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In this paper, we introduce second-order numerical schemes for the modified phase field crystal (MPFC) model that are decoupled, linear, positivity-preserving, and unconditionally energy-stable. These schemes adopt a positivity-preserving auxiliary variable method to explicitly handle the nonlinear potential function, resulting in decoupled linear systems with constant coefficients at each time step. We rigorously demonstrate that the auxiliary variables remain positive throughout all time steps and prove the unconditionally energy stability of these schemes. The stability pertains to a discrete modified energy, rather than the original free energy or the pseudo energy of the MPFC system. Moreover, a detailed error analysis is provided. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a linear, second-order, semi-discrete time stepping scheme for the phase field crystal equation based on generalized positive auxiliary variable (GPAV) approach. This scheme reduces the operation counts by half compared to the GPAV and the scalar auxiliary variable methods in previous works. We prove the unconditionally energy stability and provide bounds and error estimates for the field function. Numerical experiments are carried out to verify our theoretical results and demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine preliminary effects of ReStoreD (Resilience after Stroke in Dyads) on resilience in couples coping with stroke-related challenges. Supplemental analysis of prospective pilot trial with pre-/post-assessments and 3-month follow-up. Community. Thirty-four cohabitating stroke-care partner dyads (N=34); at least 3 months post-stroke. 8-week self-administered dyadic intervention (ReStoreD) consisting of activities completed individually and as a couple. 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Care partner baseline resilience scores were significantly higher than persons with stroke scores. Repeated-measures analysis of variance suggest significant pre-post improvement in resilience for persons with stroke (mean difference [I - J]=-2.42, SE=.91, P =.04, 95% CI [-4.75, -0.08]) with a large effect size (η2=.34), which was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Care partners showed no significant change over time. This study provides preliminary evidence that ReStoreD improves resilience in persons with stroke. More research is needed to address resilience in care partners. These findings represent a promising first step to address the mental health needs in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People regulate both negative and positive emotions, and their ability to do this successfully is a cornerstone of adaptive psychological functioning. However, few measures have been available to assess emotion regulation ability across both valence domains. The Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI) was recently developed for this purpose. Here we present the first psychometric study of the PERCI in the United States (N = 508). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the intended eight-factor structure, which was invariant across age, gender, and education. PERCI scores had high internal consistency, and were associated with measures of psychopathology, emotional reactivity, and emotion regulation strategies in expected ways. These observed relationships between the PERCI and various regulation strategies may serve to establish a profile of what strategy patterns characterize differences in emotion regulation ability. Overall, the PERCI had strong psychometrics. Its capacity to assess both valence domains should enable more comprehensive assessments of emotion regulation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several debilitating sociodemographic and clinical variables are associated with participation in people with multiple sclerosis (MS; Gerhard et al., 2020). Yet, people with higher gratitude can appreciate positive life aspects despite facing adversity (Bussing et al., 2014). This study examined whether gratitude might influence the relationship between vulnerability and community participation. This study was cross-sectional. Participants were recruited from the National MS Society. Participants were 373 individuals with MS. Not applicable. A vulnerability index score was created to include sociodemographic factors, including being a racial/ethnic minority, having less than a high school education, being unemployed, not having a health insurance, and not seeing a primary care physician regularly. Gratitude was assessed with a 6-item Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) (McCullough et al., 2002). Community participation was assessed with the 8-item NEURO-QOL Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities Short Form v1.0 (Cella et al., 2012). Moderation analysis was performed to examine if gratitude served as a moderator between the relation between vulnerability and community participation. The main effect for vulnerability (B=-1.61; p<.01) and gratitude (B=2.27; p<.001) were significant, suggesting that lower scores of vulnerability index and higher levels of gratitude were associated with increased community participation. The interaction term for vulnerability index and gratitude (B=-.86; p<.05) was significant, which suggested that gratitude influenced the effect of vulnerability on community participation. The effect of vulnerability on community participation is stronger for people with higher levels of gratitude (slope=-2.55) compared to those with lower levels of gratitude (slope=-.67). Gratitude served as a moderator between vulnerability and community participation, suggesting the potential role of gratitude in enhancing participation outcomes in people with MS. No conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we prove the convergence of a discretized anisotropic degenerate parabolic system modeling chemotaxis. The used method belongs to a positive nonlinear Discrete Duality Finite Volume (DDFV) family. Its aim is to respect the physical bounds on the computed solution independently of the used mesh and the involved anisotropy. To achieve that, two main terms referred to as convection and diffusion are carefully approximated. The transport contribution is discretized using a product of centered and upstream schemes. The discretization of the oscillatory diffusive fluxes is treated by means of an upwind scheme. Based on the established a priori estimates, we demonstrate the convergence of the approximate solutions thanks to compactness arguments adapted to degenerate parabolic problems. Numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions. The goal is to test the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed scheme on a series of examples including anisotropic tensors and non-smooth data over various types of meshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Laser Doppler electrophoresis was successfully applied to positively charged membranes. • Laser Doppler electrophoresis was successful for membrane charge characterization. • Results were compared to streaming potentials and found to correlate well. • The novel technique now spans the entire membrane range. Successful characterization of membranes is of paramount importance for the development and improvement of novel membranes and membrane processes. The characterization of membrane charge is key to understanding charge interactions between the process stream and the membrane and is typically represented by the surface zeta potential. In a previous paper (Thomas et al., 2017), a novel technique employing an Uzigirs dip cell arrangement used in conjunction with laser Doppler electrophoresis was used to characterize