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Multifunctional thin films are becoming extremely popular in many technological fields. An increase in their functionality can be achieved by the creation of nanocomposite structures. This study represents novel thin composite coatings with a horizontally oriented single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) filler inside a silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y) matrix obtained by (i) low-temperature thermal curing or by (ii) UV radiation-induced curing. The SiO x N y /SWCNT composite structures were prepared by simple dry transfer of a SWCNT film into a perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) polymer matrix film deposited by the spin-coating technique followed by curing. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the SiO x N y /SWCNT composite films were studied using HR-SEM/EDX, ATR-FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. It was found that SWCNT films were uniformly transferred into the PHPS matrix, maintaining their horizontally oriented close-packed structure, and avoiding the problem of agglomeration, thereby forming a laminate-type composite. SWCNTs had no effect on the curing process of the PHPS matrix. The SWCNT concentration remained relatively low, resulting in highly transparent composite films. An antireflection effect in the composite film relative to the transmission of the SWCNT film was observed. The results indicate that SiO x N y /SWCNT composites are attractive for applications as protective, antireflective optical coatings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The effect of UV irradiation on sol–gel prepared ZnO films subjected to mild thermal annealing was investigated, with special attention to their structural and surface properties. Sol–gel processes, including a high-temperature annealing stage, have been adapted to the requirements of flexible electronics for in situ synthesis of semiconductor ZnO films on polymer substrates at lower temperatures due to UV irradiation. Application of UV radiation with emission peaks at 185 and 254 nm to films annealed at 180 °C made it possible to obtain ZnO films with Zn/O ratios of ca. 1, which cannot be achieved by heat treatment alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical tablets are often coated with a layer of polymeric material to protect the drug from environmental degradation, facilitate the packaging process, and enhance patient compliance. However, the detailed effects of such coating layers on drug release are not well understood. To investigate this, flat-faced pure microcrystalline cellulose tablets with a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness between 1.5 mm to 1.6 mm were directly compressed, and a film coating layer with a thickness of 80 μm to 120 μm was applied to one face of these tablets. This tablet geometry and immediate release film coating were chosen as a model system to understand how the film coating interacts with the tablet core. The coating hydration and dissolution process was studied using terahertz pulsed imaging, while optical coherence tomography was used to capture further details on the swelling process of the polymer in the coated tablet. The study investigated the film coating polymer dissolution process and found the gelling of dissolving polymer restricted the capillary liquid transport in the core. These findings can help predict the dissolution of film coating within the typical range of thickness (30 μm to 40 μm) and potentially be extended to understand modified release coating formulations. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study used ultra-sonication approach to manufacture ZnO/NiFe 2 O 4 (ZNF) and casting technique to prepare ZnO/NiFe 2 O 4 –Cs/PVP nanocomposite films. The successful creation of these nanocomposites with a significant decrease in the % crystallinity of the polymer blend with doping agent was verified by XRD results. ZNF and the Cs/PVP chains interacted in the polymer nanocomposites, as seen by the spectra of the FTIR. To determine the direct and indirect optical band gaps, tauc graphs were studied using data from UV–Vis analysis. The results indicate that while the Urbach energy was found to increase, the optical band gaps decreased as the weight percentage of the nanofiller increased. Using a thermogravimetric approach, the thermal stability of the produced PNCs has been investigated. Conductivity experiments demonstrated that when the nanofiller ZNF content increased to 2.5 wt%, so did AC conductivity, the dielectric loss, and the dielectric constant. The correlation between the mechanism of conduction and the amount of nanoparticles indicates that an increase in the percentage of ZNF in nanocomposites could increase their conductivity, with values ranging from 3.72 × 10−12 for pure blend to 7.72 × 10−8 S/cm for 2.5%ZNF-Cs/PVP at 100 Hz. The dielectric measurements for the nanocomposite films showed an increase in dielectric losses and dielectric constant, which is indicative of the films' enhanced dielectric polarization. The results of characterization point to possible uses of these polymer nanocomposites in flexible optoelectronic and magneto-electronic applications and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NASA seeks to develop technologies to mitigate dust accumulation from planetary surfaces on robotic and human systems hardware during planned space exploration missions. With a return to the Lunar surface, lunar dust threatens the durability and reusability of components and vehicles due to its fine, jagged morphology and highly abrasive nature. Lunar dust consists of particles less than 60 μm in size that are chemically reactive, electrostatically and sometimes magnetically charged. Unique materials and technologies that reduce or mitigate lunar dust adhesion will be critical to support long duration missions and eventual sustained presence on the lunar surface. The goal of this work was to prepare dust resistant, space durable polymer films to satisfy dust accumulation mitigation needs for future NASA missions. In this regard, several graphene coated polyimide thin films have been developed with surface resistivity properties in the range of 103 Ω/sq to 1011 Ω/sq and evaluated for their dust adhesion performance. