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The present paper provides a historical context for chaos theory, originating in the 1960s with Edward Norton Lorenz's efforts to predict weather patterns. It introduces chaos theory, fractal geometry, nonlinear dynamics, and the butterfly effect, highlighting their exploration of complex systems. The authors aim to bridge the gap between chaos theory and oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) through a literature review, exploring its applications and emphasizing the prevention of minor deviations in OMFS to avoid significant consequences. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The selection process adhered to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and Leiden Manifesto principles. Articles focusing on chaos theory principles in health sciences, published in the last two decades, were included. The review encompassed 37 articles after screening 386 works. It revealed applications in outcome variation, surgical planning, simulations, decision-making, and emerging technologies. Potential applications include predicting infections, malignancies, dental fractures, and improving decision-making through disease prediction systems. Emerging technologies, despite criticisms, indicate advancements in AI integration, contributing to enhanced diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment strategies. Chaos theory, a distinct scientific framework, holds potential to revolutionize OMFS. Its integration with advanced techniques promises personalized, less traumatic surgeries and improved patient care. The interdisciplinary synergy of chaos theory and emerging technologies presents a future in which OMFS practices become more efficient, less traumatic, and achieve a level of precision never seen before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing is an emerging technology in veterinary cardiovascular medicine allowing the fabrication of anatomically correct patient-specific models. These patient-specific models can be used for a wide range of purposes including medical teaching, assessment of cardiac function and movement of valve leaflets, design and assessment of devices created for interventional procedures, and pre-surgical planning [1–3]. Additionally, these 3D models can facilitate communication between the clinical team and the patient's owner. The process of creating 3D models starts with acquiring volumetric imaging data sets of the area of interest. Three-dimensional modeling and printing are reliable when high-quality volumetric imaging data are used to create these models. Currently, only ungated- and electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), and 3D echocardiography provide the volumetric data sets needed to create these 3D models. These imaging data sets are imported into a software or open-source freeware platform and then segmented to create a virtual 3D model. This virtual 3D model can be further refined using computer-aided design (CAD) software and then be printed to create a physical 3D model. Cardiovascular 3D modeling and printing is a new medical tool which allows us to expand the way we plan interventional procedures, practice interventional skills, communicate with the medical team and owner, and teach future veterinarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-house repositioning methods based on three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology and the use of pre-bent plates has been gaining popularity in orthognathic surgery. However, there remains room for further improvement in methods and investigations on clinical factors that affect accuracy. This single-centre, prospective study included 34 patients and aimed to evaluate the accuracy and factors influencing maxillary and mandibular repositioning using pre-bent locking plates. The plates were manually pre-bent on the 3D-printed models of the planned position, and their hole positions were scanned and reproduced intraoperatively with osteotomy guides. The accuracy of repositioning and plate-hole positioning was calculated in three axes with the set landmarks. The following clinical factors that affect repositioning accuracy were also verified: deviation of the plate-hole positioning, amount of planned movement, and amount of simulated bony interference. The median deviations of the repositioning and hole positioning between the preoperative plan and postoperative results were 0.26 mm and 0.23 mm, respectively, in the maxilla, and 0.69 mm and 0.36 mm, respectively, in the mandible, suggesting that the method was highly accurate, and the repositioning concept based on the plate hole and form matching was more effective in the maxilla. Results of the correlation test suggest that large amounts of bony interference and plate-hole positioning errors in the up/down direction could reduce mandibular repositioning accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pattern registration accuracy is a key property in printing processes, especially for miniaturized printed electronic devices that require the overlay of multiple layers. Except for inkjet and screen printing, various printing methods such as gravure offset, flexographic, and reverse offset printing typically use a roll-to-sheet type printer; however, registration has been limited, especially in the machine direction because of the speed variation in rotary motion of a cylindrical roll. We developed an arc-to-sheet type printer in which the rotary motion of an arc was realized by a trochoidal trajectory because such a mechanism can only be constructed using the translational motions of high-precision linear actuators. A prediction model for the behavior of the contact point of the arc during printing was also developed, along with a method for compensating for mechanical and assembly errors, which was verified by laser displacement measurements and torque exerted on the linear motor of table. Cu patterns reverse offset printed by the developed arc-to-sheet printer had positional errors of less than 3σ < 6 ppm with an optimized processing condition, achieving an unprecedented level of accuracy in printed electronics. • A novel arc-to-sheet printer was developed to provide a high-precision printed electronics. • The arc-to-sheet printer is offering 2-μm feature patterns. • The arc was rotated by the trochoidal motion of precision linear actuators. • Positional errors below 6 ppm at 3σ level were achieved with optimized parameters. • Registration accuracy was predicted by a point of contact model and a FEM simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties and cost efficiency of direct ink writing (DIW) printing of two different zirconia inks compared to casting and subtractive manufacturing. Zirconia disks were manufactured by DIW printing and the casting process and divided into six subgroups (n = 20) according to sintering temperatures (1350 °C, 1450 °C and 1550 °C) and two different ink compositions (Ink 1, Ink 2). A CAD/CAM-milled high strength zirconia (3Y-TZP) was added as reference group. The biaxial flexural strength (BFS) was measured using the piston-on-three-balls test. X-ray-diffraction (XRD) was used for microstructural analysis. The cost efficiency was compared for DIW printing and subtractive manufacturing by calculation of the manufacturing costs of one dental crown. Using XRD, monoclinic and tetragonal phases were detected for Ink 1, for all other groups no monoclinic phase was detected. The CAD/CAM-milled ceramic showed a significantly higher BFS than all other groups. The BFS of Ink 2 was significantly higher than the BFS of Ink 1. At a sintering temperature of 1550 °C the mean BFS of the printed Ink 2 was 822 ± 174 MPa. The BFS of the cast materials did not show a significantly higher BFS than the corresponding printed group for any tested parameter-set. The manufacturing costs of DIW printed crowns are lower than the manufacturing costs of CAD/CAM-milled crowns. DIW has a high potential to replace subtractive processes for dental applications, as it shows promising mechanical properties for appropriate ink compositions and facilitates a highly cost effective production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four-dimensional printing, sometimes known as 4DP, is becoming an increasingly popular area of study. Utilization of "shrewd" materials in 3D printing considers the making of items that answer non-mechanical boosts (like dampness, electric or attractive fields, UV, temperature, pH, or particle arrangement) by progressively changing their shape after some time, as modified. These things could be printed with a shape-moving component that is constrained by a PC. Gadgets made with 4D printing innovation exploit time as the final aspect in their activity. 