the surface of several negatively charged membranes. In this paper, positively charged modified PTFE membranes are fabricated and the novel zeta potential measurement technique is utilized to quantify the resultant membrane charge by use of a positively charged amidine tracer particle. The amidine particles were characterized and shown to have a positive zeta potential of 12.4 mV for the experimental conditions used. A comparative analysis was made between the novel laser Doppler electrophoresis measurements and tangential streaming potential measurements for the positive membrane and the agreement was good. The phase plot and mobility-displacement were of good quality for the data set, with the surface equivalent mobility being 0.632 μm cm/V s with R 2 = 0.977. In addition, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the operating envelope and highlight the pitfalls of the technique, i.e. oppositely charged particles to the surface should not be used. Overall, this work expands the application of the novel zeta potential measurement technique to span all membrane charge types. Thus providing a real benefit to the practicing scientist or engineer by having a reliable, fast and simple zeta potential technique that uses only a very small membrane sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is not unusual to find neurosurgeons in the news and entertainment. The present study examined the portrayal of neurosurgeons by major print and online media sources. Methods Two search strategies identified articles from October 1, 2012 to October 1, 2017 containing the keyword "neurosurgeon." The top 25 newspapers in the United States, determined by their circulation, were searched using the LexisNexis Academic or NewsBank databases; a layman's Google News search was used to collect online stories. Each identified article was evaluated to confirm the relevance and then examined for content. Relevant characteristics for each article and neurosurgeon were determined and analyzed. Results Our searches returned 1005 articles comprising 561 unique stories about 203 different neurosurgeons. One particular neurosurgeon had 459 reports (45.7%). More articles were reported in 2015 (405; 40.3%) than any other single year. Most articles featured male neurosurgeons (879; 87.1%) and neurosurgeons who had been practicing for >20 years (636; 63.0%), with just 10 institutions accounting for the training of most of them (733; 72.6%). The articles were classified as positive (270; 26.9%), negative (356; 35.4%), or neutral (379; 37.7%) in terms of their reflection on the field of neurosurgery. The odds of a negative story were greater for male neurosurgeons, within 10 years of residency completion, and in a nonacademic position. Conclusions Neurosurgeons are naturally subject to media coverage, and we must be cognizant that this predilection can serve as both an occupational advantage and an occupational hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Research has focused on the negative or absence of social interactions. • Prosocial behaviours are actions that an individual engages in to benefit others. • Evidence in domestic animal species is sparse, but due to a lack of research. • Prosocial behaviours are distinguishable and therefore measurable. • Prosocial behaviours give animals a stake in the welfare of others. Abstract Social interactions are central to the health and psychological well-being of domestic animals. Until now, research has overwhelmingly focused on negative social behaviours such as aggression or the lack of social interactions such as social separation and isolation. This contradicts the fact that social animals derive benefits from living in a group, and observations that positive forms of social behaviour are the predominant type in stable groups. In particular, prosocial behaviours have been overlooked. As a result, we know little about the breadth of the prosocial behavioural repertoire, the motivation of animals to act prosocially, its modulation by individual and contextual factors, and its ultimate welfare implications. Prosocial behaviours are generally defined as actions that an individual engages in to benefit others, and more specifically actions "expected to produce or maintain the physical and psychological well-being and integrity of others" (Wispé, 1972), hence giving animals a stake in the welfare of others. The prosocial behavioural repertoire is diverse, englobing various forms of social behaviours: parental care, affiliation, sharing, social teaching, cooperation and other types of caring and helping behaviours toward others. Prosocial behaviour differs from empathy in that empathy infers relating to another's state whereas prosocial behaviour refers to an action, and not all prosocial behaviours may require the capacity for empathy. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that motivate an animal to act prosocially are still poorly understood. Prosocial behaviours can be modulated by a number of factors, amongst which individual characteristics (ontogeny, previous experience, dominance relationships, sociality level, emotional state, gender), the recipient (relationship to the donor, need and benefit), and the context (social and physical environments, resource availability). To date, research on prosocial behaviour in domestic animals has mostly been limited to parental and affiliative behaviours. Evidence of other prosocial behaviours in domestic animals is sparse, but this is due to a lack of research rather than null findings. A better understanding of the social and husbandry factors modulating prosocial behaviours has implications in practice. Most importantly, the implications of prosocial behaviours for animal welfare remain to be elucidated. The link between social behaviour and affective states offers opportunities to use prosocial behaviour to promote positive mental states and well-being in social animals. Prosocial behaviours could be positive welfare indicators of bilateral nature, beneficial to the recipient and inherently rewarding to the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China 1 , a large number of confirmed cases met the discharge criteria (one of which is two consecutive negative nucleic acid tests with an interval of at least 24 h) 2. Previous studies have paid more attention to the epidemic situation of COVID-19 and patient diagnosis and treatment. Close attention also should be paid to the discharged patients. Surprisingly, a previous follow-up reported that some patients' nucleic acid retest results were positive again after discharge 3. Factors impacting these follow-up test results should be further investigated. Since the first confirmed case was diagnosed in our hospital (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, the designated transfer hospital) on February 4th, we confirmed a total of 17 cases. All patients infected with the novel coronavirus were transferred to a designated hospital in Southwest China's Chongqing by ambulance with an inbuilt negative-pressure chamber 4. In the follow-up examination of these patients, RT-PCR tests were conducted again 3 days after discharged from the designated hospital. Four patients showed recurrence of positive results after a few days of discharge. Thus, we examined these cases herein, aiming to provide information for policy formulation and modification of discharge plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simulate a far field model used in geological radioactive waste repository, a new finite volume scheme preserving positivity on arbitrary convex polygonal meshes with second order accuracy is proposed in this paper. The model problem describes the coupled process of diffusion, convection and chemical