -value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis of the data. Intra operator variability was observed using Cohen's Kappa test. Single root was observed in 100% and 98.7% of the maxillary and mandibular canines respectively. Two roots were identified in 1.3% of the MnC's. Type I (97.48%), Type II (0.21%), Type III (1.05%) and Type V (1.26%) Vertucci canal configurations (VC) were observed in MnC's. Statistical significant difference was observed concerning the number of roots and canal morphology according to Vertucci in the mandibular canines. No difference was observed according to Ahmed et al. classification system. Moreover, there was no gender based difference seen among them. More variable root and canal morphologies are observed in MnC's, although single root with Type I VC is the most common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expression of the central circadian oscillator components CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), TIMING OF CAB1 (TOC1), GIGANTEA (GI), and CONSTANS (CO) occurs in Glycine max root cells (syncytia) parasitized by the nematode Heterodera glycines while undergoing resistance, indicating a defense role. GmCCA1-1 relative transcript abundance (RTA) in roots experiencing overexpression (OE) or RNA interference (RNAi) is characterized by rhythmic oscillations, compared to a ribosomal protein gene (GmRPS21) control. A GmCCA1-1 RTA change, advancing by 12 h, exists in H. glycines -infected as compared to uninfected controls in wild-type, H. glycines -resistant, G. max [Peking/PI 548402]. The G. max [Peking/PI 548402] transgenic controls exhibit the RTA change by 4 h post infection (hpi), not consistently occurring in the H. glycines -susceptible G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] until 56 hpi. GmCCA1-1 expression is observed to be reduced in H. glycines -infected GmCCA1-1 -OE roots as compared to non-infected transgenic roots with no significant change observed among RNAi roots. The GmCCA1-1 expression in transgenic GmCCA1-1 -OE roots remains higher than control and RNAi roots. Decreased GmCCA1-1 mRNA among infected roots shows the altered expression is targeted by H. glycines. Gene expression of proven defense genes including 9 different mitogen activated protein kinases (GmMAPK s), NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (GmNDR1-1), RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4 (GmRIN4-4), and the secreted xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase 43 (GmXTH43) in GmCCA1- 1-OE and GmCCA1-1 -RNAi roots, compared to controls, reveal a significant role of GmCCA1-1 expression in roots undergoing defense to H. glycines parasitism. The observation that GmCCA1-1 regulates GmXTH43 expression links the central circadian oscillator to the functionality of the secretion system. • Central circadian oscillator genes are expressed in nematode-parasitized root cells undergoing defense. • The overexpression of the central circadian oscillator genes suppresses parasitism. • The central circadian oscillator gene CCA1-1 regulates the expression of proven defense genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although data regarding the effect of different types of synthetic biochar on plant performance and physical and chemical characteristics of soil is widely available, the effect of natural biochar in this respect is not well known, so far. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 650-million-years old natural biochar at three application levels of 0 %, 2.5 % and 5 % by weight on yield parameters of quinoa plant and the soil water retention characteristic curve in sandy loam, loam, and clay textural classes. The results showed that the application of 5 % natural biochar to the loam soil increased the thousand seed weight by 8 %, but adding 2.5 % of biochar to the sandy loam soil increased biological yield by 2 %, and in loam soil increased root volume by 409 %, compared to the control. The results of the physical parameters of the soil showed that the application of biochar in three soil textures caused an increase in moisture content at the field capacity (1.8 %-11.22 %), a decrease in macropores in the range of 10–46 %, and an increase in micropores in the range of 0.2–10 % in three soil textures. Therefore, it can be concluded that the potential of natural biochar storage affected the physical properties of the soil and increased soil water retention while improving important soil functions. • Effect of natural biochar on SWRC and growth of quinoa has not been studied, so far. • Application of natural biochar increased yield of quinoa. • Natural biochar increased root volume by 409 % in loam soil. • Natural biochar increased field capacity. • Natural biochar can improve plant and soil parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been a valuable economic crop in arid Xinjiang, whose cotton production accounts for 90.2 % of the grand total in China. Low phosphorus (P) bioavailability brings severe restrictions for cotton production in arid regions as a result of P precipitation caused by high soil pH and Ca2+ content. Therefore, how to utilize the biological potential to improve the efficiency of P utilization has become a hotspot for international research.To learn more about P bioavailability in cotton from the perspectives of root morphology, rhizosphere physiology, and mycorrhizal association, especially the synergistic effect of these three under the optimal P input on P bioavailability. A 2-year, split-plot field experiment was conducted consecutively from 2016 to 2017, in which the main plots contained three cotton varieties (XLZ57, XLZ19, and XLZ13) and the subplots were treated with five P levels (0, 75, 150, 300, and 450 kg P 2 O 5 ha−1). Optimal P input (P fertilizer application: 75–150 kg P 2 O 5 ha−1 or soil available P content in topsoil: 11–25 mg kg−1) was found to not only improve the distribution of root system and mycorrhiza in soil but also promote the secretion of protons and alkaline phosphatase in the rhizosphere, leading to higher P uptake and cotton yield. Although high P input (300–450 kg P 2 O 5 ha−1) increased soil available P content, it inhibited root growth, mycorrhizal infection and phosphatase activity, thus reducing P uptake and product. To obtain a relatively high yield (5500–6500 kg ha−1 unginned cotton) and high P accumulation (120–130 kg P 2 O 5 ha−1), an ideotype cotton root/rhizosphere should be characterized by high root length density (4–5 m 1000 cm−3), large hyphal density (15–18 m g−1), and greater exudation of protons and alkaline phosphatase (60–70 μg g−1 h−1) in topsoil, as well as a large microbial P (MBP) value (25–28 mg kg−1).Compared to mycorrhizal symbiosis (reflected by hyphal density), rhizosphere secretion of protons and alkaline phosphatase (rhizosphere physiology) and root length density (architecture) pose greater contributions to higher rhizosphere P availability and cotton P uptake. Moreover, the rhizosphere process and P use efficiency (PUE) of the P-efficient cultivar (XLZ19) were higher compared to the P-inefficient one (XLZ13).The results suggest that maximizing root/rhizosphere efficiency under optimal P input may improve cotton productivity and P uptake efficiency in mulched cotton fertigation systems in arid and semi-arid areas. • Rhizosphere regulation is a key biological way to improve P efficiency in cotton. • Optimal P input construct cotton rhizosphere process and improve P use efficiency. • Rhizosphere physiology and architecture pose greater contributions to P availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most critical abiotic factors which negatively impacts on growth, productivity, and survival of plants. Grass species have an important role in the sustainable intensification of cropping systems. This review focus on the specific drought tolerance characteristics in grass species and application of prevalent classical and molecular methods for genetic improvement of them to drought stress. Generally, grass species adapt to drought stress by utilizing more than one strategy including of changes in the root growth, photosynthetic pigments, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes. They also have other specific characteristics consisted of summer dormancy, drought recovery, and persistence, which lead to drought adaptation after prolonged drought. Studies on different grasses, indicated that most of above mentioned traits usually have positive correlation with drought tolerance. Also, high heritability has been reported for most of them in different grasses. Therefore, an effective index might be considering in identification of drought tolerance genotypes. Recently, high-throughput imaging phenotyping and advanced molecular techniques such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), RNA sequencing, genome-wide association study, and genome editing