4D shrewd designs have been concentrated on in the logical writing for a really long time, much before the coming of 3D printing. Medicine delivery at the nano-, miniature, and full-scale scales have all been investigated utilizing ideas from shape development and self-gathering. This study lays forward a far-reaching set of rules for utilizing biomimetic 3D/4D printing techniques in drug delivery frameworks. Biomimetic 3D/4D printing has arisen as a game-changing method in the field of medicine delivery, considering unmatched accuracy and command over drug discharge qualities. In particular, this study looks at the manners by which 3D and 4D printing are being utilized as prescription delivery techniques and with regards to customized medication in the pharmaceutical business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Kinetic study in two polymer matrices is presented. • Colorimetric analysis of the oxygen detection step was conducted. • Indicators' printability was verified. • Indicators were covered with a protective layer. • Indicator light stability was verified. The indicators are comprised of TiO 2 , Remazol Brilliant Blue R, glycerol, and polymer. Two different polymer matrices, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) or (carboxy)methyl cellulose (CMC) were used. The indicators were printed on a plastic foil and covered with a UV curable coating. Data for the kinetic study of photocatalytic reduction and oxidation were gathered with reflectance spectrophotometer and the kinetic analysis was based on the change of the indicator's optical density. Both indicators were successfully activated with UVA and both detected oxygen. The rate of oxidation depended on percentual oxygen concentration, increasing with increasing oxygen concentration. The PVAC based indicator was much quicker to detect oxygen than its CMC counterpart, the former having a color change response to oxygen that is easily detected by naked eye in just one minute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A pyridine-coumarin based probe senses cyanide ion in water. • The probe showed color change from red to blue fluorescence with turn-on response. • The probe used as a digital printing ink material and showed color change for CN− ion. • The developed probe effectively detects cyanide ion in different water samples. The work designed and described here is for the effective recognition of cyanide ion. A novel core (PC) with coumarin moiety as a signaling unit and pyridinium as an acceptor unit and these moieties linked by π-conjugation. In which CN− ion binds in the pyridine ring via nucleophilic addition and produces changes that are captured by different techniques to prove its sensing efficiency. The probe displays a visual color variation to pale orange from purple and also exhibits blue fluorescence from red fluorescence upon cyanide addition. The probe PC sensing ability towards CN− ion has been confirmed by various spectral measurement. In UV–visible technique, a blue shift was observed by the probe with CN− ion. In fluorescence measurements, a peak appeared at 704 nm, which corresponds to the probe encountering a peak enhancement with the added cyanide ion. The binding stoichiometric ratio among the probe and CN− ion is to be 1:1 in jobs method. The probes detection limit and binding constant were calculated to be 0.39 nM and 7.07x104 M. The probe is used as a single component ink and injected into a cartridge and printed on paper which is used as a tool to detect cyanide in water. Besides, the probe successfully senses cyanide ion in various water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are studying the shrinkage and microstructural damages induced by drying in samples exposed to drying at very early ages. We measure for two model mortars the average and local shrinkage through microtomography images subtraction along with microstructure evolution through microtomography radiographs. Our measurements showcase the role played by the kinetics of propagation of drying-induced capillary stresses on shrinkage distribution. They moreover show the existence of two distinct types of microstructural damages in such exposed samples occurring at the onset of the sample desaturation after a period as short as a couple of hours. Our analysis allows for a first-order understanding of the scaling of the main stress, length and time scales of the problem with some material parameters such as compressibility and permeability. We finally extrapolate and discuss the consequences of the above features on standard concrete casting and on concrete 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodetectors convert light into electrical signals and are crucial for scientific research and practical applications. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a superior material for fabricating printable next-generation QD photodetectors, allowing facile fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and high flexibility. Their ability to detect a broad spectrum of signals, from high-energy to infrared signals, facilitates diverse technological applications, including medical imaging, security screening, environmental monitoring, and communication systems. Over recent years, a range of deposition techniques for printed QD-based photodetectors have been developed, covering a broad spectrum of photodetection applications. Significant efforts are being made to overcome the challenges associated with various deposition techniques, aiming to enhance the performance of QD-based photodetectors for specific spectra detection, therefore facilitating their practical deployment. This review aims to provide a clear understanding of the state-of-the-art developments in the field of printed QD-based photodetection in terms of the deposition techniques and different spectrum photodetectors. The review begins with the fundamental properties of colloidal QDs and their suitability for printable electronics. Subsequently, various deposition techniques and photodetector structures are explored, highlighting the advancements and applications of these QDs in broad-spectrum photon detection. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and potential solutions for the development of QD-based photodetectors. The findings and recommendations of this review are expected to inspire future research on printed QD-based photodetectors. [Display omitted] • Key properties of colloidal quantum dots for printable electronics. • Advances in deposition techniques and structures of colloidal quantum dots photodetectors for broad-spectrum detection. • Challenges and solutions in developing quantum dot-based photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a commercial 3 mol% yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia spray-dried granules were used as such, and after intensive milling, for the production of dense samples by robocasting technique. The aim was to evaluate the suitability of using spray-dried granules instead of submicron particles in robocasting of ceramic parts. To this aim, robocasting pastes were produced from the as-received granules as well as from nanometric particles obtained from an effective ball milling of the granules. The formulation of the pastes was optimized in order to achieve optimal printability. The drying conditions were optimized as well, and the control of temperature and humidity either in the printing and drying chambers allowed to eliminate any warping issue. After sintering at 1450 °C, the monolithic dense parts were characterized by ultra-fine and highly sintered microstructures, with the highest density achieved by the sample produced from granules. This material not only did not show the typical defects of granules-derived ceramics but was also characterized by fewer and smaller defects than the sample produced by the fine particles. It seemed that the presence of large granules, and thus large intergranular space, favored the debinding process and limited the formation of the typical processing flaws. The ball-on-three balls test was used for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the dense samples. Biaxial flexural strength values in the range from ∼100 to 500 MPa (with an average value of 255 ± 93 MPa) were determined for the samples made from granules while these values ranged from ∼100 to 300 MPa (with an average strength of 198 ± 52 MPa) for the samples prepared from the milled particles. In spite of low, these values are in line with literature data, obtained on 3 mol% Y 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 samples fabricated by the robocasting technique, and suitable to demonstrate the feasibility to use as-received granules as feeding material for robocasting parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For visually impaired or blind patients, the experience of pregnancy sets them apart from nondisabled people for whom viewing of the first ultrasound has become a social and emotional milestone.Objective: We proposed the use of 3D-printed models to allow the societal inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents.Patient Involvement: Visually impaired expectant parents were proposed to touch a 3D printed sensory vector of their prenatal classic ultrasonography.Methods: After a classic ultrasound assessment was performed, selected volumes were processed and 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Patient satisfaction was recorded after they manipulated the models.Results: A total of 42 prenatal 3D prints were for 12 expectant parents, used during 20 ultrasonographic sessions with visually impaired or blind expectant parents. During 13 of them (65%), it was the mother who was affected by a visual loss whereas the father was the parent affected by the disability during 7 sessions (35%). The parent affected by the disability was congenitally blind and Braille-reader in 9 ultrasonography sessions (45%). All expectant visually impaired or blind parents expressed very significant satisfaction with the use of 3D models for inclusive use.Discussion: We have shown that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-printed models improve the sonographic experience of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. They can thereby perform their own mental representation process by extrapolating sensory information obtained from the 3D tactile support.Practical Value: These low-cost 3D-printed models improve the inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents, by offering them a sensory vector of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity poses a global threat in climate change era, and regrettably, the textile processing industry is squandering a significant volume of water during bulk production. This research focused on a sustainable water-saving approach in the printing of cotton fabric by modifying the reactive printing recipe and methodology. Three modified recipes (X, Y, Z) and one