reaction, in which the diffusion tensors are highly anisotropic and heterogeneous. The classic implicit and explicit schemes are used in the temporal discretization. The discretization of diffusive flux in Sheng and Yuan (2016) is utilized, and the discretization of convective flux is based on a new corrected upwind scheme that depends on some available informations of diffusive flux. The resulting scheme is positivity-preserving and locally conservative, and has only cell-centered unknowns. Numerical results are presented to show that the performance of our positivity-preserving scheme for the numerical simulation of radionuclide transport problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the subjective experience of participating in a clinical trial, specifically positive and negative experiences and the experience of audio recording assessment sessions. The study was cross-sectional from a single blinded randomised controlled trial. Forty participants with a primary diagnosis of non-organic psychosis completed baseline and 12-week follow-up questionnaires assessing their experiences. Participants rated research interviews as moderately helpful in facilitating their therapy and talking to the interviewer as moderately helpful at baseline and 12-week follow-up. Self-report ratings of the degree of self-realisation promoted by the research questionnaires were significantly higher at 12-week follow-up compared to baseline. Participants adjusted quickly to being audio recorded and rated interviews as not at all disruptive and not at all to slightly intrusive. On average there were neutral emotional reactions, positive gains and minimal inconveniences as a result of participation. The main reasons for taking part were: ‘To help myself’ , ‘I was curious’ and ‘To help others’ . The findings offer support to previous research reporting that individuals with mental health problems find participating in clinical trials a beneficial experience. This may alleviate concerns that participation in similar studies may be personally intrusive or harmful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for a re-examination of the conventional wisdom that making consumers wait for service is necessarily negative. This is important because after three decades of research on waiting, consumers still spend a considerable amount of time waiting, in an ever-widening range of contexts. And although there is a continuous and steady stream of waiting studies, there have been few significant advances in our understanding in recent years. We forward a set of challenging propositions that consider the positive effects of waiting. In contrast to established thinking, we propose that waiting attracts more consumers; increases perceived value; provides information to facilitate consumer decision-making; improves customer evaluations; and encourages positive anticipation. The propositions are supported theoretically and empirically by drawing on related disciplines. With this paper, we aim to stimulate new and innovative discussion around the topic of waiting, with particular emphasis on waiting in tourism services, and to question accepted knowledge in order to begin laying the basis for the next phase of research on consumer waiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current studies of influence maximization focus almost exclusively on unsigned social networks ignoring the polarities of the relationships between users. Influence maximization in signed social networks containing both positive relationships ( e.g. , friend or like) and negative relationships ( e.g. , enemy or dislike) is still a challenging problem which remains much open. A few studies made use of greedy algorithms to solve the problem of positive influence or negative influence maximization in signed social networks. Although greedy algorithm is able to achieve a good approximation, it is computational expensive and not efficient enough. Aiming at this drawback, we propose an alternative method based on Simulated Annealing (SA) for the positive influence maximization problem in this paper. Additionally, we also propose two heuristics to speed up the convergence process of the proposed method. Comprehensive experiments results on three signed social network datasets, Epinions, Slashdot and Wikipedia, demonstrate that our method can yield similar or better performance than the greedy algorithms in terms of positive influence spread but run faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to propose a simple method to realize mutual information maximization for better interpretation and generalization. To train neural networks and obtain better performance, neurons should impartially consider as many input patterns as possible. Simultaneously, and especially for ease of interpretation, they should represent characteristics specific to certain input patterns as faithfully as possible. This contradiction can be solved by introducing mutual information between neurons and input patterns. However, because of the complicated computational procedures associated with mutual information maximization, it has been difficult to apply mutual information maximization to actual problems. Though many simplified methods have been developed so far, they have not necessarily been applied with success, in particular to large-scale practical problems. To further aid simplification, here we propose a new computational method to realize mutual information. One of the main characteristics of this new method is the consideration of multiple neural networks when defining mutual information, thereby simplifying the method. In addition, learning is also simplified by using the indirect, independent, and fast learning of the potential method. This method was applied to two well known data sets: the Australian credit data and on-line popularity data set. The experimental results showed that mutual information could be increased via the present method. In addition, mutual information maximization was accompanied by an increase in generalization and interpretation performance, mainly due to the simple internal representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron vanadate (FeV 3 O 9.2.6H 2 O) which belongs to a group of transition metal vanadates with characteristics of relatively large working potential window, multiple electrochemical reactions, which gives it high specific capacitance, makes them promising electrode material for supercapacitor application. In this report, we synthesized layer structured FeV 3 O 9.2.1 H 2 O (FVO), with lesser water content via sol-gel method. Our FVO material demonstrated excellent electrochemical activities as both positive and negative electrodes in three-electrode system using aqueous electrolyte with specific capacitance of 73 F g−1 and 291 F g−1, respectively. Additionally, we employed FVO in two-electrode symmetry system where FVO electrode serves as both anode and cathode. It exhibited high capacitance of 83 Fg−1 with 92% initial capacitance retention after 6000 cycles, and high energy density of 36 Wh kg−1. • Layered FeV 3 O 9.2.1H 2 O was obtained by sol-gel method. • Employed as positve electrodes on different substrates, graphite sheet exhibited superior electrochemical performance than Ni-foam. • FVO also exhibited good performances as negative electrode. • The FVO also exhibited high energy and power densities with excellent cycle performance in symmetry full cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels based on amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) is investigated. It is revealed that the a-IGZO TFT LCDs also have sand mura issue at high operation temperature. Analysis shows that the sand mura is caused by the positive V th shift of the a-IGZO