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize and assess the quality of graphene ink coated sheets while surface resistivity measurements were used to assess electrical conductivity. Scratch testing and abrasion resistance measurements were used to evaluate overall abrasion performance. Water contact angle and optical microscopy were used to evaluate changes in surface topography and chemistry. Graphene coated polyimide surfaces with charge dissipative resistivity (106 Ω/sq) demonstrated a minimum in residual particle areal coverage compared to conductive and insulating surfaces. Graphene ink/polymer thin film coated polyimide sheets (15 cm X 15 cm area, 75 μm thickness) are shown in order of decreasing sheet surface resistivities ranging from 103 Ω/sq, 104 Ω/sq, 106 Ω/sq, 108 Ω/sq, 1010 Ω/sq, and 1011 Ω/sq. Uncoated Kapton®, with sheet surface resistivity 1014 Ω/sq, is shown for comparison. [Display omitted] • Graphene ink coated polyimide sheets with surface resistivities in the range of 102 Ω/sq to 1012 Ω/sq have been prepared. • A significant improvement in scratch hardness (∼2 times) was observed for the coated substrates compared to the uncoated. • A minimum in residual particle areal coverage was observed for surfaces that exhibited intermediate surface resistivity values. • Dust resistant polymer films have been demonstrated for graphene coated polyimide sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly dissolving polymer thin films, or oral thin films (OTFs), have recently emerged as an improved oral drug delivery vehicle with its ability to bypass liver first pass metabolism, longer shelf-life, and simpler transport and distribution requirements, compared to traditional tablets and liquid formulations. Loratadine (LOR), an antihistamine commonly used to treat allergic rhinitis, undergoes liver first pass metabolism and is a prime candidate for incorporation within an OTF. However, loratadine is a BCS II drug with low aqueous solubility. Herein, the solubility of loratadine was improved by complexation with methyl β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) by co-evaporation of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 LOR:MBCD ratios and incorporation into a pullulan-based OTF at 4 wt% by solvent casting at 50 °C for 30 – 35 min. A therapeutically relevant 10 mg LOR dose could be prepared in a 3 cm by 3 cm OTF. The feasibility of complexation was observed with a B s -type phase solubility diagram, and complexation itself was confirmed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by disappearance of the LOR melting peak, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) by shifting of the C=O peak, via 1H NMR spectroscopy by downfield shifting and change in peak multiplicity of the LOR aromatic protons, and via diffusion-ordered spectroscopy by a decrease in the diffusion coefficient of LOR:MBCD complex. LOR:MBCD could be incorporated homogeneously throughout an OTF, and LOR:MBCD OTFs exhibited reasonable mechanical strength and endured 12 ± 3 folds before breaking. LOR:MBCD OTFs disintegrated within 38 ± 10 s. The cumulative in vitro release of LOR:MBCD OTFs peaked at 80 % within 3–4 min of dissolution, and LOR in LOR:MBCD OTFs exhibited permeability across a 0.22 μm nitrocellulose membrane, demonstrating its applicability as a rapid drug delivery vehicle. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the major threat to global public health over the years, while one of the effective methods to treat CVD is stent intervention. Biomedical magnesium (Mg) alloys have great potential applications in cardiovascular stents benefit from their excellent biodegradability and absorbability. However, excessive degradation rate and the delayed surface endothelialization still limit their further application. In this study, we modified a Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy (ZE21B) by preparing MgF 2 as the corrosion resistance layer, the dopamine polymer film (PDA) as the bonding layer, and hyaluronic acid (HA) loaded astaxanthin (ASTA) as an important layer to directing the cardiovascular cells fate. The electrochemical test results showed that the MgF 2 /PDA/HA-ASTA coating improved the corrosion resistance of ZE21B. The cytocompatibility experiments also demonstrated that this novel composite coating also selectively promoted endothelial cells proliferation, inhibited hyperproliferation of smooth muscle cells and adhesion of macrophages. Compared with the HA-loaded rapamycin (RAPA) coating, our MgF 2 /PDA/HA-ASTA coating showed better blood compatibility and cytocompatibility, indicating stronger multi-functions for the ZE21B alloy on cardiovascular application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 2D Materials are commonly incinerated which does not increase the recycling quota. • NIR spectroscopy in transflection mode can be used to recycle 2D materials. • Usage of Feature Selection Algorithms to create fast and interpretable classification models. • InLine classification of non-recyclable Film Specimen using proprietary neural networks. Improving the sortability of plastic packaging film waste (PPFW) is crucial for increasing the recycling rate in Austria as they account for 150,000 t of the annually produced 300,000 t of plastic packaging waste. Currently PPFW is thermally recovered, as it is impossible to separate the mechanically recyclable monomaterial films from the non mechanically-recyclable multimaterial films. In this study, machine learning models capable of classifying inline into monolayer and multilayer films of PPFW according to their spectral fingerprint taken in transflection were created. Feature selection methods, like PCA and MRMR F-Tests, identified the most relevant spectral ranges