controlled recipe (C) were tested using reactive dyes. The conventional reactive printing recipe (Control) includes sodium alginate, urea, mild oxidizing agent, and sodium bicarbonate. In contrast, the modified recipe trials incorporated an acrylic-based synthetic thickener in the replacement of sodium alginate (alone and in combination with sodium alginate). A total of four recipes (one controlled conventional and three modified recipes) were examined using three reactive dyes at two dose levels (2 % and 4 %). Various characterization techniques, including shade variation, color penetration into the fabric, sharpness of the edges, color tinting on the adjacent white fabric, perspiration fastness (both acidic and alkaline), washing fastness, rubbing fastness, and fabric hardness, affirmed that Y recipe yielded the best results in fabric testing, cost reduction, and water conservation. This research represents a pioneering contribution to the printing industry with novel recipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a classical transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which is widely used in semiconductor industry. Reducing the cost of preparing ITO films and further improving its optoelectronic properties are urgent technological challenges to be solved. Here, we proposed to tackle this issue through doping elements in ITO films via liquid metals printing process. Conceptual experiments demonstrate the synthesis of Bi 2 O 3 doped ITO at the centimeter scale using low-temperature fabrication techniques, which display the advantages of high uniformity, strong visible light transmission and low resistivity. The band gap decreases from 3.88 eV to 3.07 eV with increasing doping of Bi 2 O 3 and demonstrates n-type semiconductor nature. The Schottky diodes based on doped ITO films show typical Ohmic contact. The best output current of doped ITO Schottky diodes can reach 1261.7 μA at 10 V, which is about 41 times the output current of the undoped ITO Schottky diodes. Additionally, the nanofilm resistance decreased linearly with increasing Bi mass fraction in ITO film. Moreover, Schottky diodes have good stability in the atmosphere within half a year and multilayer printing can enhance output current. The process as established here offers significant opportunities for future synthesis and fabrication processes in the electronics industries. [Display omitted] • ITO were obtained directly by printing liquid metal Bi-In-Sn. • Printed Bi 2 O 3 doped ITO were large scales and stable. • Bi-doping reduces the band gap while increasing the conductivity. • Heavily Bi 2 O 3 -doped ITO current increases about 41 times. • Multilayer printing can further increase output current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive polymers have evolved as a versatile class of materials capable of combining standard polymer properties with the unique characteristic of electrical conductivity, excellent optical and mechanical capabilities, ease of synthesis and manufacturing, and superior environmental durability. However, the manufacturing of conducting polymers has primarily relied on traditional techniques like ink-jet printing, screen printing, and electron-beam lithography, whose parameters plays the important role for the fabrication of any substrates to monitor the physical parameters. As a result of the improved printability, conducting polymers may be easily formed into high resolution and high aspect ratio microstructures, which can then be combined with other materials. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the several fabrication methods (coating, printing, and lithography) in the field of protective coatings. Corrosion resistance, antistatic characteristics, electromagnetic interference shielding, regulated electrostatic dissipation, adaptability to changing environmental conditions, and sensor functionality are all advantages of these materials. Conductive polymers are increasingly being included into coatings to give bespoke solutions for sectors looking to improve the performance, lifespan, and sustainability of their protective measures. This review intends to provide a complete resource for academics, engineers, and companies investigating creative pathways for increased protection and performance by highlighting the potential of conductive polymers in addressing a wide range of protective coating applications. [Display omitted] • Conductive polymers shows feasibility, good environmental stability and electrical conductance. • A versatile solution for protective coating with corrosion ressitance, antistatic, and electrically conductivity. • It enhances the performance and structural integrity of coating and improves the effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of aqueous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) dispersions is a challenging task due to their tendency to agglomerate. In contrast, graphene oxide (GO), an oxidized form of GNP, has amphiphilic characteristics which allow it to disperse in an aqueous milieu without the addition of a surfactant. Therefore, we utilize GO as a dispersing agent to prepare highly-concentrated aqueous GNP dispersions, which can be used for various applications. The nature of the dispersed phase is investigated by various material characterization methods. Furthermore, we measure the zeta potentials of the dispersed phased as well as the contact angles of dispersions on different substrates. The latter data are used in the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory to gain insight into the interactions that determine dispersion stability. We find that the stability of such dispersions mainly depends on the pH value as well as the ratio of GO and GNP concentrations. The rheology of the dispersions is investigated and different nematic phases are identified. Finally, highly-concentrated dispersions are used for printing of graphene films on a flexible substrate. After reduction of the minor GO fraction, the films have a high conductivity of more than 4500 S m−1. Image 1 • High concentration stable aqueous GNP dispersions are prepared. • XDLVO theory is employed to study sheet interactions and stability. • Rheology of dispersions is studied and nematic phases are identified. • Printed dispersion layers are highly conductive and adhere well to flexible substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-aspect flexible conductive traces are produced by a simple hot-embossing/blading technique. • Binary-sized Ag pastes enable extremely conductive traces with a good structural integrity. • Large particles provide pathway for volatile solvents to smoothly escape from the filled ink. • Small particles served as glues and conductive connections enable low resistivity at low sintering temperature. Depositing inks on a planar substrate by printing is a facile way to fabricate conductive traces and other complicated functional devices. However, irrespective of the printing methods used, the thickness of the inks has an upper limit due to their fluidic property and subsequent wetting on the substrates. Herein, we present a method for creating high-aspect ratio conductive traces by combining hot-embossing and gravure doctoring techniques. Binary-sized colloidal pastes containing Ag nanoparticles and micrometer-sized spherical Ag powder additives were filled using a doctor blade in the grooves of polycarbonate (PC) films inscribed via hot-embossing to create buried traces. Under optimal mixing conditions in which the minimum resistivity was achieved, voids between the microparticles provided a pathway for the volatile solvents to smoothly escape from the filled ink and minimized thickness reduction during the thermal sintering process. A fabricated trace buried in the PC film with an aspect ratio of around 3:1 and a linewidth of 55 μm showed extremely low resistance of less than 10 Ω/m. A flexible transparent heater was developed using the reported binary colloidal paste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High refractive index (HRI, n > 1.8) photonic structures offer strong light confinement and refractive efficiencies, cover the entire visible spectrum and can be tuned by designing geometric arrayed features. However, its practical applications are still hindered by the applicability and material limitation of lithography-based micro/nano fabrication approaches. Herein, we demonstrate a fluid-guided printing process for preparing HRI selenium microarrays. The microstructured flexible template is replicated from the diced silicon wafer without any lithography-based methods. When heated above the glass transition temperature, the flow characteristics of selenium endows the structure downsizing and orientation patterning between the target substrate and the template. Near 10 times narrowing selenium microarrays (1.9 μm width) are patterned from the non-lithography template (18 μm width). HRI selenium microarrays offer high refractive efficiencies and strong optical confinement abilities, which achieve angle-dependent structurally coloration and polarization. Meanwhile, the color difference can be recognized under the one degree distinction of the angle between incident and refracted light. This printing platform will facilitate HRI optical metasurfaces in a variety of applications, ranging from photonic sensor, polarization modulation to light manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology that has been a subject of interest in many areas, including agriculture and food science. AM technology can be used in three-dimensional (3D) food fabrication in an additive manner based on computer-aided design (CAD) data. 3D food printing technology offers many advantages over traditional methods: rapid prototyping without using molds or casts, providing customized foods, creating foods with complex shapes and structures, personalized