help conventional breeding methods to increase the accuracy, selection efficiency, genetic gains, and speed of breeding programs for developing drought tolerant cultivars. • Climate change be an alarming situation in all over the world, which is predicted to lead to increased incidence of drought. • Grasses adapt to drought stress by different morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses, and genetics pathway. • Knowledge on the inheritance of drought tolerance traits is necessary for improving the efficiency of breeding programs. • Using of molecular techniques along with conventional breeding methods increased the accuracy and speed of breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia himalayensis Boiss. is an alpine member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Its dried roots have been used to treat digestive problems and chest congestion in traditional Tibetan and Mongolian medicine. Despite thousands of years of use in medicine, the bioactive compounds of the root remain unknown. Herein, we isolated a novel aqueous-soluble polysaccharide (EHP2) from the E. himalayensis root and determined its structural characteristics via high-performance gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The homogeneous molecular weight of EHP2 was 23.6 kDa with narrow polydisperity (Mw/Mn = 1.4), and EHP2 mainly comprised of glucose (86.4%), galactose (11.9%) and mannose (1.7%). The major backbone of EHP2 was →4)-α-D-GalAp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → and the branch chain was α-D-Glcp-(1→. The antioxidant activity of the EHP2 was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays, and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GSH and MDA) was determined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The EHP2 demonstrated lower potential scavenging effects on DPPH and superoxide free radical scavenger than ascorbic acid, and in HUVECs, it led to increased SOD and GSH activities and decreased MDA levels. This study is the first to describe an E. himalayensis polysaccharide compound with potential antioxidant activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factor PeRAX2 increased transiently upon CdCl 2 exposure (100 μM, 48 h) in leaves and roots of Populus euphratica. We observed that overexpression of PeRAX2 increased Cd2+ concentration in Arabidopsis root cells and Cd2+ amount in whole plant, which was due to the increased Cd2+ influx into root tips. However, the Cd2+ influx facilitated by PeRAX2 overexpression was substantially reduced by LaCl 3 (an inhibitor of Ca2+-channels), suggesting that PeRAX2 could promote the Cd2+ entering through PM Ca2+-permeable channels (CaPCs) in the roots. It is noting that the expression of annexin1 (AtANN1), which mediates the influx of divalent cations through the PM calcium channels, was upregulated by Cd2+ in PeRAX2 -transgenic Arabidopsis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the AtANN1 promoter (AtANN1-pro) contains four cis-elements for MYB binding. The PeRAX2 interaction with AtANN1 -pro was validated by LUC reporter assay, EMSA, and Y1H assay. Our data showed that PeRAX2 binds to the AtANN1 promoter region to regulate gene transcription and that AtANN1 mediates the Cd2+ entry through CaPCs in the PM, leading to a Cd2+ enrichment in transgenic plants. The PeRAX2-stimulated Cd2+ enrichment consequently resulted in high H 2 O 2 production in root cells of transgenic plants. The expression of AtSOD and AtPOD and activities of CAT, SOD, POD increased in the transgenic lines under Cd2+ stress. However, the Cd2+-upregulated expression and activity of antioxidative enzymes were less pronounced in the PeRAX2 -overexpressed lines, compared to the wildtype and vector controls. As a result, root length and plant growth were more suppressed by Cd2+ in the transgenic lines. Our data suggest that transcriptional regulation of AtANN1 by PeRAX2 can be utilized to improve Cd2+ enrichment and phytoremediation, although the enriched Cd2+ affected antioxidant defense system and plant growth in the model species. • Populus euphratica RAX2 increases cadmium (Cd2+) enrichment in Arabidopsis. • PeRAX2 binds to the promoter of annexin 1 (AtANN1) to regulate gene transcription. • PeRAX2-upregulated AtANN1 facilitates Cd2+ entry through Ca2+-permeable channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The errors in soil thermal properties measurements as affected by roots mainly depend on soil water content, root diameter and relative location. • The influences of root on HP measurements were ignorable when the root fragment was positioned outside the heater-sensing probe region, or in dry soils, or the root fragment with diameter less than 1 mm. • Our study highlights the importance of including root properties when measuring thermal properties in the root zone by using the heat pulse method. Heat pulse (HP) method has been widely applied for measuring thermal properties, heat fluxes, and soil–water evaporation for near-surface soil layers. In topsoil layers, the presence of roots violates the underlying assumption of HP method that the soil under test is homogeneous. In this study, numerical and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the influence of root fragments on soil thermal property measurement with HP sensors. Soybean root fragments, with a water content of about 0.74 m3 m−3 and diameters ranging from 0.5 to 4 mm, were carefully repacked into soil samples that were used for HP measurements. Results showed that the effects of roots on soil thermal property measurements depended on root size, root location and directions relative to the heater probe, and the thermal property differences between soil sample and root. Roots showed negligible influence on heat pulse data when the root fragments were positioned outside the HP measurement region (more than probe space away from heater probe), or root diameters (d) were less than 1 mm, or in oven-dried soil samples. On relatively wet soils (i.e., with water content of 0.05–0.25 m3 m−3), when root fragments were located in between the heater and sensing probes (parallel to the probe planes), (1) the heat capacity (C) and thermal conductivity (λ) differences between root-free soil and root-soil mixture increased proportionally with d increased from 1 mm to 4 mm; (2) the differences in absolute values of C and λ between the root-free soil and soil-root mixture were highly dependent on soil water content. The errors in soil C and λ estimates were larger when the root fragment was parallel with than perpendicular to or inclined 45 degrees to the probe plane, and the error overall decreased with a smaller ρ b and sand fraction. When the root fragments were positioned within the HP measurement region, or d were larger than 1 mm, or in relatively wet soil samples, it is important to consider root effect when interpreting HP signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over evolutionary time, plants have developed sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to adapt to fluctuating nitrogen (N) environments, ensuring that their growth is balanced with their responses to N stress. This study explored the potential of L-tryptophan (Trp) in regulating sorghum root growth under conditions of N limitation. Here, two distinct sorghum genotypes (low-N tolerance 398B and low-N sensitive CS3541) were utilized for investigating effect of low-N stress on root morphology and conducting a comparative transcriptomics analysis. Our foundings indicated that 398B exhibited longer roots, greater root dry weights, and a higher Trp content compared to CS3541 under low-N conditions. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed substantial differences in gene expression profiles related to Trp pathway and carbon (C) and N metabolism pathways between the two genotypes. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the effects of exogenous Trp treatment on the interplay between sorghum root growth and low-N tolerance. Our observations showed that Trp-treated plants developed longer root and had elevated levels of Trp and IAA under low-N conditons. Concurrently, these plants demonstrated stronger physiological activities in C and N metabolism when subjected to low-N stress. These results underscored the pivotal role of Trp on root growth and low-N stress responses by balancing IAA levels and C and N metabolism. This study not only deepens our understanding of how plants maintain growth plasticity during environmental stress but also provides valuable insights into the availability of amino acid in crops, which could be instrumental in developing strategies for promoting crop resilience to N deficiency. [Display omitted] • Low N stress increases sorghum root growth and Trp content. • Low N upregulates the expression of Trp genes related to the IAA synthesis and signal transduction pathway. • Low N downregulates the expression of C and N metabolism genes except for alpha-amylase genes. • Trp serves as a key coordinator of root growth and low N stress responses by balancing IAA and C and N metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roots are plant organs that absorb nutrients and water. While roots serve as sink organs for nutrients in perennial and woody plant species, the dynamics of nutrient accumulation in roots for annual plant species, particularly in crop species like Oryza sativa L. (rice), are not well understood. Japanese rice cultivars bred for whole-crop silage exhibit large aboveground biomass and a notably small number of spikelets. This sink-source imbalance leads to the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in stems after heading. It is hypothesized that rice cultivars with substantial aboveground biomass might also develop significant belowground biomass. Consequently, the sink-source imbalance may result in NSC accumulation in roots. This study aims to test two hypotheses: firstly, that newly developed small-panicle rice cultivars accumulate NSC in roots post-heading, and secondly, that this post-heading NSC accumulation in roots can be influenced by cultural practices affecting spikelet number per panicle. Two small-panicle cultivars, Tachisuzuka and Tachiayaka, and two large-panicle cultivars, Kusanohoshi and Hoshiaoba, were grown using different methods of three cultural practices: nitrogen application, transplanting season, and planting density. Measurements of dry matter, NSC (starch and sugars), and nitrogen in each plant part (panicle, leaf, stem, and roots) were taken over time after heading. The spikelet number per panicle was also counted. Post-heading, the small-panicle cultivars exhibited NSC accumulation in roots, a phenomenon not observed in the large-panicle cultivars. Although the three cultural practices altered the spikelet number per panicle and thus the sink capacity of the small-panicle cultivars, root NSC accumulation remained unaffected. Additionally, nitrogen weight per unit field area increased with increases in root weight in the small-panicle cultivars. The imbalance in the sink-source relationship is likely responsible for the post-heading NSC accumulation in roots observed in small-panicle cultivars. However, the lack of root response in NSC accumulation to changes in panicle sink capacity suggests other mechanisms might be involved in root NSC accumulation. Notably, significant amounts of NSC and nitrogen remain in the roots of small-panicle cultivars after harvest. The accumulation of NSC and nitrogen in roots post-heading could potentially enhance crop growth in subsequent years. • First clear evidence of post-heading non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation in rice roots. • Small-panicle cultivars accumulate significantly more NSC and nitrogen in roots than large-panicle cultivars. • Root starch content increased up to 20–25 % in small-panicle cultivars after heading. • Cultivation practices affecting sink capacity did not significantly alter root NSC accumulation. • Accumulated root NSC and nitrogen may contribute to soil fertility and growth of subsequent crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MPs significantly inhibted root growth of strawberry seedling. • PS-MPs entered the root hairs firstly and further translocated to the vascular bundle of roots. • The root-to-shoot translocation rate of N, K, and P were significantly decreased by MPs. The ubiquitous presence of microplastics is a serious concern due to the extensive use in commercial crop production, such as strawberries. However, how microplastics affect strawberries is unclear. In this work, we utilized hydroponic cultivation to examine the effects of polystyrene microplastics on strawberry seedlings. The results showed that microplastics significantly affected the root growth of strawberry seedlings, but had little effect on the number of leaves. Results via confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that after exposure for seven days, 200 nm polystyrene microplastics initially reached the root hairs. After a duration of 14 days, the polystyrene microplastics were afterwards transported to the vascular bundle contained within the roots. This implies the exposure time was influenced by the accumulation and dispersion of polystyrene microplastics. The nutrient uptake of the strawberry plant, including NH 4 +-N, NO 3 −-N, K, P, Ca, and Mg, was affected by microplastics, especially the significant decrease in the root-to-shoot translocation rate of N, K, and P. Polystyrene microplastics may increase the demand and consumption of most macronutrients by strawberries for leaf and fruit development, leading to a nutritional imbalance in plants. Our outcomes offer solid scientific support for risk assessments of polystyrene microplastic exposure and the impact of microplastics on strawberry seedling nutrient absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous work has demonstrated that more than one-half of acute type A aortic dissections (ATADs) occur at a maximal aortic diameter (MAD) of <5.5 cm. However, no analysis has investigated whether ATAD risk at smaller MADs is more common with modest dilation of the aortic root (AR) or supracoronary ascending aorta (AA) in patients without genetically triggered aortopathy.Objectives: This study sought to determine if the segment of modest aortic dilation affects risk of ATAD.Methods: Using the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) database from May 1996 to October 2016, we identified 667 ATAD patients with MAD <5.5 cm. Patients were stratified by location of the largest proximal aortic segment (AR or AA). Patients with known genetically triggered aortopathy were excluded. MADs at time of dissection were compared between AR and AA groups. Secondary outcomes included operation, postoperative outcomes, and long-term survival.Results: Of patients with ATAD at an MAD <5.5 cm, 79.5% (n = 530) were in the AA group and 20.5% (n = 137) in the AR group. Modestly dilated ARs (median MAD 4.6 cm [IQR: 4.1-5.0 cm]) dissected at a significantly smaller diameter than modestly dilated AAs (median MAD 4.8 cm [IQR: 4.4-5.1 cm]) (P < 0.01). AR patients were significantly younger than AA patients (58.5 ± 13.0 years vs 63.2 ± 13.3 years; P < 0.01) and more commonly male (78% vs 65%; P < 0.01). Postoperative and long-term outcomes did not differ between groups.Conclusions: ATAD appears to occur at smaller diameters in patients with modest dilation in the AR vs the AA (4.6 vs 4.8 cm). These findings may have implications for future consensus guidelines regarding the management of patients with aortic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method is established for constructing accurate analytical approximations to the Lambert W function. • The Padé approximant is applied to derive an initial analytical approximation. • The Schröder's iteration formulae are utilized to establish high-accuracy analytical approximations. • These approximations are valid for the entire principal branch. The Lambert W function is defined as the multivalued inverse of the function w ↦ wew. It has a wide range of applications. We propose a new method to construct a high-precision analytical approximation of the two branches of W. The method is based on Padé approximation and Schröder's iteration. This method can also be extended to solve other transcendental equations in science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) are gasotransmitters, which are involved in almost all plant physiological and stress-related processes. With its antioxidant regulatory properties, NO on its own ameliorates plant stress, while H 2 S, a foul-smelling gas, has differential effects. Recent studies have shown that these signaling molecules are involved in intertwined pathway networks. This is due to the contrasting effects of NO and H 2 S depending on cell type, subcellular compartment, and redox status, as well as the flux and dosage of NO and H 2 S in different plant species and cellular contexts. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the complex networks of these molecules, with particular emphasis on root development, stomatal movement, and plant cell death. NO and H 2 S have signaling properties through protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and by their crosstalk with other cellular compounds, including phytohormones, hydrogen peroxide, or calcium, among others. NO and H 2 S regulate protein function mainly by cysteine thiol-based redox switches (S -nitrosation and persulfidation, respectively) that compete with each other and with other PTMs (S -glutathionylation, S -cyanylation, S -acylation, and S -sulfenylation). The prevalence of one will depend on the subcellular and cellular redox context, which in turn will depend on the physiological or stress situation in which it occurs. NO and H 2 S can function in a coordinated way in certain signaling cascades, although there are processes in which they do so independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a critical hormone for plant survival upon water stress. In this study, a large-scale mutants of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0) by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenesis were generated, and an i mproved r oot e longation under w ater-stress 1 (irew1) mutant showing significantly enhanced root growth was isolated upon a water potential gradient assay. Then, irew1 and ABA-related mutants in Arabidopsis or tomato plants were observed under water potential gradient assay or water-deficient condition. ABA pathway, Ca2+ response and primary root (PR) elongation rate were monitored in addition to DNA- and RNA-Seq analyses. We found that based on phenotyping and transcriptional analyses, irew1 exhibited the enhanced PR growth, ABA and Ca2+ responses compared to wild-type subjected to water stress. Interestingly, exogenous Ca2+ application enhanced PR growth of irew1 , ABA-biosynthesis deficient mutants in Arabidopsis and tomato plants in response to water potential gradients or water-deficient condition. In combination with other ABA-related mutants and pharmacological study, our results suggest that ABA is required for root elongation associated with Ca2+ influx in response to water stress. • The Arabidopsis mutant water-stress 1 (irew1) showed an improved root elongation upon a water potential gradient assay. • By using irew1 and ABA-biosynthesis deficient tomato, we analyzed ABA pathway, Ca2+ response, root growth and RNA-Seq. • The results showed that irew1 had longer primary root, enhanced ABA and Ca2+ response when compared to WT under water stress. • Ca2+ application enhanced primary root growth of irew1 , ABA-biosynthesis deficient Arabidopsis and tomato under water stress. • Our results suggest that ABA is required for root elongation associated with Ca2+ influx in response to water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the change in the content of the macro and micro elements in the growing wild grazing plant of Calligonum comosum was tracked at the Research and Training Station of King Faisal University in Al-Hassa Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Mineral elements were estimated in aerial parts (plant as a whole, leaves and stem) from January-April 2020. The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant as a whole plant > leaves > roots, while the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and copper elements in the leaves was higher than other parts whereas the concentrations of these elements of whole plant were higher than the concentrations in roots. The results showed that the plant contents of nitrogen, potassium and zinc were the highest in March, while the concentrations of phosphorus, calcium, iron and copper were in February. The concentrations of magnesium, manganese and copper was the highest in January and April respectively. The values ​​of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper ranged from 11.1 to 18.4 g kg−1, 4.17–2.33 g kg−1, 13.73–18.97 g kg−1, 24.50–28.90 g kg−1, 10.40–12.30 gkg−1, 1500–1677 mg kg−1, 45.45–49.29 mg kg−1, 70.70–177.23 mg kg−1, 16.78–73.46 mg kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the results exhibited that the lowest values of the elements appeared in the plant roots in April. As well as, the distribution of the elements followed the normal life curve from January to April. Besides that, the evaluated elements satisfy the needs of the grazing animals' life in which this type of plant grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Saffron produced an acceptable economical yield under severe salt stress conditions. • Saffron improved its root density, corm average weight and K+/Na+ ratio under salinity stress. • The modulating power of VCE on salinity stress was more effective than GABA and SA. • VCE could remedy the nutrient deficiency of saffron and maintain K+/Na+ homeostasis. • Exogenous foliar application of GABA and SA mitigated the oxidative damages. Detailed information on response of saffron, one of the most economical medicinal plants, to high levels of saline (NaCl) water irrigation is not available. In this study, effect of spraying Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), salicylic acid (SA) and vermicompost extract (VCE) on root structure, corm and flower production, K+ and Na+ allocation, physiological and photosynthesis aspects along with antioxidant enzymes activity of saffron were evaluated under saline water irrigation. The treatments consisted of adding four salinity doses to irrigation water (0, 5, 10 and 15 dS m−1 of NaCl) as main plot and four exogenous foliar applications (control, distilled water; GABA, 10 mM; SA, 1.5 mM and VCE, 5%) as subplot. The results illustrated that increasing root density; generating larger and heavier corms; and promoting Na+ exclusion and K+ accumulation were the main tolerance mechanisms which help saffron produce a satisfactory economical yield under salt stress conditions. All the foliar application treatments, especially VCE, could nullify the detrimental impacts of salinity. VCE remedied the nutrient deficiency caused by reducing soil osmotic potential and improved aerial K+/Na+ ratio in salinity conditions. Triggering antioxidant defense system was the most notable mechanism of GABA and SA that led to alleviation of adverse effect of salt stress. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that saffron can be introduced as a salt-tolerance crop and exogenous foliar application of VCE, GABA and SA are suggested for minimizing negative effects of salinity on saffron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roots exhibit hydrotropism in response to moisture gradients, with the hydrotropism-related gene Mizu-kussei1 (MIZ1) playing a role in regulating root hydrotropism in an oblique orientation. However, the mechanisms underlying MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism are not well understood. In this study, we employed obliquely oriented experimental systems to investigate root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis. We found that the miz1 mutant displays reduced root hydrotropism but increased root gravitropism following hydrostimulation, as compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, overexpression of AtMIZ1 leads to enhanced root hydrotropism but decreased root gravitropism following hydrostimulation, as compared to wild-type plants. Using co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS), we explored proteins that interact with AtMIZ1, and we identified PGMC1 co-immunoprecipitated with MIZ1 in vivo. Furthermore, the miz1 mutant exhibited higher expression of the PGMC1 gene and increased phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity, while AtMIZ1 overexpressors resulted in lower expression of the PGMC1 gene, reduced amyloplast amount, and reduced PGM activity in comparison to wild-type roots. In addition, different Arabidopsis natural accessions having difference in their hydrotropic response demonstrated expression level of PGMC1 was negatively correlated with hydrotropic root curvature and AtMIZ1 expression. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of amyloplast in MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism. • MIZ1 is negatively correlated with amyloplast to regulate root hydrotropism. • MIZ1 is negatively correlated with PGMC1 gene expression. • MIZ1 is negatively correlated with PGM activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in sweetpotato seriously affects its yield. Rapid diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition in sweetpotato plays an important role in sweetpotato fertilizer management. This study aimed to develop a new critical leaf N curve based on root dry matter (RDM) for rapid monitoring and diagnosis of root yield in sweetpotato. Three field experiments were conducted using two sweetpotato cultivars, Yanshu 25 and Shang 19 with varying five N application rates (N0-N4). The biomass, nitrogen content of different parts, and leaf SPAD of sweetpotato were measured at each sampling date. The relationship between root dry matter and leaf N concentration was analyzed, and a model of critical N concentration for sweetpotato was constructed. Independent experimental data divided into N-limitation and non-N-limitation treatments were used for model validation. The critical leaf N (N leaf) for sweetpotato based on RDM is determined by the equation N leaf = 3. 98 RDM−0. 