TFTs. To suppress the V th shift, fabrication process of the a-IGZO TFTs is optimized with a-IGZO channel layer annealed at 300 °C and etch-stop layer deposited at 250 °C. The process optimization lessens the absorbed and non-bonded oxygen atoms in the a-IGZO channel layer and desorbed water molecules on the back channel surface. The results show that the V th shift is significantly alleviated and the sand mura is thus effectively minimized with the optimized process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: General anaesthesia decreases pulmonary compliance and increases pulmonary shunt due to the development of atelectasis. The presence of capnoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery may further decrease functional residual capacity, promoting an increased amount of atelectasis compared with laparotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in both types of surgery and to investigate whether higher levels of PEEP should be used during laparoscopic surgery.Methods: This prospective observational study included 52 patients undergoing either laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery. Three levels of PEEP were applied in random order: (1) zero (ZEEP), (2) 5 cmH2O and (3) 10 cmH2O. Pulmonary shunt and ventilation/perfusion mismatch were assessed by the automatic lung parameter estimator system.Results: Pulmonary shunt was similar in both groups. However, in laparotomy, a PEEP of 5 cmH2O significantly decreased shunt when compared with ZEEP (12 vs 6%; P=0.001), with additional PEEP having no further effect. In laparoscopic surgery, a significant reduction in shunt (13 vs 6%; P=0.001) was obtained only at a PEEP of 10 cmH2O. Although laparoscopic surgery was associated with a lower pulmonary compliance, increasing levels of PEEP were able to ameliorate it in both groups.Conclusion: Both surgeries have similar negative effects on pulmonary shunt, while the presence of capnoperitoneum reduced only the pulmonary compliance. It appears that a more aggressive PEEP level is required to reduce shunt and to maximize compliance in case of laparoscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attentional-interference using emotional Stroop tasks (ESTs) is greater among individuals in the general population with positive (versus negative) schizotypal traits; specifically in response to negatively (versus positively) valenced words, potentially capturing threat-sensitivity. Variability in attentional-interference as a function of subcategories of negatively valenced words (and in relation to schizotypal traits) remains underexplored in EST studies. We examined attentional-interference across negative word subcategories (fear/anger/sadness/disgust), and in relation to positive schizotypy, among non-clinical individuals in the general population reporting varying degrees of schizotypal traits. As hypothesized, performance differed across word subcategories, though the pattern varied from expectation. Attentional-interference was greater for fear and sadness compared to anger; and analogous for fear, disgust, and sadness. In the high schizotypy group, positive schizotypal traits were directly associated with attentional-interference to disgust. Attentional-interference was comparable between high- and low-positive schizotypy. Results suggest negative emotion subcategories may differentially reflect threat-sensitivity. Disgust-sensitivity may be particularly salient in (non-clinical) positive schizotypy. Findings have implications for understanding negative emotion specificity and variability in stimulus presentation modality when studying threat-related attentional-interference. Finally, disgust-related attentional-interference may serve as a cognitive correlate of (non-clinical) positive schizotypy. Expanding this research to prodromal populations will help explore disgust-related attentional-interference as a potential cognitive marker of positive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricted and repetitive behaviours (RRBs) are a core diagnostic feature in autism, but have received less research compared to other diagnostic areas. Qualitative research with autistic adults has reported both positive and problematic aspects of RRBs, but little qualitative research has been reported to date about the nature and outcomes of RRBs in autistic children. The present study recruited teachers in SEN schools because children have limited ability to self-reflect and report about the functions and outcomes of their behaviours. The current study recruited 11 Special Educational Needs (SEN) teachers based in specialist autism schools who were interviewed about the various RRBs and their observed antecedents and outcomes for autistic children in their schools. Thematic analysis revealed two main themes about RRBs in autistic children, one view as positive and one as negative. The positive theme included subthemes of RRBs as enjoyable experiences, self-regulation, and a form of expression. The negative theme included subthemes of being potentially unsafe, disrupting learning, and having a compulsive nature. SEN teachers in the present study observed both positive and negative outcomes of RRBs by autistic children, consistent with reports by autistic adults about their RRBs. The views about positive outcomes challenges previous assumptions that RRBs in autistic children are inherently detrimental and always need to be reduced or eliminated. Instead, the risks of specific RRBs should be considered against their benefits for individual autistic children to differentiate RRBs that serve a positive functional purpose versus those that may be harmful. • Teacher interviews revealed both positive and negative RRBs in autistic children. • Positive RBBs were enjoyable experiences, self-regulation, and a form of expression. • Negative RRBs were potentially unsafe, disrupted learning, and had compulsive nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse preclinical studies exploiting the modulation of the GABAergic and/or glutamatergic system in brain via metabotropic receptors suggest their potential therapeutic utility. GS39783 and CDPPB, positive allosteric modulators of GABA B and mGlu 5 receptors, were previously shown to reverse behavioral phenotypes in animal models to mimic selected (predominantly positive) symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study we investigated the activity of selected GABA B (GS39783 and CGP7930) and mGlu 5 (CDPPB) positive allosteric modulators. We focused mainly on the aspects of their efficacy in the models of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. We used modified swim test, social interactions (models of negative symptoms) and novel object recognition (model of cognitive disturbances). The activity of the compounds was also tested in haloperidol-induced catalepsy test. The mutual interaction between GABA B /mGlu 5 ligands was investigated as well. In the second part of the study, DHPG-induced PI hydrolysis in the presence of GABA B receptor antagonist (SKF97541), and SKF97541-induced inhibition of cAMP formation in the presence of DHPG, was performed. Both mGlu 5 and GABA B receptor modulators effectively reversed MK-801-induced deficits in behavioral models of schizophrenia. Moreover, the concomitant administration of sub-effective doses of CDPPB and GS39783 induced a clear antipsychotic-like effect in all the procedures used, except DOI-induced head twitches. The concomitant administration of group I mGlu and GABA B agonists did not displayed any synergistic effects in vitro. Summing up, an activation of both types of receptor may be a promising mechanism for the development of novel antipsychotic drugs, efficacious toward positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most