nutrition, high efficiency, and low cost of production. It is crucial to have a systematic approach for food printings and redefine the printability to use a wide range of food materials. This review article summarizes recent advances in 3D food printing with a focus on current approaches to define the printability and optimize the food ink formulas, the mechanisms of AM technology, and the suitability of food materials as precursors for 3D printing (3DP). The major steps associated with 3DP technology from the food perspective are elucidated in this review, which involve various approaches and strategies of 3DP. A systematic manufacturing approach is essential for a better understanding of the 3DP process rather than focusing on the machine parts. Framing each step in the 3DP and depicting the workflow suitable for food printings may simplify the research steps and accelerate high-quality 3DP for the food applications. Redefining the printability and summarizing existing approaches to obtain printable food materials will lay the foundation for future studies. • 3DP concept has been reviewed from the perspective of manufacturing systems. • A detailed workflow and checkpoints are elucidated based on extrusion-based 3DP. • The contents of food ingredients and food matrix affect the printability. • Tailoring foods for 3DP can change the attributes of the fabricated food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste wool ultrafine powder was dyed with reactive dyes. • Dyeing properties and mechanism of wool powder with reactive dyes were studied. • The microcosmic properties of dyed ultrafine wool powder were thoroughly studied. • The feasibility of dyed wool powder as pigment for fabric printing was demonstrated. • A sustainable solution to waste materials in textile industry was proposed. In order to make better use of wool powder and explore the feasibility of replacing pigment with dyed wool powder, the dyeing behavior of wool powder was studied firstly. Then, we conducted a series of tests and analyses of the microcosmic structure and properties of powder before and after dyeing. BET test results revealed that the specific surface area of original powder was larger than that of dyed powder. TG and DMA tests indicated that the dyed powder had better thermal stability than the original powder. At last, the dyed wool powder and pigment were mixed and printed on cotton fabric. The dry/wet-rubbing fastness and moisture permeability of cotton fabric printed with dyed powder are better than those of cotton fabric printed with pigment. This indicates that the waste- wool fiber can be processed into applicable printing pigments, which is environmentally friendly and makes full use of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the surgical accuracy of a new Maxillary Bone-Dental-Supported guide (MBDS) for osteotomy and maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgeries. The customized MBDS were prototyped through CAD-CAM technology (computer-aided design and manufacturing). The planning image (CT0) was superimposed on the computed tomography scan post-treatment (CT1) and the mean of positional differences between them were obtained tridimensionally at the axes: mediolateral (X), anteroposterior (Y) and vertical (Z). Eleven patients were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mediolateral movement showed the best precision, with a greater mean difference of 0.34 mm at the CI point (central incisor) and less than 0.02 mm at the RM point (right molar). In the vertical direction, the largest mean discrepancy found was 0.50 mm and on the y-axis, anteroposterior, was 0.74 mm, as well as two at the CI point. The skeletal SNA point, on the other hand, showed the smallest average discrepancies: 0.10 mm (x-axis), 0.03 mm (y-axis) and 0 mm (z-axis). Overall, 99.24% of the discrepancies found were less than 2 mm. Our results suggests that the double support, osseous and dental, present in that new guide, favored the positional stability of the maxilla and promoted better control of its vertical axis. Furthermore, the function of an osteotomy guide increases the predictability and security of the surgical procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm of healthy participants during arm elevation and lowering and to find the difference between active motion and passive motion of the shoulder. The study examined the shoulders of 10 healthy men (mean age, 23.5 years; age range, 22-28 years). The shoulders of participants were elevated and lowered while fluoroscopic images were taken, and 3-dimensional bone models were created from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional images using model registration techniques. The Euler angle sequences of the models' scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm were compared during active and passive shoulder motion. There was a significant statistical difference of upward rotation during arm elevation between active and passive shoulder movements (P =.027). In particular, the upward rotation between 45° and 90° of elevation showed a statistically significant difference (P <.001). When the scapula was tilted posteriorly by active motion, it resulted in a statistically significant difference as there was more tilting in the high-degree range of motions than when it was tilted by passive motion (P <.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in scapular external rotation. However, during arm lowering, scapular kinematics did not show statistically significant difference between active and passive motion. The scapular kinematics showed statistically significant differences between active and passive motion of upward rotation and posterior tilting of the scapula during arm elevation, but there were none during lowering. In terms of upward rotation, active shoulders rotated more upward during arm elevation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 20th century, reading researchers expressed optimism that scientific study of reading would improve the legibility of typefaces. Font-making was, however, complex, expensive and impractical for reading research, which was therefore restricted to standard commercial fonts. The adoption of computer typography in legibility studies makes the measurement, modification and creation of experimental fonts easier, while display of text on computer screens facilitates reading studies. These technical advances have spurred innovative research. Some studies continue to test fonts for efficient reading in low vision as well as normal vision, while others use novel fonts to investigate visual mechanisms in reading. Some experimental fonts incorporate color and animation features that were impractical or impossible in traditional typography. While it is not clear that such innovations will achieve the optimistic goals of a century ago, they extend the investigation and understanding of the nature of reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, 3D printing technology has been employed as a production method that builds materials layer upon layer, providing notable advantages in terms of individual customization and production efficiency. Autologous costal cartilage ear reconstruction has seen substantial changes due to 3D printing technology. In this context, this research evaluated the prospects and applications of 3D printing in ear reconstruction education, preoperative planning and simulation, the production of intraoperative guide plates, and other related areas. All articles eligible for consideration were sourced through a comprehensive search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to May 22, 2023. Two reviewers extracted data on the manufacturing process and interventions. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used to assess the quality of the research. Database searching yielded 283 records, of which 24 articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The utilization of 3D printing is becoming increasingly widespread in autogenous costal cartilage ear reconstruction, from education to the application of preoperative design and intraoperative guide plates production, possessing a substantial influence on surgical training, the enhancement of surgical effects, complications reduction, and so forth. This study sought to determine the application value and further development potential of 3D printing in autologous costal cartilage ear reconstruction. However, there is a lack of conclusive evidence on its effectiveness when compared to conventional strategies because of the limited number of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Simultaneously, the evaluation of the effect lacks objective and quantitative evaluation criteria, with most of them being emotional sentiments and ratings, making it difficult to execute a quantitative synthetic analysis. It is hoped that more large-scale comparative studies will be undertaken, and an objective and standard effect evaluation system will be implemented in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, a novel process was developed for reactive printing of cotton fabric, with the objective of producing a high-quality printed fabric that is sustainable, eco-friendly, and low-cost which will ultimately reduce the impact of climate change. The study incorporated substituted tamarind polysaccharide (STP) obtained from agricultural waste, trichloro-ethanoic acid (TCEA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) in the reactive printing paste. Tamarind starch was extracted from the seeds having 72 % yield, and substitution was performed to use it as a thickener in the printing paste. The conventional printing system was formulated with sodium alginate, urea, and sodium bicarbonate at dose levels of 2 %, 15 %, and 2.5 %, respectively, while the modified recipe was formulated with STP and TCEA at 5 % and 3 % dose levels, respectively along with varying doses of PEG-400 (0 %, 1 %, and 2 %) in novel prints. Various factors such as shade comparison, penetration, staining on the white ground, washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness, sharpness of edges, and fabric hardness were evaluated for all the recipes. The study demonstrated that the optimal outcomes were obtained with a 2 % PEG-400 dose level. This study represents a significant contribution to sustainable textile production, as tamarind agriculture waste was used as a raw material, which is an environmentally friendly alternative of sodium alginate that reduces the wastewater load. Additionally, PEG-400 was utilized as a nitrogen-free solubilizing moisture management substitution of urea for printing, while TCEA dissociated at high temperature to make alkaline pH during curing of the printed fabric to replace sodium bicarbonate. This research is a novel contribution to the printing industry, as these three constituents have not been previously used together other than this research group, in the history of reactive printing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel approach for fabricating current collector-free 3D anodes for LIBs is presented. • MXene, a 2D material with excellent conductivity and lithium-ion intercalation properties, is used. • Need for traditional current collectors such as copper foil was eliminated from the process. • Printed anodes exhibited comparable performance to traditional current collector-based anodes. • Findings have significant implications for the design and manufacturing of next-generation LIBs. This work presents a novel approach for fabricating current collector-free three-dimensional (3D) anodes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on MXene, a 2D material with excellent conductivity and lithium-ion intercalation properties. The 3D MXene-based anodes were fabricated through a simple and scalable printing process, eliminating the need for traditional current collectors such as copper foil. The performance of the 3D anodes was characterized in terms of electrochemical properties, including capacity assessment, cycling stability, and rate capability. The results showed that the printed anodes exhibited superior performance, highlighting the potential of this approach for the development of high-performance LIBs. The findings presented in this work have significant implications for the design and manufacturing of next-generation energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been used in orthopaedic surgery in recent years to manufacture customized surgical cutting jigs. However, there is scarcity of literature and information regarding the optimal parameters of an ideal jig. Our study aims to determine the optimum parameters to design surgical jigs that can produce accurate cuts, and remain practical for use, to serve as a guide for jig creation in future. A biomechanical lab study was designed to investigate whether the thickness of a jig and the height of its cutting slot can significantly affect cutting accuracy. Surgical jigs were 3D printed in medical grade, and an oscillating sawblade was used to mimic intraoperative surgical cuts through the cutting slots onto wooden blocks, which were then analysed to determine the accuracy of cuts. Statistical analysis was performed on a total of 72 cuts. The cutting accuracy increased when the thickness of the jig increased, at all slot heights. The cutting accuracy also increased as the slot height decreased, at all jig thicknesses. Overall, the parameters for jig construction that yielded the most accurate cuts were a jig thickness of 15 mm, in combination with a slot height of 100 % of the width of the sawblade. Additionally, at a jig thickness of 15 mm, there was no statistically significant difference in cutting accuracy when increasing the slot height to 120 %. This study is the first to propose tangible parameters that can be applied to surgical jig construction to obtain reproducible accurate cuts. Provided that a jig of 15 mm thickness can be accommodated by the size of the wound, the ideal surgical jig with a superior balance of accuracy and useability is 15 mm thick, with a cutting slot height of 120 % of the sawblade thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-speed (~5 mm·s−1) continuous solution-shearing method was introduced to fabricate the large grained (>100 μm) perovskite thin films and their photovoltaic devices. • Only 3.5 μL of perovskite precursor solution was consumed for 4.25 cm2 film so that this shearing deposition is more environmentally eco-friendly approach compared to the spin-coating. • The hydrophobic top plate enables to deposit more densely packed films with less void formation, consequently leading to the improved photovoltaic performance. High-speed continuous deposition of solution-processed perovskite thin films with controlled microstructural morphology has been intensively pursued toward practical commercialization of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In order to meet this urgent demand in a timely manner, we present a rapid (~5 mm·s−1) scalable meniscus-controlled coating method to deposit large-grained (>100 μm) perovskite thin films over large area. Shearing movement of the meniscus of perovskite solution, confined by the hydrophobic-treated top and temperature-controlled bottom plates enables a rapid crystallization of perovskite grains, also facilitating the continuous influx of solutes at the meniscus for continuous film growth with less consumption of perovskite solution. Optical and structural analyses revealed that the rapid-shear-deposited perovskite thin films possess a large-grained, densely-packed and highly-crystalline phase. Consequently, perovskite solar cell based this film exhibits the power conversion efficiency of 10.9% even without compositional engineering and additive controls. Therefore, it can be claimed that this rapid shearing deposition of perovskite solution paves a way to achieve a cost-competitive production of the high-efficiency solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Rheological properties and 3D-printer parameters can determine food printability. • Every food matrix needs to be optimized prior to being used for 3D-printing. • Studies regarding 3D-printing protein and lipids enriched matrix are needed. Abstract In recent years, 3D-printing has received high attention globally in personalized meal production and customized food design for its potential advantages over traditional processing. For a material to be printed it needs to be easily extruded from the nozzle of the printer and it needs to hold its structure after deposition. Additives such as thickening and gelling agents can be used for a food system to achieve suitable structure for printing. Various literature reports have demonstrated that rheological properties such as the storage modulus, yield stress, consistency index and flow behavior index can predict the printability of a material and 3D-printer parameters such as nozzle speed movement and layer height have an impact on the final quality of the printed structure. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of macronutrients printability and 3D-printer parameters on 3D-food printing, and offers new opportunities to bring 3D-food printing for personalized meal production closer to industry application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions of carbohydrates and proteins are essential for many biological processes and glycan microarrays have emerged as powerful tools to rapidly assess these carbohydrate-protein interactions. Diverse platforms to immobilize glycans on glass slides for subsequent probing of the specificities of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) have evolved. It has been suggested that high local glycan density on microarrays is crucial for detecting low-affinity interactions. To determine the influence of printing efficacy on GBP binding, we compared N -hydroxyl succinimide (NHS)-ester activated glass slides from three different manufacturers and evaluated two different printing buffers. Large differences in binding efficacies of Concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, and Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 were observed. On some slides, low affinity interactions were missed altogether. Addition of polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 to the printing buffer significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the binding assays. After monitoring printing efficacy over prolonged printing times, substantial effects resulting from progressing hydrolysis of the NHS-esters during the printing run on one type of slides were found. Printing efficiency of glycans strongly depends on the type of NHS-ester activated slides, the printing buffer, and the printing time. We provide practical advice for selecting the right printing conditions for particular applications. Image 1 • Optimization of printing conditions afforded high density glycan microarrays. • NHS-Activated slides from different manufacturers hydrolize with different rates during printing runs. • Slides from different manufacturers provided different signal intensities after interrogation with glycan-binding proteins. • Glycan microarray printing has to be carefully fine-tuned depending on the particular application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact dynamics of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x perovskite droplets were studied. • Glass substrates coated with PEDOT:PSS, and compact and mesoporous TiO 2 were used. • Details of droplet impact in four impact and deposition zones were analyzed. • Maximum spreading was correlated with Weber number: β max = 0.8 W e 0.25 . Perovskite solutions are widely used, to develop next