113, R2=0.9168. The critical leaf N concentration curve based on leaf dry matter (LDM) is higher than that based on RDM. With the increase of nitrogen application rates, the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) increases continuously, while the dry matter weight of the underground part increased firstly and then decreased. The NNI of the two varieties were positively correlated with the normalized values of SPAD, and the determination coefficients R2 were 0.7416. We found that (i) nitrogen is primarily supplied to the aboveground development during the early growth stage. And excessive nitrogen inhibits the differentiation of underground tuberous roots. (ii) The critical leaf nitrogen concentration model based on the RDM can be used to construct the NNI to determine the presence of nitrogen deficiency or excess during cultivation. (iii) The normalized SPAD value can accurately and rapidly estimate NNI, could be used for nitrogen fertilizer diagnosis in sweetpotato production. The study demonstrates that the critical leaf N concentration curves based on RDM can effectively assess leaf N status and be used as reliable indicators for sweetpotato yield. In the actual production of sweetpotato, these results provided a rapid and accurate diagnosis tool for nitrogen nutrition management of sweetpotato. • Construct a critical nitrogen concentration model of leaves based on root dry matter. • The critical nitrogen concentrations based on root dry matter is better than that based on leaf dry matter. • NNI of sweetpotato can be quickly measured through the SPAD value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. These soil fungi can stimulate plant growth and increase plant nutrient acquisition of macro- and micronutrients and water uptake. Generally, plant growth promotion by Trichoderma is a consequence of the activity of potent fungal signaling metabolites diffused in soil with hormone-like activity, including indolic compounds as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) produced at concentrations ranging from 14 to 234 μg l-1, and volatile organic compounds such as sesquiterpene isoprenoids (C 15), 6-pentyl-2 H -pyran-2-one (6-PP) and ethylene (ET) produced at levels from 10 to 120 ng over a period of six days, which in turn, might impact plant endogenous signaling mechanisms orchestrated by plant hormones. Plant growth stimulation occurs without the need of physical contact between both organisms and/or during root colonization. When associated with plants Trichoderma may cause significant biochemical changes in plant content of carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, as detected in Arabidopsis thaliana , maize (Zea mays), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which may improve the plant health status during the complete life cycle. Trichoderma -induced plant beneficial effects such as mechanisms of defense and growth are likely to be inherited to the next generations. Depending on the environmental conditions perceived by the fungus during its interaction with plants, Trichoderma can reprogram and/or activate molecular mechanisms commonly modulated by IAA, ET and abscisic acid (ABA) to induce an adaptative physiological response to abiotic stress, including drought, salinity, or environmental pollution. This review, provides a state of the art overview focused on the canonical mechanisms of these beneficial fungi involved in plant growth promotion traits under different environmental scenarios and shows new insights on Trichoderma metabolites from different chemical classes that can modulate specific plant growth aspects. Also, we suggest new research directions on Trichoderma spp. and their secondary metabolites with biological activity on plant growth. • The fungal genus Trichoderma fulfills multiple ecological functions in the rhizosphere. • Several Trichoderma species can promote plant growth in natural and agricultural systems. • Trichoderma spp. produce a large number of bioactive metabolites that exert beneficial effects on plant growth. • Different species of these fungi can solubilize soil nutrients. • Trichoderma can promote the adaptation of plants under stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work intends to propose and simulate a branching process algorithm for a single and prompt/delayed system of particles in an infinite medium. The model's dynamic is characterized in terms of generating functions and described by backward and forward-type Kolmogorov equations. From such equations, the population's expectation, its variance and its probability distribution can be computed in terms of the generating function's derivative. Also, it is shown that criticality conditions can be presented in terms of extinction probabilities, which play an important role in the system's stability. The algorithm is implemented in C++ and makes use of ROOT's library for storing and processing a large amount of data. • Systems with prompt and delayed particles can be computationally simulated and mathematically described by Kolmogorov equations. • Monte Carlo simulations for branching process can approach solutions of Kolmogorov equations. • Branching process simulations can be performed with GPU accelerations and C++ frameworks for a high amount of data storage. • Galton–Watson process can describe criticality conditions with probabilistic arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination by heavy metals has become a serious threat to global food security. The application of silicon (Si)-based materials is a simple and economical method for producing safe crops in contaminated soil. However, the impact of silicon on the heavy-metal concentration in plant roots, which are the first line in the chain of heavy-metal entering plants and causing stress and the main site of heavy-metal deposition in plants, remains puzzling. We proposed a process-based model (adsorption-diffusion model) to explain the results of a collection of 28 experiments on alleviating toxic metal stress in plants by Si. Then we evaluated the applicability of the model in Si-mitigated trivalent chromium (Cr[III]) stress in rice, taking into account variations in experimental conditions such as Cr(III) concentration, stress duration, and Si concentration. It was found that the adsorption-diffusion model fitted the experimental data well (R2 > 0.9). We also verified the binding interaction between Si and Cr in the cell wall using SEM-EDS and XPS. In addition, we designed a simplified biomimetic device that simulated the Si in cell wall to analyze the dual-action switch of Si from increasing Cr(III) adsorption to blocking Cr(III) diffusion. We found that the adsorption of Cr(III) by Si decreased from 58% to 7% as the total amount of Cr(III) increased, and finally the diffusion blocking effect of Si dominated. This study deepens our understanding of the role of Si in mitigating toxic metal stress in plants and is instructive for the research and use of Si-based materials to improve food security. [Display omitted] • Si reduces toxic metal concentration in shoots but sometimes increases it in roots. • The adsorption-diffusion model was developed to explain the effect of Si in roots. • Si exhibited dual roles in roots by increasing adsorption and blocking diffusion. • The intensity and duration of stress and Si concentration affected Si's function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epigenetic complex Trithorax (TrxG) regulates gene transcription through post-translational histone modifications and is involved in a wide range of developmental processes. ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) is a SAND domain plant-exclusive TrxG protein that regulates the H3K4me3 active mark to counteract PcG repression. ULT1 has been identified to be involved in multiple tissue-specific processes. In the Arabidopsis root, ULT1 is required to maintain the stem cell niche, a role that is independent of the histone methyltransferase ATX1. Here we show the contribution of ULT2 in the maintenance of root stem cell niche. We also analyzed the gene expression in the ult1, ult2, and ult1ult2 mutants, evidencing three ways in which ULT1 and ULT2 regulate gene expression, one of them, where ULT1 or ULT2 regulate specific genes each, another where ULT1 and ULT2 act redundantly, as well as a regulation that requires of ULT1 and ULT2 together, supporting a coregulation, never reported. Furthermore, we also evidenced the participation of ULT1 in transcriptional repression synergically with CLF, a key histone methyltransferase of PcG. • In roots, ULT1 and ULT2 regulate genes together, supporting a coregulationthat could be by the formation of dimers between ULT1 and ULT2. • ULT1 participates in transcriptional repression synergistically with CLF, a key HMT of PcG. • Unlike ULT1, ULT2 is less involved in maintaining the root stem cell niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central issue in plant ecology is exploring universal rules and the mechanisms under which photosynthetic energies are allocated to different organ parts. Until recently, prevalent studies focused on testing