widely accepted method for measuring microzooplankton grazing rates, the dilution technique, was developed in oligotrophic, open-ocean environments. Applications of the technique in productive waters have resulted in varied responses that often complicate the interpretation of results in light of potential violations of assumptions. Grazing experiments using the dilution technique were carried out for 12 months at two sites in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, an underrepresented ecosystem type with regard to global knowledge of microzooplankton grazing. Positive slopes were observed in the majority of experiments implying that grazing activity actually enhanced phytoplankton growth. In two such experiments, plankton community analysis supported the hypothesis that grazer abundances were not constant over the incubation period and net grazer growth rates were related to dilution level, i.e., an important assumption was violated. Trophic cascades (i.e., grazers eating grazers) are the most likely explanation for these observations. The frequency of positive slopes found in this study highlights the need for more detailed studies of trophic interactions within plankton communities of the IRL, and estuarine systems in general. The IRL has experienced persistent harmful algal blooms, the causes of which are currently under investigation; however, the impact of microbial grazers on harmful algal species cannot be quantified until appropriate methods for resolving complex trophic interactions are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroimaging findings are often interpreted in terms of affective experience, but researchers disagree about the advisability or even possibility of such inferences, and few frameworks explicitly link these levels of analysis. Here, we suggest that the spatial and temporal resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data could support inferences about affective states. Specifically, we propose that fMRI nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activity is associated with positive arousal, whereas a combination of anterior insula activity and NAcc activity is associated with negative arousal. This framework implies quantifiable and testable inferences about affect from fMRI data, which may ultimately inform predictions about approach and avoidance behavior. We consider potential limits on neurally inferred affect before highlighting theoretical and practical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Positive parenting predicts development of adolescent amygdala and prefrontal cortex. [•] Positive parenting has a unique influence on adolescent brain development. [•] Positive and negative parenting are not opposite sides of a continuum. [•] Parenting interventions may promote healthy adolescent brain development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Research on the body image and eating behaviors of older women is scarce. Moreover, the scant existing research has lacked a focus on positive dimensions, such as positive reappraisal and acceptance, body appreciation, appearance satisfaction, and intuitive eating among older women. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine a model of the relationships among these positive dimensions and psychological functioning in older women.Methods: A sample of 171 women aged 60-75 years were recruited through social media to respond to a survey assessing body image, eating behaviors, and psychological wellbeing.Results: The final model was a good fit to the data. In this model, positive reappraisal and acceptance of age-related appearance changes was associated with higher body appreciation, in turn associated with higher body image related quality of life, higher levels of intuitive eating, and lower levels of depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Positive body image and positive reappraisal of aging-related changes in appearance are associated with psychological wellbeing among older women. Longitudinal data are needed to clarify the direction of these relationships and inform interventions. Body image remains an important dimension among older women and should be accounted for in broader health promotion efforts among this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Accessibility is a concept of continuing relevance in transportation research. A number of different measures of accessibility, defined as the potential to reach spatially dispersed opportunities, have been proposed in the literature, and used to address various substantive planning and policy questions. Our objective in this paper is to conduct a review of various commonly used measures of accessibility, with a particular view to clarifying their normative (i.e. prescriptive), as well as positive (i.e. descriptive) aspects. This is a distinction that has seldom been made in the literature and that helps to better understand the meaning of alternative ways to implement the concept of accessibility. Our discussion of the positive and normative aspects of accessibility measurements is illustrated using the city of Montreal, Canada, as a case study. The example highlights the differences in the measured levels of accessibility depending on implementation. Comparison of the two by means of a relative indicator of accessibility helps to identify the gap between desired (as normative defined) and actual (as revealed) accessibility levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increased attention has been given to treatment of negative symptoms and its potential impact on functional outcomes, however previous inferences have been confounded by the fact that measures of functional outcomes often use items similar to those of negative symptoms. We attempted to discern the relative effects of negative symptoms on functioning, as compared to other symptoms, using data from the National Institute of Mental Health CATIE trial of chronic schizophrenia (n=1447) by examining correlations of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factors, Calgary Depression Rating Scale and select items from Heinrich''s and Lehman''s Quality of Life Scales measuring aspects of functioning that did not overlap with negative symptoms. Baseline functioning and change in functioning were more strongly related to PANSS negative factor than any of the other symptoms — though the amount of variance explained by symptom changes in general was small. The data suggests that improvement in negative symptoms may have a distinctive and independent effect on functional outcome relative to other symptoms. This should be further tested in studies where negative symptoms improve without concomitant improvement of other symptoms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The positive switched 2D linear systems described by the Roesser models are addressed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the positive switched system are established for any switching. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We prove the existence and nonexistence of positive radial solutions for the boundary value problems where is the open unit ball in , are allowed to be singular at is asymptotically -linear, and is a positive parameter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We present results on various post processing techniques to create complex 3-dimensional nanostructures with enhanced capabilities. The starting point for all architectures is a self aligned nanopillar with surrounding circular rim in PMMA. This particular shape is obtained by the energy density distribution of incident and backscattered electrons of e-beam exposure and reflects the dual behavior of PMMA as positive and negative resist. Employing only 1 lithographic step and several batch processing techniques, we ensure that the creation of the complex shapes can be obtained in a reproducible manner without subsequent realignment steps. We propose several applications for these structures, covering a wide variety of research areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cannabis use is associated with onset of psychosis in individuals vulnerable for developing schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The present study addressed three knowledge gaps pertaining to this issue: 1) clarifying the incidence of cannabis use in schizotypal individuals, 2) examining how cannabis use is related to psychosocial and physiological problems in schizotypy and interest in treatment, and 3) examining how cannabis use is associated with positive, negative and disorganization features of schizotypy. Scores from a measure of schizotypal traits were used to trichotomize 1665 young adults into schizotypy (top 5% of scorers), non-schizotypy (bottom 50% of scorers) and “unconventional” (scorers within the 50th to 85th percentile) groups. Nearly a quarter of the schizotypy group endorsed cannabis use at least weekly, a rate nearly two to four times that of the other groups. The schizotypy group also reported a much greater frequency of cannabis-related problems compared to the other groups. Despite this, interest in treatment for cannabis use in the schizotypy group was not elevated. Interestingly, 85% of individuals in the schizotypy group reported interest in psychological/psychiatric treatment more generally. Cannabis use was not associated with abnormal patterns of positive or disorganized schizotypy traits in the schizotypy group relative to the other groups. However, cannabis use was associated with lower severity of negative traits. Implications of these results are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Laboratories often have difficulties obtaining positive control material for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis of rare or emerging viruses. This is particularly problematic during outbreaks caused by emerging infectious diseases, when delays can impede the public health response. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a simple approach for preparing real-time PCR positive reaction controls for rare or emerging viruses. Study design: We describe a universal method for preparing PCR positive reaction controls (Uni-Control), which uses two synthetic control oligonucleotides and irrelevant viral nucleic acid as an initiator template. In this study, we prepared Uni-Controls for novel influenza A(H1N1) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) RT-PCR assays. Parainfluenza type 2 virus RNA and equine herpes virus DNA were used as initiator templates. Results: Using the Uni-Controls, characteristic sigmoidal real-time PCR amplification curves were observed in the influenza A(H1N1) and HMPV RT-PCR assays. Comparable cycle threshold values were observed in both assays when using the same concentration of the initiator template. Conclusions: The Uni-Control method for preparing real-time PCR positive reaction controls provides an interim measure by which real-time PCR assays can be rapidly introduced for rare or emerging viruses in the absence of wild-type control material. The system is versatile and we propose can readily be adapted to almost any viral template. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The link between disruptions in emotional/motivational systems and chronic functional impairments in individuals with schizophrenia has been well substantiated. However, attempts to delineate the exact nature of these disruptions have been complicated by the reality that schizophrenia is a markedly heterogeneous disorder. In this article, we integrate findings from schizophrenia, neuroscience, and basic psychology literatures to advance the hypothesis that emotional deficits occur via two separate, mutually exclusive pathways: “ambivalence” — characterized by intact hedonic and abnormally co-activated negative emotion systems, and “apathy” — characterized by anhedonia and relatively sparse negative emotion. Further examination of how negative affect manifests differently across patients will be an important focus of future research, particularly given that the “downstream” social and occupational consequences of these abnormalities may appear similar but reflect dramatically divergent etiologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The combination of cryo-TEM and staining is employed for studying protein-enabled dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution. The same staining agent is used for both positive- and negative-staining. We are able to image the adsorbed layer of protein or polysaccharide on the nanotube but not the individual molecule. The process is not artifact-free due to change in ionic strength of the solution. However, our results are in line with other, not related, experimental techniques. The obtained information could be used to update models suggested based on, e.g., scattering data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that social anxiety is associated with biased processing of positive social information. However, it remains to be determined whether those biases are simply correlates of, or play a role in maintaining social anxiety. The current study examined whether diminished attentional allocation for positive social cues mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety reactivity to a social-evaluative task. Forty-three undergraduate students ranging in severity of social anxiety symptoms completed a baseline measure of attentional bias for positive social cues (i.e., modified probe detection task) and subsequently delivered an impromptu videotaped speech. Mediation analyses revealed that the tendency to allocate attention away from positive social stimuli mediated the effect of social anxiety on change in state anxiety in response to the stressor. The current findings add to a nascent empirical literature suggesting that aberrant processing of positive social information may contribute to the persistence of excessive social anxiety. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Effect of Co substitution for Mn on Li[Ni0.5Co x Mn1.5−x ]O4 was investigated. Co-precipitation was employed to synthesize the [Ni0.25Co x Mn0.75−x ](OH)2 as a precursor and it was fired with LiOH at 900°C for 20h in air. From Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data and scanning electron microscopic examinations, it was found that the as-synthesized Li[Ni0.5Co x Mn1.5−x ]O4 were crystallized in cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group and the final products presented spherical secondary morphology (3μm in average). Electrochemical investigation revealed that Co3+ replacement for Mn4+ gave rise to improved rate and cycling performances probably due to the improved electronic conductivity and structural stability achieved by the presence of Co3+ in the spinel Li[Ni0.5Co x Mn1.5−x ]O4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) experiments were conducted to determine the lithium diffusion coefficient of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, used as the active material in a lithium-ion battery porous composite positive electrode. An electrochemical model, based on concentrated solution porous electrode theory, was developed to analyze the GITT experimental results and compare to the original GITT analytical theory. The GITT experimental studies on the oxide active material were conducted between 3.5 and 4.5V vs. lithium, with the maximum lithium diffusion coefficient value being 10−10 cm2 s−1 at 3.85V. The lithium