generation photovoltaic solar cells and printed electronics. Droplet-based coating route, comprising inkjet printing, aerosol jet, and spray coating, is a viable deposition approach for high volume manufacturing of such devices. Perovskites are emerging ionic solutions deposited on unconventional substrates, where their droplet impact dynamics and deposition behavior is unexplored. In this work, we studied the impact dynamics of popular perovskite solution droplets, i.e. methylammonium lead halides (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x) on three surfaces, viz. glass coated with thin films of PEDOT:PSS, and compact and mesoporous TiO 2 , widely used in emerging optoelectronic devices. Droplets of two solutions, with initial diameter ∼2.2 mm, were impacted onto three substrates, with impinging velocities of 1.40, 1.72, and 1.98 m/s, generating 18 experimental conditions, in the range of 176 < We < 402, where We is the Weber number. Using top- and side-view high-speed imaging, we studied temporal evolution trend in kinematic and spreading stages, and maximum droplet spreading in the wetting stage. We also analyzed the prediction power of existing scaling laws, theoretical and semi-empirical models for maximum spreading diameter with respect to droplet initial diameter, β max , against perovskite solution droplets. We found that for the common coated substrates used here, and also in photovoltaic devices, the relative roughness with respect to droplet size was small, and the coated substrates were quite wetting with small contact angles. Thus, the perovskite solution droplet spreading was found to be a function of the We number, according to an existing scaling law and correlation for common liquids, where the coefficient of the correlation was tuned for methylammonium perovskite solution droplets by curve fitting, yielding a modified empirical correlation in the form of β max = 0.8 W e 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Liquid transfer from a cavity near a horizontally moving surface is studied. • Shear-thinning and shear-thickening liquids are considered via simulations. • Master curves are obtained over a broad range of problem parameters. • Shear thinning improves cavity emptying whereas shear thickening worsens it. • These effects are due to changes in viscosity that affect contact-line motion. One technology widely used for creating uniform coatings on a large scale is roll-to-roll gravure, which involves emptying of liquids from micron-scale cavities to a second surface. Although coating liquids containing functional additives usually exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behavior, fundamental understanding of the influence of liquid rheology on liquid transfer is still lacking. To address this issue, two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to study liquid emptying from a model configuration. In this configuration, liquid is confined between a stationary trapezoidal cavity and a horizontal substrate above the cavity. Liquid is driven out of the cavity by a combination of horizontal substrate motion and an imposed pressure gradient. Liquids exhibiting rate-dependent rheology described by Carreau-type expressions are considered, inertial and gravitational effects are neglected, and the nonlinear governing equations are solved using the Galerkin finite-element method. For Newtonian liquids, it is found that the fraction of liquid left in the cavity, V r , collapses onto a master curve with three regimes distinguished by the relative strength of the driving forces aiding contact-line motion (surface-tension forces and imposed pressure gradient) and the resistance hindering contact-line motion (viscous forces). In the first regime, there is strong contact-line motion and V r is highly dependent on surface wettability. In the second regime, V r is characterized by a power-law relationship similar to that observed for liquid-film withdrawal. In the third regime, V r approaches a plateau and the influence of surface wettability vanishes. Master curves with distinct regimes are also obtained for shear-thinning and shear-thickening liquids. Shear thinning is found to improve cavity emptying compared to the Newtonian case by aiding contact-line motion through reduced viscosities, whereas the opposite is observed for shear-thickening liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A method is reported to prepare dispersions of conductive carbon black pigments. • High electrical conductivity is achieved at considerably low pigment loadings. • Potential benefits include superior printability and durability during end use. Abstract The carbon black grades that are employed as pigments in printing inks are characterised by low surface area, low structure and a higher proportion of chemisorbed polar groups on the surface. All of these features render the pigment easily dispersable – a property crucially important in the case of printing inks. However, high electrical conductivity of carbon black is known to be possessed only by the grades that have high surface area, high structure and lower proportion of polar groups, and consequently poor dispersability. The study reported here aimed to resolve such a dilemma between high electrical conductivity and poor dispersability. Thus, novel methodologies were developed to prepare waterborne, binder-free dispersions based on "non-printing ink" grades of carbon black. The particle size analysis, rheological characterisation, sedimentation analyses and electrical characterisation results clearly indicate that the selected pigment grades of carbon black were successfully stabilised as dispersions that possess high electrical conductivity at considerably lower pigment loadings than normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Printed electromechanical devices are an alternative approach for the fabrication of integrated force sensor networks on large-area flexible polymer foils. In the present contribution, we report on a novel parallel-plates capacitive force sensor device based on an electrostrictive poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)) terpolymer that exhibited the best electromechanical coupling effect through the drop-on-demand (DoD) inkjet printing technology. Since the ejection of a printable ink droplet is one of the most essential steps for inkjet printing, the adaptable printing parameters depending on the ink delivery system as well as ink formula rheology were first investigated. Successfully printed patterns rely on a controlled drying process of the inks deposited on the flexible polyimide foil, which was also discussed. The substrate temperature was increased for achieving homogeneous polymer patterns. Such a printing technique eventually made it possible to obtain flawless polymer thin layers of several microns, preventing the devices from the risk of electrical failure due to short-circuiting. The capacitive devices were evaluated by proposition of a dynamic force sensor. Sensor devices based on an electrostrictive terpolymer were induced to yield significant polarization thanks to a bias voltage whereas a sensor device of poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer must be poled under a high electric field with a very high risk of breakdown failure. The pseudo -piezoelectric coefficient d 33 e q was a strict function of the applied electric field and reached as high as 81.6 pC N−1 under 33.33 V/ μ m. The fabrication process in the present study holds high potential in large-area printed terpolymer sensor networks without a poling process as each sensor corresponds to a pixel of the sensing array. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Low profile capacitive-like devices based on PVDF-terpolymer and PVDF-copolymers were successfully DOD inkjet printed. • Device based on P(VDF-TrFE) must be poled prior to functioning whereas terpolymer device doesnot, only with a low DC bias. • Both polymer devices maintained the typical ferroelectric and electrostrictive performance corrspondingly. • High sensitivity for terpolymer device is due to the enhanced pseudo -d 33 coefficient as high as 81.6 pC N−1 under 33 V μ m −1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Double printing process using advanced screen & paste is demonstrated. • Practical difficulties with double printing process are discussed. • A significant improvement in Isc and FF was achieved using double printing process. • The process flow, results, QE and Ag paste laydown results are discussed. • A gain in cell efficiency was achieved at no additional cost. Abstract A double print technology using a front contact screen pattern of high precision ultra-fine line finger openings is demonstrated in this work. It has helped in achieving an absolute cell efficiency gain of over 0.25% compared to conventional single printing process. A suitable silver paste was applied to both single and double printing process resulting in improved results and a lower paste laydown for double printing process. This paper represents the work done after the double print process from trial phase reached a matured level with the correct selection of screen design and paste compatibility to work well with the selected screens. A significant improvement in short circuit current (Isc) of almost 90 mA was realized for double printed cells due to increased print aspect ratio and active area for light absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated inkjet-printed vertical interconnect vias with silver ink for ultrathin system-on-package technology. Inkjet-printing parameters such as droplet spacing, jetting frequency, number of droplets, and substrate temperature were determined based on surface morphology of the vias. The interval time between multipass printings was used to evaporate the solvent and avoid ink overflow. Two-step inkjet printing