either optimal allocation theory or allometric allocation theory in predicting plant biomass partitioning patterns. However, paying much attention to the stable state prevents the development of new biomass allocation theories in transient time scales. Here, based on theories in transients and the allometric relationships in plant traits, I develop general theoretical models to study the transient perturbations of plant biomass allocated to non-photosynthetic organ parts. With both simulation and empirical approaches, I investigate the effect of plant stem diameter at breast height (DBH) on the variation of biomass allocation patterns during plant ontogeny. Results show that increases in DBH can mitigate the magnitude of the perturbations of plant biomass and biomass fractions allocated to both plant stem and root parts. The findings are robust when either deterministic or stochastic models are conducted. Moreover, empirical analyses from a large forest database in Eurasia consistently support the predictions from the theoretical frameworks. In this paper, I draw attention to the transient allocation pattern of plant biomass for non-photosynthetic organs, and I find the significant role of DBH. This work has important implications in both theoretical breakthroughs and practical applications. It not only provides the foundation to test new biomass allocation hypotheses but also directs agricultural and forest management to achieve stabilized yields. • Plant biomass allocation patterns focus on allometic and optimal theories. • Limitations in stable state prevent insight into their transient dynamics. • Stem diameter at breast height regulate the variation in biomass fractions. • Studies provide implications of stabilizing yields in forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravitropism is a vital mechanism through which plants adapt to their environment. Previous studies indicated that Ca2+ may play an important role in plant gravitropism. However, our understanding of the calcium signals in root gravitropism is still largely limited. Using a vertical stage confocal and transgenic Arabidopsis R-GECO1, our data showed that gravity stimulation enhances the occurrence of calcium spikes and increases the Ca2+ concentration in the lower side of the root cap. Furthermore, a close correlation was observed in the asymmetry of calcium signals with the inclination angles at which the roots were oriented. The frequency of calcium spikes on the lower side of 90°-rotated root decreases rapidly over time, whereas the asymmetric distribution of auxin readily strengthens for up to 3 h, indicating that the calcium spikes, promoted by gravity stimulation, may precede auxin as one of the early signals. In addition, the root gravitropism of starchless mutants is severely impaired. Correspondingly, no significant increase in calcium spike occurrence was observed in the root caps of these mutants within 15 min following a 90° rotation, indicating the involvement of starch grains in the formation of calcium spikes. However, between 30 and 45 min after a 90° rotation, asymmetric calcium spikes were indeed observed in the root of starchless mutants, suggesting that starch grains are not indispensable for the formation of calcium spikes. Besides, co-localization analysis suggests that the ER may function as calcium stores during the occurrence of calcium spikes. These findings provide further insights into plant gravitropism. • Reorientation of roots enhances the formation of calcium spikes in the root cap. • Starch grains are involved, but not essential for the formation of calcium spikes. • The ER may function as calcium stores during the formation of calcium spikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• OsOBP and OsCK1a.3 were identified as the most suitable reference genes. • Expression stability was determined using geNorm and NormFinder tools. • Identified reference genes showed higher expression stability than OsUBQ5. • It is better to use one or two specific reference genes for a specific heavy metal stress. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common approach to quantify changes in gene expression. Appropriate internal reference genes are essential for normalization of data of RT-qPCR. In the present study, we identified suitable reference genes for analysis of gene expression in rice seedlings subjected to different heavy metal stresses such as deficiencies of iron and zinc and toxicities of cobalt, cadmium and nickel. First, from publically available RNA-Seq data we identified 10 candidate genes having stable expression. We also included commonly used house-keeping gene OsUBQ5 (Ubiquitin 5) in our analysis. Expression stability of all the 11 genes was determined by two independent tools, NormFinder and geNorm. Our results show that selected candidate reference genes have higher stability in their expression compared to that of OsUBQ5. Genes with locus ID LOC_Os03g16690, encoding an oxysterol-binding protein (OsOBP) and LOC_Os01g56580, encoding Casein Kinase_1a.3 (OsCK1a.3) were identified to be the most stably expressed reference genes under most of the conditions tested. Finally, the study reveals that it is better to use a specific reference gene for a specific heavy metal stress condition rather than using a common reference gene for multiple heavy metal stress conditions. The reference genes identified here would be very useful for gene expression studies under heavy metal stresses in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is an economically important pseudocereal crop, which can adapt well to extreme environments, including low nitrogen (LN) stress. However, little is known regarding the associated molecular mechanisms. In this study, the molecular mechanism of Tartary buckwheat roots in response to different doses of nitrate was investigated by combining physiological changes with transcriptional regulatory network. LN improved elongation and branching of lateral roots, indicating that the plasticity of lateral roots drives the adaption of Tartary buckwheat under LN condition. The roots of the seedlings that were cultivated under four N conditions were selected for RNA-Seq analysis. In total 1686 nitrate dose-responsive genes were identified. Of these genes, 16 genes encoding N transporters showed response to N availability, and they may play important roles in N transport and root system architecture in Tartary buckwheat roots. 108 transcription factors (TFs) showed dose-response to N availability, and they may regulate N response and root growth under varied N conditions by modulating the expression of N transporters. A NIN-like protein, FtNLP7, was identified and it may contribute to the transcriptional regulation of N transporters. Furthermore, 81 N-responsive genes were identified as the small secreted peptides (SSPs). 48 N-responsive SSPs were annotated as hypothetical proteins and they may be the species-specific proteins of Tartary buckwheat. This paper provides useful information for further investigation of the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of Tartary buckwheat under N-deficient condition. • Low nitrogen improved elongation and branching of lateral roots of Tartary buckwheat. • 108 TFs may involve in N transport and root system architecture of Tartary buckwheat by modulating N transporter genes. • 81 SSPs involved in N response were identified in Tartary buckwheat. • 48 N-responsive SSPs were the specific proteins of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To illuminate the similarities and differences between wild and cultivated Sarcandra glabra (S. glabra), we performed a comprehensively study on 26 batches of cultivated S. glabra and 2 batches of wild S. glabra. Chemical constituents and distribution characteristics of roots, stems and leaves in both wild and cultivated S. glabra were investigated through UHPLC-TOF-MS method. The result revealed that there were significant differences between roots, stems and leaves in S. glabra. And the chemical contents in the root part were less or even absence than those in leaf and stem, which suggested the root organ could be excluded as medicine. Meanwhile, the chemical contents of stems and leaves in cultivated S. glabra was sightly higher than that of wild samples. Therefore, cultivated S. glabra may have a high potential for substitution of wild S. glabra without affecting its pharmaceutical properties. In summary, our study could provide important information to the molecular basis for quality control of S. glabra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel and root surface roughness on exracted human teeth by using different tecniques (ultrasonic scaler, hand instruments, polishing paste, pumice and air powder system). A total of 200 samples were divided into two groups (enamel and root) randomly with 100 samples for each enamel and root groups. The groups were divided into 5 subgroups: Group I: ultrasonic scaler, group II: hand instruments, group III: polishing paste, group IV: pumice, group V: air-powder. Surface roughness (Ra) was assessed with Mitutoyo SJ-410 device. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test along with the Tukey test was used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The use of ultrasonic scalers caused the highest roughness increase on the enamel surface (0.935 ​± ​0.010), whereas the use of pumice was the least (0.896 ​± ​0.018) (p ​< ​0.05). There was a significant difference between ultrasonic scalers and all the groups (hand instruments, polishing paste, pumice and air powder system) on enamel surface (p ​< ​0.05). Maximum surface roughness increase was observed in the ultrasonic scalers on root surface. There was a significant difference between ultrasonic scalers and polishing paste, pumice and air powder on root surface, respectively (p ​< ​0.05). The use of ultrasonic scalers cause more rough enamel and root surfaces than hand instrumentation and polishing tecniques. Uneven surfaces adversely affect the intended periodontal healing by creating a retention area of microbial dental plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the dawn of the industrial revolution, the exorbitant use of heavy metals and toxic elements by mankind unfurls a powerful and complex web of hazard all around the world that significantly contributed to unprecedented trends in environmental degradation. Plants as sessile organisms, that cannot escape from the stress directly, have adapted to this environment via concurrent configurations of several traits. Among them the anatomy has been identified as much more advanced field of research that brought the explosion of interest among the expertise and its prodigious importance in stress physiology is unavoidable. In conjunction with various other disciplines, like physiology, biochemistry, genomics and metabolomics, the plant anatomy provides a large data sets that are paving the way towards a comprehensive and holistic understanding of plant growth, development, defense and productivity under heavy metal and toxic element stress. Present paper advances our recent knowledge about structural alterations of plant tissues induced by metals and metalloids, like antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) and points on essential role of plant anatomy and its understanding for plant growth and development in changing environment. Understanding of anatomical adaptations of various plant organs and tissues to heavy metals and metalloids could greatly contribute to integral and modern approach for investigation of plants in changing environmental conditions. These findings are necessary for understanding of the whole spectra of physiological and biochemical reactions in plants and to maintain the crop productivity worldwide. Moreover, our holistic perception regarding the processes underlying the plant responses to metal(loids) at anatomical level are needed for improving crop management and breeding techniques. • Metals and metalloids might negatively affect plant growth and tissue organization. • Common observed alterations of root, stem and leaf tissues due to presence of toxic doses of metal(loid)s are summarized. • Environmental conditions variability and internal plant characteristics may influence metal(loid)ʼs effect on plant anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An independent dominating set of the simple graph G = (V , E) is a vertex subset that is both dominating and independent in G. The independent domination polynomial of a graph G is the polynomial D i (G , x) = ∑ A x | A | , summed over all independent dominating subsets A ⊆ V. A root of D i (G , x) is called an independence domination root. We investigate the independent domination polynomials of some generalized compound graphs. As consequence, we construct graphs whose independence domination roots are real. Also, we consider some graphs related to paths and study the number of their independent dominating sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soluble sugars play important roles in plant development and stress response, and the nitrogen supply level can affect the among-organ distribution and metabolism of sugar in plants and, in turn, plant growth. To explore the adaptive response of apple root growth to nitrogen supply and its relationship with sugar metabolism, we used a hydroponic culture system to study how the nitrogen supply affects soluble sugar concentrations and sugar metabolism in apple roots. In hydroponic seedlings of Malus hupehensis , low nitrogen application caused rapid and vigorous proliferation of lateral roots, and the transcript levels of MdSOT1 and MdSUT3, which are involved in photoassimilate unloading in roots, were upregulated. The accumulation of sorbitol and sucrose in the fine roots was higher, and the activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, which are involved in the degradation of sucrose and sorbitol, were significantly increased under a low nitrogen supply. Genes involved in sugar degradation, such as MdSDH1, MdSuSy5, and MdNINV3, play important roles in the efficient use of sorbitol and sucrose under nitrogen deficiency. Additionally, the activity of fructokinase and hexokinase, which are involved in hexose phosphorylation, and transcript levels of MdFRK2 and MdHK3 were significantly upregulated under nitrogen deficiency, and the hexose phosphate products F6P and G6P accumulated greatly in the roots. These results showed that the sugar metabolism capability and sink strength of the roots increased under low nitrogen, indicating that low nitrogen promotes the utilization of sugar in the roots to meet the demand for sugar under rapid root growth. • Sugar metabolism and gene expression were studied in apple roots with low nitrogen application. • Low nitrogen application caused rapid and vigorous proliferation of lateral roots. • Sugar metabolism and transport in roots were increased under low nitrogen. • MdFRK2 might play a role in the response of low nitrogen in root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of potassium deficiency on cotton seedling growth and development at the individual, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Potassium is an important plant nutrient; our results show that potassium deficiency significantly affected cotton seedling growth and development, evidenced by reduced plant height, and total areas of the leaves and roots as well as further reduced both fresh and dry biomass of the entire plants. Potassium deficiency also significantly inhibited root and leaf respiration and leaf photosynthesis. Compared with the controls, potassium deficiency significantly inhibited root elongation and total root surface areas that further inhibited cotton seedlings to uptake nutrients from the medium. Potassium deficiency induced aberrant expression of both microRNAs (miRNAs) and their protein-coding targets. These miRNAs regulate plant root development as well as response to abiotic stresses. Potassium deficiency altered the expression of miRNAs that regulate the expression of protein-coding genes controlling root development and response to potassium deficiency. miRNAs regulate root development and further control plant development in cotton seedlings under potassium deficiency. In summary, potassium deficiency significantly affected the cotton seedling photosynthesis and respiration that resulted in inhibition of cotton seedling growth and development potentially due to the miRNA-mediated mechanism. • Cotton root development and branching were affected by potassium. • Potassium deficiency inhibited cell respiration and leaf photosynthesis. • Potassium treatment altered the expression of microRNAs and their targets. • miRNAs regulate root development and further control plant development in cotton under potassium deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Abundances, δ2H and δ13C values of n -alkanes were measured from plants across a coastal wetland. • Most of the geochemical proxies differed among plant habitats and between leaves and roots. • Differences in the isotopic values are larger among plants than between the leaves and roots. • PCA is a valuable tool differentiating organic matter source in coastal wetland sediments. Reconstructing past responses of coastal wetlands to climate change contextualizes ongoing and future developments in these globally important ecosystems. The molecular distributions and stable isotope ratios (δ2H and δ13C) of sedimentary plant wax n -alkanes are frequently used to infer past vegetation and hydroclimate changes in wetland systems. However, there is limited modern information available about these compounds in subtropical wetlands. Here we analyzed mature leaves from 30 typical plant species and roots from 6 plant species