diffusion coefficient values obtained from this study agree favorably with the values obtained from an earlier electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, I p, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |I p| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |I p|>10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had I p >20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper is concerned with neutral nonlinear delay integral equations. We establish an existence theorem for positive almost automorphic solutions to the equations, which extend some existing results even in the case of almost periodicity. Some examples are given to illustrate our results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A positive electrode material for lithium ion battery applications was successfully synthesized using microwave irradiation. This microwave synthesis has several merits such as homogeneity of final product and much shorter reaction time compared to conventional synthetic methods. We synthesized spherical [Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4](OH)2 as a precursor by a co-precipitation method. The pelletized mixture of the precursor and lithium hydroxide was calcined under different reaction times and temperatures by applying 1200W of microwave irradiation at 2.45GHz. We determined the optimum conditions of microwave synthesis for positive electrode materials. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical testing. The capacity, its retention, and thermal stability of Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 synthesized by the microwave synthesis were comparable to the Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 prepared by the high temperature calcination method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previous studies examining neural responses to emotional stimuli in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have indicated increased responses within the left amygdala to sad faces, and increased activity within the visual cortex and striatum to expressions of happiness. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the current study measured neural responses to neutral, positive and negative pictures of the International Affective Picture System in 15 healthy individuals and 15 patients with MDD. Depressed individuals demonstrated lower activity in the right hippocampus and the right insula to negative affective pictures, whereas they showed lower activity in the right anterior cingulate cortex and the left insula to positive pictures. However, within the MDD group, the severity of depression correlated with the activity of the left amygdala, bilateral inferior orbitofrontal areas, and the left insula to negative pictures, whereas there were no clear indications of association between specific cerebral regions and positive pictures. Our findings indicate that preferential decreases in the left amygdala in response to negative pictures might be involved in the processing of emotional stimuli in depressed individuals. Also, these findings suggest that the bilateral inferior orbitofrontal cortices and left amygdala may be preferentially recruited in MDD patients, but not in healthy individuals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A positivity preserving implicit procedure for first order time integration of two-equation turbulence models is extended to second-order time integration utilizing dual-time stepping. Because the time derivative of the turbulence quantities may behave as a negative source term it is treated implicitly. The procedure is applied to a non-linear turbulence model using an unstructured flow solver. Numerical simulations of the unsteady flow about a square cylinder are conducted to demonstrate the positivity characteristics of the turbulence quantities and the robustness of the procedure and of the flow solver. Results from the numerical simulations favorably compare with results from experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Positive and elementary stable nonstandard (PESN) finite-difference methods, having the same qualitative features as the corresponding continuous predator–prey models, are formulated and analyzed. The proposed numerical techniques are based on a nonlocal modeling of the growth-rate function and a nonstandard discretization of the time derivative. This approach leads to significant qualitative improvements in the behavior of the numerical solution. Applications of the PESN methods to a specific Rosenzweig–MacArthur predator–prey model are also presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Seventy one electric field pulse trains that occurred during millisecond-scale time intervals before positive cloud to ground lightning flashes were analysed. These pulses are bipolar in nature and somewhat similar in pulse characteristics to the breakdown pulses preceding negative cloud to ground lightning. However, in the case of these positive flashes, the pulse characteristics of the pulse trains are confined in a much wider range of values than those of the pulse trains associated with negative return strokes. The leading edge of the pulses of the most commonly observed pulse trains that precede positive return strokes are relatively smooth, thus, different from their counterparts associated with negative flashes, in which case a few narrow pulses are superimposed on the rising edge of the bipolar pulses. Considering the initial polarity of pulses, four types of bipolar pulse trains preceding positive return strokes were identified. For each type of pulse trains, statistics of pulse characteristics were given. In contrast, in the case of negative ground flashes, the bipolar pulse trains were almost always composed of pulses of the same polarity as that of the succeeding return stroke. The possible causes of the observation of several types of pulse trains and the significantly diversified pulse characteristics of the breakdown pulse trains of positive flashes were discussed. The frequency spectrum of the electric fields of the most common type of pulse trains was compared with the spectrum of the breakdown pulses of negative flashes and those of negative return strokes. This spectrum of the preliminary breakdown pulse trains of positive ground flashes is comparable with that of the preliminary breakdown pulse trains of negative ground flashes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine and other N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in normal volunteers, suggesting that endogenous dysfunction or dysregulation of NMDA receptors may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Glycine and d-cycloserine are potential treatments for persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Seventeen patients were identified who participated in double-blind trials of both agents. Significant clinical improvement was observed during both trials. However, the degree of improvement was significantly larger during glycine, than d-cycloserine, treatment on both an individual subject and group level. Previous analyses have documented effectiveness of glycine, and to a lesser extent d-cycloserine, within separate patient populations. This analysis provides the first direct comparison of glycine and d-cycloserine effects within the same population, and suggests first, that NMDA agonists are effective in treatment of persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and, second, that full agonists, such as glycine and d-serine, may be more effective than partial agonists such as d-cycloserine. Similar findings are apparent when data are considered from all trials with NMDA agonists performed to date. Overall, the findings indicate that agents which potentiate NMDA