was used to fill a drilled via with aspect ratio of 1 (100 μm depth/diameter) that resembles the frustum of a cone. First, the via is printed on the substrate using 1 kHz jetting frequency and 30 μm droplet spacing at 60 °C and 125 passes. The jetting frequency and droplet spacing are then increased to 3 kHz and 40 μm and the passes up to 200 to increase the printing length for filling up the via. Inkjet-printed vertical interconnection was fabricated for ultrathin packages applications. Highlights • Inkjet-printed vertical interconnect vias with silver ink was developed. • Droplet spacing, jetting frequency, number of droplet, and temperature were determined. • Interval time between multipass printings is required for droplet drying. • Two-step inkjet printing was used to fill up via with 100 μm depth/diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing accuracy results for mandibular reconstructions using computer-assisted surgery (CAS) is limited due to heterogeneity in image acquisition, extent of mandibular resection, and evaluation methodologies between studies. We propose a practical, feasible and reproducible guideline for standardizing evaluation methods to allow valid comparisons of postoperative results and facilitate meta-analyses in the future. It offers a guide to imaging, data comparison, volume assessment of 3-dimensional models, classification of defects, and it also contains a quantitative accuracy evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this prospective registry case-series study was to determine the biological, mechanical, and aesthetic improvements made to the additively manufactured sub-periosteal jaw implant (AMSJI) after timed installation. A total of nine patients received maxillary AMSJIs in three sessions over a 2-year period. Architectural changes, topological optimization, and amendments to biofunctionalization were performed after each phase through the use of computer-aided design, finite element analysis, and growing clinical experience. Biological improvements included sandblasting (large grit alumina) and acid-etching; increased hydrophilicity by plasma surface activation; deletion of the crestal connecting struts; relocation of the anterior post in front of the anterior part of the basal loop; protection of the Schneiderian membrane from fixation screw penetration; high polishing of the posts; major platform switch with equigingival connections; the use of removable posts that require local anaesthesia and do not inflict major biological damage; scaffolding for secondary stability; and the provision of an incision guide. Mechanical improvements included the creation of a generic design based on finite element analysis and the resulting topological optimization, a shortening of the wings, and a reduction in the number of fixation screws. Aesthetic improvements included relocation of the anterior post, as described above, and pink anodization of the posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thixotropic behaviour of different type lead-free solder pastes (Type 3: particle size: 20–45 μm; Type 4: 20–38 μm; Type 5: 10–25 μm) was investigated and compared. The viscosity decrease during the first stencil printing cycles is also described. The measurements were carried out with a rheometer using serrated parallel plates by sweeping the shear rate between 0.0015–100 s −1 with ten recordings per decade. Thixotropic behaviour of the solder pastes within the cycles of stencil printing was evaluated by including a “rest-period” between every rheological measurement to address the idle time between the printings. The “rest-period” was set to 15 s, 30 s and 60 s in this research The viscosity curve parameters η 0 and η ∞ were determined and were used to describe the viscosity change of solder pastes (from initial to stabilised state). Oscillatory stress sweep tests for different idle time periods were conducted in the stabilised state of the solder pastes. Significant difference was shown in the viscosity between the initial and the stabilised state of the solder paste; the η 0 parameter decreased even to one thirds, and the η ∞ decreased approximately to two thirds during the measurement cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A spray printing manufacturing approach to lithium-ion batteries was investigated with a focus on minimizing inactive fractions and maximizing energy and power densities of printable electrodes. Using a lithium titanate based anode initially and comparing with conventional electrodes, the effects of conductivity enhancer and binder fractions, post-calendaring effects, different electrode manufacturing methods, conductivity enhancer types and electrode thicknesses were explored, and optimum electrode structures were identified. These insights were then applied to a lithium iron phosphate based cathode, and full spray printed lithium titanate/lithium iron phosphate cell configurations were investigated. Notably, the full-cell battery with a 1:1 capacity ratio of lithium titanate to lithium iron phosphate had a stable specific energy density of ∼300 Wh/kg and a power density of ∼2500 W/kg, showing the promise of layer-by-layer spray printing to realize fully the intrinsic properties of electrode materials in lithium-ion battery cells. Graphical abstract Electrochemical behavior of layer-by-layer spray printed electrodes was investigated based on lithium titanate anodes and lithium iron phosphate cathodes to quantify the best structural functionalities and combinations and then to establish basic design rules of printable electrode systems. The parameters investigated were: (1) minimizing inactive fractions; (2) quantifying the calendaring effect; (3) comparative performances of identical spray printed and slurry cast electrodes; (4) optimizing the conductivity enhancers; (5) investigating electrode thickness-dependent properties; and (6) balancing LTO:LFP capacities in full-cell battery systems. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract We consider the fluid splitting dynamics of a small fluid drop entrapped between two parallel solid plates, which are rapidly pulled apart such that a free liquid sheet is formed between them for a few milliseconds. Velocities, time scales and shear rates correspond to the lift-off of a printing cylinder from the substrate in an industrial printing process. The formation and collapse of the liquid sheets, and the filaments forming at their rim are studied. Driven by the surface tension of the liquid sheet, the filaments are accelerated towards each other, and finally collide and decay. We show that surface waves that travel on the liquid sheet have a critical impact on this collision, which may either result in a smooth unification or in a highly dynamical collapse, ending in a random emission of fluid drops. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of the Laplace number on the propagation of these waves. We also consider the liquid sheet decay by capillarity-driven expansion of spontaneously forming holes and discuss how sheet thickness and its local variation can be detected by an anisotropic hole expansion rate measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A new method for dose regularization in optimization-based proximity-effect-correction is proposed. In contrast to the commonly adopted approach of adding penalty terms to the objective function, a modified scheme is demonstrated where dose regularization is achieved via filtering and projection techniques. The resulting dose patterns are simple and two-toned, and can thus readily be applied in production. Furthermore, existing extensions developed in the context of topology optimization that build on top of the filtering framework, such as robust optimization and strict length scale control, can be adopted directly. The validity of the scheme is assessed in experiments, where the resolvable feature size of the considered 30 kV electron-beam lithography system is decreased from around 100 nm to a few tens of nm. A Python implementation of the scheme is made freely available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Similar to other sub-Saharan countries, Ethiopia suffers from a severe shortage of adequately trained health professionals. Academic partnerships can support sustainable training programs and build capacity for low-resource settings. 3D modeling and simulation-based training provide necessary tools, especially for rarely-encountered clinical situations, such as needle cricothyroidotomy. Methods Departments of Anesthesiology, Otolaryngology, and Learning Health Sciences collaborated to develop a low-cost, high-fidelity simulator and Cricothryoidotomy Skills Maintenance Program (CSMP). Twelve anesthesia residents at St. Paul's Hospital Medical Millennium College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia participated in CSMP. The program consisted of a didactic session with presentation and demonstration and an immersive CICO scenario. Program evaluation was performed using pre/post-training knowledge and 2 procedural performance assessments-the CSMP Global Rating Scale and the Checklist. With consent, performances were videotaped and rated independently by 3 University of Michigan faculty. Results Improvements were identified in all areas, including residents' knowledge, measured by mean summed test scores (Mpre = 3.31,Mpost = 4.46,p = 0.003), time to perform cricothyroidotomy (Mpre = 96.64,Mpost = 72.82,p = 0.12), residents' performance quality, measured by overall mean Global ratings, (Mpre = 0.20; Mpost = 0.70) with improvements identified at the item-level, p = 0.001 with moderate-large effect sizes, and residents' ability to complete tasks, measured by mean Checklist ratings (Mpre = 0.51,Mpost = 0.90, with item-level improvements observed, p ≤ 0.01, with small-large effect sizes. Residents' self-reported