collected in the Florida Everglades, including tree island plants, freshwater wetland plants, mangroves, and seagrass. The n -alkane abundance (2 to 884 µg/g dry weight), percent of aquatic plants ratio (P aq , 0 to 1), average chain length (ACL 23-33 , 24.0–30.7), concentration weighted average (CWA) δ2H (−231 to −78‰) and δ13C values (−38.9 to −14.4‰) spanned wide ranges with plant growth habit. Significant differences in n -alkane abundances, P aq , ACL 23-33 , CWA δ2H and δ13C values were found to exist between the leaves and roots of some emergent aquatic plants. Simple mass balance calculations of wetland aquatic plants suggest that long chain n -alkanes (e.g., C 29 n -alkanes) are predominantly derived from leaves rather than roots in wetland surface sediments/soils. However, the contribution from mid-chain n -alkanes (e.g., C 23 n -alkane) from roots may be equal to or greater than those from leaves. This implies that the differences in the isotopic compositions between root and leaf derived material need to be taken into account when interpreting down core changes in mid-chain n -alkane δ2H and δ13C values, which may be derived from variable contributions from leaves and roots rather than a change in hydroclimate or vegetation. Considering the large variation in both n -alkane distribution proxies and isotopic composition, no single molecular index or stable isotope ratio can capture multivariate changes of wetland ecosystems in the past. Nevertheless, principal component analysis shows promising potential to resolve different plant functional types. Paleo-reconstruction of subtropical aquatic ecosystems using n -alkanes will be most useful if the full molecular and isotopic distribution information of plant waxes are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil tea (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is an important edible oil tree mainly grown in acidic soils, whose growth and yield can be severely limited due to soil aluminum (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency. In this study, we investigated the physiological and metabolic responses of oil tea to Al and P treatment for an 8-week duration. Al reduced root length, root volume, and plant biomass, while P addition alleviated the effects of Al toxicity. P addition increased P content and reduced Al accumulation in roots. The profiles of 58 metabolites were significantly changed in roots of oil tea seedlings. Al toxicity increased various amino acids, but decreased many kinds of organic acids and carbohydrates. Interestingly, P addition reduced the amino acids accumulation which were induced by Al toxicity, while only a few organic acids changed under P supply. Most carbohydrates, including sucrose and glucose, significantly increased with P addition under Al toxicity. Results indicated that Al toxicity increased the accumulation of amino acids and reduced the accumulation of organic acids and carbohydrates, while the addition of P promoted root growth by alleviating the inhibition of protein synthesis and increasing carbohydrates content. However, P addition did not increase the organic acids content in roots. • Physiological and metabolic responses of oil tea to Al and P were investigated. • Al stress increased amino acids and decreased organic acids and carbohydrates. • P addition decreased amino acids accumulation caused by Al toxicity. • Organic acid metabolism may not be the main function of P in alleviating Al toxicity. • P alleviated Al toxicity by increasing carbohydrates, which promoted root growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium (K+) has been reported to alleviate ammonium (NH 4 +) toxicity in rice through some underlying mechanisms, but it still not clear. In addition, K+ is an important cation for activation of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity. Here, we hypothesized that K+ alleviated NH 4 + toxicity by mediating PM H+-ATPase function in rice root. In this study, rice plants were cultivated in hydroponic solution with various concentrations of K+ and NH 4 +. By concurrently supplying K+ with NH 4 + or re-supplying K+ after NH 4 + toxicity, we found that high K+ concentration reduced the NH 4 + uptake rate, enhanced the H+ extrusion rate by the roots, and alleviated rice NH 4 + toxicity. The gene expression levels of PM H+-ATPase members (OsA1 , 3 , 7 , 8 , and 9) were upregulated by application of increasing concentrations of K+ under NH 4 + toxicity. The PM H+-ATPase activity and protein expression in rice roots were also enhanced. Furthermore, the enhancement of PM H+-ATPase activity by a specific stimulator (fusicoccin) rescued rice seedlings from NH 4 + toxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that K+ can alleviate NH 4 + toxicity, possibly by activating PM H+-ATPase to extrude more H+ and inhibit NH 4 + uptake by root. Our results may enhance understanding of the strategy of applying K+ fertilizer to mitigate crop NH 4 + toxicity in agriculture. Image 1 • High ammonium could inhibit plant growth and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. • Potassium nutrition was able to increase H+ extrusion and reduce ammonium uptake under ammonium toxicity. • Potassium can alleviate ammonium toxicity via mediating plasma membrane H+-ATPase in rice roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants in soil faces great fluctuations of external mineral nutrient availability, and they have developed sophisticated nutrient sensing systems to regulate their physiological responses to prevent nutrient deficiency. However, complete knowledge of the regulatory system is required to maximize inorganic nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization. In this study, we report a partner protein for high-affinity nitrate transport, OsNAR2.2. OsNAR2.2 was involved in the root growth in a nitrate-dependent manner in rice, and this process was closely associated with auxin. Expression analysis showed that OsNAR2.2 responded to nitrate and various plant hormone signals. Knockdown of OsNAR2. 2 by T-DNA insertion not only significantly repressed the primary root elongation, but also severely reduced the number of lateral root and adventitious root. Further research indicated that the size of meristematic zone and epidermal cell length of mature zone in the primary root tip were remarkably reduced, and the formation of lateral root primordial was constrained in osnar2.2 mutant. Interestingly, the repression of root growth in osnar2.2 mutant was observed when NO 3 − but not NH 4 + was used as N source in the medium. The NO 3 − content in osnar2.2 root was significantly reduced under NO 3 − conditions, in comparison with that of wild type. Meanwhile, the free IAA accumulation as well as the expression of auxin biosynthesis and transport genes was altered in osnar2.2 root, suggesting there might be a crosslink between the nitrate and auxin signaling. Together, OsNAR2.2 plays a vital role in rice root growth and development in a nitrate-dependent manner, which might be associated with auxin signaling. • O sNAR2.2 plays a vital role in the root growth and development in rice. • O sNAR2.2 mediates rice growth and development in a nitrate-dependent manner. • O sNAR2.2 promotes nitrate uptake and transport in rice, which is closely associated with auxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extradural + intradural. • Ventral root connections. • results according to plexus type. The anomalous anatomical arrangement of the cervical spinal nerve roots within the spinal canal can complicate the surgical treatment of several pathologies. This work aimed to reveal intraspinal anatomical anomalies of the extradural and also intradural cervical spinal nerve roots courses. The anatomical study was realised in 43 cadavers with a mean age of 53.7 (32 men and 11 women). After opening the spinal canal and also the dural sac the intradural and extradural anomalies of the cervical spinal nerve roots (bilaterally) were explored and documented. We found completely 49 cases (56.98%) of intraspinal cervical nerve root anomalies. Extradural anomalies were found in 11 cases (12.79%) including atypical spacing, two roots exiting through one neuroforamen, extradural communications, aberrant root. Intradural anomalies observed in 28 cases (32.56%) comprised: communications between the dorsal roots and ventral roots separately or together and the multiple communications. Other anomalies (10 cases, 11.63%) included various types of atypical spacing of the roots and their asymmetry. All the results are differentiated according to the plexus type (pre-, postfixed, normotyped). This study describes intraspinal (extradural and intradural) anatomical anomalies of the cervical spinal nerve root courses. Knowledge of these variabilities should help to prevent the failure of several medical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]