transmission may be therapeutically beneficial in treatment of persistent symptoms of schizophrenia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To demonstrate that stability of the upper airway during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration is influenced by the microstructure of sleep as defined by the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP).Methods: Retrospective review of 12 CPAP titration records. The patterns of flow-limitation during CPAP at subtherapeutic pressures were characterized as ‘stable’ (persistent and non-progressive inspiratory flow limitation) or ‘unstable’ (progressive increase in inspiratory flow-limitation terminating in an arousal), and continuous periods of at least 10 min were identified. Sleep stage scoring by both conventional Rechtshaffen and Kales criteria and the CAP were done. The relationship between flow type and CAP was determined. Responses to an increase in applied pressure on flow-limitation were noted.Results: There were a total of 50 periods fulfilling the above criteria, totaling 1113 min of titration time. Thirty periods (757 min, 68% of total) showed a stable flow-limitation pattern. A total of 29/30 periods showing a stable flow pattern during sleep was scored as non-CAP, and only a single 18-min period of stable flow was scored as CAP. A total of 19/20 periods showing an unstable flow pattern was in sleep with CAP characteristics, the exception being a single 14-min period where unstable flow was noted in non-CAP. Flow-limitation was stable and non-progressive or absent during non-CAP, even at less than optimal pressures. This was noted irrespective of the presence or absence of delta sleep as scored by conventional criteria. Pressure increases during non-CAP, when the profile of the inspiratory flow was flattened, never resulted in a discernable change in the flow profile, while at least two-thirds of pressure increments during CAP periods improved flow.Conclusions: The microstructure of sleep as determined by CAP and non-CAP have practical implications for manual pressure titration algorithms and research on upper airway physiology during sleep. The appearance of a period of non-CAP, irrespective of conventionally scored delta sleep, may falsely suggest that the CPAP is optimal or close to it. Large increases in non-CAP that may be seen during a titration night can reduce the window of opportunity for titration. Increases in CPAP should be avoided in non-CAP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ecosystem engineering kelp forms habitat and influences associated communities by altering abiotic conditions. These conditions can also affect the engineer's own demographic rates but the mechanisms underpinning these feedbacks are not well known. Here, we tested the interactive effects of three abiotic factors engineered by the Australasian kelp Ecklonia radiata (light, water flow and scour) on the early survivorship and growth of its outplanted microscopic recruits. After six weeks, recruit survivorship was high in the absence of scour and low light (2–3 times higher than when scour was present) and under low water flow-ambient light conditions. Growth of sporophytes was strongly related to light, with recruits under ambient light approximately four times larger after six weeks. Overall, reduced scour (for survivorship) and ambient light (for growth) appear crucial for maximising E. radiata recruitment suggesting a healthy forest can provide microenvironments to enhance survivorship while gaps in the canopy enhance growth. • The ecosystem engineering effects of a kelp canopy on recruitment was investigated. • Highest survivorship of recruits occurs when scour is absent, and light is low. • Full light is most beneficial for growth of recruits. • Intact canopies provide a microenvironment that supports survivorship while gaps enhance growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• As an extension of earlier picture and storybook studies, this study examines how well children are able to recognize imaginary and real events in animated films. • Young children have the ability to discern fantastic and real events, but this ability is affected by the emotional valence of the events. • In both cartoons and animation with live action, the preschoolers reported positive real events to be more likely to occur than negative real events. • In animation with live action, the 3-year-olds were more likely to mistakenly judge a positive fantastic event to be real. Television programs are loved by children and often contain fantastic events. Do preschoolers know that fantastic events cannot occur in daily life? This study systematically investigated whether children can accurately distinguish between real and fantastic events. In study 1, 90 3- to 5-year-old children watched 16 cartoon clips of fantastic and real events that elicited positive or negative emotions. After watching each cartoon clip, the children were asked whether they thought that the event could actually occur in real life. The results indicate that for real events, the children's distinction accuracy of positive events was higher than their accuracy of negative events. In study 2, 90 3- to 5-year-old children were shown 16 animations with liveaction segments of fantastic and real events that elicited positive or negative emotions. Again, for real events, the children's distinction accuracy of positive events was higher than their accuracy of negative events. However, in contrast to the results of study 1, the 3-year-old children scored significantly higher for negative fantastic events than positive fantastic events, while the effects of the emotional content of the events were not significant among the children aged 4 and 5 years. By comparing study 1 and study 2, we found that when only fantastic events were considered, 3-year-olds are better at identifying positive events in cartoons than in live-action animations. The opposite happens when fantasy events are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disengagement and poor educational attainment in education are firmly established risk factors for juvenile crime, leading policymakers to identify educational provision in and after custody as a key pathway for effective reentry (resettlement). However, although there is emerging evidence that children's educational progress can reduce recidivism, persistent issues have dogged the delivery of education in custody across the Western world. We identify these issues as rooted in fundamental weaknesses of the risk paradigm that defines the relationship between custodial education and juvenile justice outcomes, in particular reflecting the absence of a cogent theory of change. We propose an alternative 'Child First' conceptual framework for custodial education that draws on the 'Positive Youth Justice' approach in contemporary youth justice and adopts the development of children's pro-social identity as its theory of change and key purpose. We explore for the first-time what overarching principles such an approach might entail and test the appropriateness of its theory of change by using it to reinterpret existing good practice messages for custodial education. Therefore, we propose a thoroughgoing evaluation of custodial education practice through such a 'Child First' lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The accessibility concept has varied notably along definitional and use-based dimensions. • These variations remain present in accessibility discourse today. • This history can help advocates of the accessibility shift better articulate their policy agenda. The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility's normative side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]