confidence also improved (Mpre = 1.69, Mpost = 3.08,p = 0.001). Conclusion Our work shows that cricothyroidotomy skills taught to anesthesia residents at SPHMMC with a 3D printed laryngotracheal model improves knowledge, skills, and confidence. The creation of a low-cost, high-fidelity simulator and a CSMP has the potential to impact patient care and safety world-wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Printing technologies can offer high potential for the thin film deposition of functional materials. Among the printing techniques, the gravure is considered one of the most promising, although to date it is still little employed, especially for the inorganic functional materials. In this work, the study of the gravure printing process for the metal oxides thin film production on flexible polymer substrate is reported. For this purpose, zinc oxide (ZnO) was chosen due to its versatile properties and nanosize effects, which make it suitable for many high technology areas. The gravure printing was made using low viscosity inks of ZnO nanoparticles. The characteristics of the printed thin films were examined and discussed. Thanks to the understanding of the physics underlying the film forming during the printing process combined to the knowledge on such specific material, uniform, compact, very transparent and smooth films were obtained in different nanometric thicknesses. Moreover, the possibility of fabricating ceramic nanocomposite films directly through this printing technique is also presented. Thanks to its scientific approach, this work makes available to the world of ceramics an industrial versatile and low-cost production technique which can allow to study and develop high-quality thin film ceramics with technologically interesting properties as well as nanoparticles behavior and their treatments in order to develop and use their fascinating nanosize properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A flexible carbon nanotube electrode was prepared by inkjet printing and transfer printing methods. • The flexible electrode was utilized for detection of dopamine. • Thin ink receptive layer increased resistance and afforded selectivity to dopamine. Abstract Modern light wearable electrical devices require flexible, conductive materials for the development of portable and/or wearable devices. In this study, a flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode is prepared, and the conductive CNTs are deposited on a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate using a combination of inkjet printing and transfer printing methods. Aqueous CNT ink is printed on a commercial overhead projector film. The subsequent deposition of a thin PDMS layer and peeling the layer off resulted in the production of a flexible PDMS film with conductive CNT patterns. The thickness of the prepared electrode increased by ∼1.2 µm after every 10 prints, and the sheet resistance decreased rapidly from 14.7 MΩ/sq to 913 kΩ/sq after 20 and 50 prints, respectively. The construction of a simple foldable electrical circuit and its application to the electrochemical sensing of dopamine using flexible electrodes are demonstrated. These flexible electrodes can be easily fabricated while displaying designer functionality. Graphical abstract A flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode is prepared using a combination of inkjet printing and transfer printing methods. The flexible electrode is applied for the construction of a foldable electrical circuit and for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Distal radius fractures are common fractures with a prevalence of 17% on the emergency departments, one third are stable and non-displaced. • Cast immobilization is performed with three to five weeks for distal radius fractures. There is no consensus on the duration of immobilization. • 3D printing of splints is an emerging technique and may change the way we treat patients with a distal radius fracture. The distal radius fracture is a common fracture with a prevalence of 17% on the emergency departments. The conservative treatment of distal radius fractures usually consists of three to six weeks of plaster immobilization. Several studies show that one week of plaster immobilization is safe for non- or minimally displaced distal radius fractures that do not need reduction. A shorter period of immobilization may lead to a better functional outcome, faster reintegration and participation in daily activities. Due to upcoming innovations such as three-dimensional printed splints for distal radius fractures, a patient specific splint can be produced which may offer more comfort. Furthermore, these three-dimensional printed splints are expected to be more environmental friendly in comparison with traditional plaster casts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the second part of a larger body of research dedicated to the production of synthetic secretions and the use of an inkjet printer to deposit realistic artificial fingermarks. An artificial emulsion combining eccrine and sebaceous compounds, which was described and tested in the first part of this research, was used as it showed a promising compatibility with common detection techniques. An inkjet printer was modified to print the emulsion on two different substrates: paper (porous) and acetate (non-porous). After optimisation of the printing parameters, multiple fingermarks were printed and processed with a range of standalone detection techniques: 1,2-indanedione-zinc, ninhydrin, Oil Red O, and physical developer on paper, and cyanoacrylate fuming, rhodamine 6G, gold/zinc vacuum metal deposition, and silver black powder on acetate. The detection techniques were also applied in sequence, which is considered one of the biggest advantages of the emulsion over simpler amino acid mixtures that are usable with amino acid reagents only. Natural fingermarks deposited by a single donor were processed with the same techniques for comparison. The effect of water immersion was also investigated, where fingermarks printed on paper were immersed in water for 15 min, before being processed with 1,2-indanedione-zinc and Oil Red O. The results showed that realistic-looking fingermarks could be printed on paper and that printing on acetate was also possible albeit of lower quality due to the nature of the substrate. The artificial fingermarks were successfully enhanced by all the detection techniques tested, at the notable exception of physical developer. The results obtained were very similar to what is generally observed with real fingermarks, and it was observed that the impact of water immersion on the artificial fingermarks was comparable as well. These findings open new perspectives for the development of multi-target quality control test strips or for the standardisation of proficiency testing and interlaboratory collaborative exercises where ground truth is crucial to guarantee comparable results and objective assessment. • Fingermark secretions were mimicked by emulsifying eccrine and sebaceous compounds. • Inkjet printer was used to print the emulsion on paper and plastic substrates. • Printed fingermarks were processed with a large selection of detection techniques. • Results obtained are comparable to real marks processed by the same techniques. • Emulsion still needs optimizations to be compatible with physical developer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ecofriendly printing strategy was developed for meta-aramid using supercritical CO 2 as treatment medium. With 40% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 60% guar gum as original paste, violet and yellow hue were obtained for the meta-aramid fabric. After supercritical CO 2 treatment, 40% printing permeability with basic violet 16% and 60% printing permeability of basic yellow 40 were reached. Moreover, the fluctuation of stiffness, the air permeability and the breaking strength of the printed meta-aramid can meet on the wearable requirement. Compared with the water-based printed aramid, washing and rubbing color fastness rated above 4 were obtained at 160 °C for basic violet 16 and at 180 °C for basic yellow 40. In addition, the printed samples presented two-photo fluorescence, and the fluorescence emission uniformly distributed throughout the entire fabric surface, which demonstrates that the printed meta-aramid can be utilized as warning materials. [Display omitted] • Novel fluorescent warning textiles was developed using high-performance aramid. • Effects of supercritical CO 2 treatment parameters on K/S values were studied. • Meta-aramid with strong fluorescence was successfully prepared. • Printing mechanism of meta-aramid in supercritical CO 2 was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time processing behaviors and processing time for 57 undergraduates reading information texts in print and digitally were used to identify distinct performance profiles. Students underlined the printed text as they read and followed along with their cursor when reading digitally. Immediately after reading, students answered three comprehension questions for each text about the main idea, key points, and other information and judged their performance on the comprehension test. Four profiles were identified using deeper and more surface-level processing behaviors and reading time for both mediums (i.e. Regulators, Plodders, Gliders, and Samplers) and comprehension and calibration (i.e., self-assessment accuracy) data were analyzed by medium and profile. An overall medium effect for comprehension, along with various profile differences were identified. No overall calibration difference by medium was found, although various effects by profile were identified. Implications of outcomes for future research on reading in print and digitally are forwarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]