for classification, that show the least redundancy and highest relevance. This effective subset of features decreases the required complexity of the model while reducing prediction time without compromising accuracy. The resulting models achieved a prediction accuracy of 85 % on unseen specimens with minimal prediction latency, effectively showing the inline applicability of these models in sorting aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to obtain polyaniline/polylactic acid/ZnO (PAni/PLA/ZnO) films via Solution Blow Spraying (SBSp) in order to evaluate their structural, morphological, optical and thermoresistive properties in application such as in temperature sensors. The SBSp technique is a variation of Solution Blow Spinning (SBS), allowing film deposition on any surface using pressurized air and a polymeric solution. ZnO was synthesized via combustion reaction, a method known for producing nanosized particles. PLA was incorporated in the proportion of 10 wt%, while ZnO concentrations ranged from 10% to 60 wt %. Structural analyzes were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the polymers; the morphology of the films was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); Ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy was performed to obtain the bandgap of the material; thermal analysis was carried out by thermogravimetry and the thermosensitive properties were evaluated by a multimeter in a muffle. XRD results confirmed that the PANi/PLA/ZnO film was obtained using the SBSp method, with crystalline phases corresponding to ZnO and PANi. SEM showed an agglomerated and porous appearance of the samples. Decomposition temperatures according to thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were in the range of 200–400 °C, showing that under this regime the films can present their thermoresistive properties without decomposing with temperature. The bandgap was in the range of 2.32–3.92 eV, confirming values of a semiconductor, and that the presence of PLA did not affect this property. Thermoresistive tests demonstrated a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behavior, indicating that the PAni/PLA/ZnO films obtained by SBSp possess thermoresistive properties suitable for low-temperature sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric film capacitors are a highly ubiquitous and indispensable electronic component, serving a crucial role in a wide array of electronic devices and power systems. Despite their extensive use, polymer film capacitors are often hampered by the conduction loss that ensues when they are subjected to high electric fields and temperatures. As a result, this leads to a significant reduction in energy density and charge-discharge efficiency. To solve this issue, magnetron sputtering technology was used to create a sandwich structure made of polyetherimide (PEI) thin films with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) inorganic layers coated on both sides. This remarkable innovation has successfully introduced the high dielectric PZT layer in the PEI film/metal electrode, substantially augmenting the barrier height at the dielectric/polymer interface. This has also resulted in a marked decrease in conduction loss, as conclusively validated by the experimental findings. At 150 °C and with charge-discharge efficiency above 90%, the maximum discharged energy density is 3.26 J/cm3, which is increased by 263% compared to the pristine PEI films (1.24 J/cm3 at 290 MV/m and 150 °C). This study designed a unique inorganic barrier layer of PZT to increase the energy storage capability of polymer dielectric films in high-temperature environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is driven by a desire to create composite films that combine the ferrimagnetic capabilities of pure and La/Nd substituted Sr 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 Z-hexaferrites with the multifunctional features of ferroelectric polymers. A flexible magnetoelectric (ME) polymer composite films, with Sr 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (SF), Sr 2.85 La 0.15 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (SF–La) and Sr 2.85 Nd 0.15 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (SF-Nd) as the ferrimagnetic material and poly vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PH) as a ferroelectric component, were synthesized using solution casting method. In the current case, two steps have been used to synthesize ferroelectric and ferrimagnetic composites films: first, SF, SF-La and SF-Nd hexaferrite samples were synthesized using solid state reaction method and then 20% weight percentage of these hexaferrites were incorporated into the PH matrix using solution casting method to form composite film. In order to find the traces of collaborative interactions between the two phases, the structural, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of these composite samples have been studied. The XRD data confirm the formation of SF, SF-La and SF-Nd hexaferrite dispersed in a piezoelectric copolymer PH matrix. The changes in the ferroelectric properties in different magnetic fields demonstrated the existence of ME coupling in the composite films. The inclusion of PH enhanced the magnetoelectric coupling of composite films. The maximal value of magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (α ME) observed is 0.213, 1.227, 3.403 and 9.797 mV cm−1 Oe−1 for SF, PHSF, PHSF-La and PHSF-Nd, respectively. There is approximately 46-time increase in the maximum value of magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (α ME) in PHSF-Nd (9.797 mV/cm.Oe) composites as compare to pure SF (0.213 mV/cm.Oe). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The end groups of polyetherimide were modified. • The free volume size probability distribution functions of each film was extracted. • The dielectric breakdown of each membrane was measured. • Larger free volume elements were associated with lower breakdown fields. Four polyetherimide (PEI) polymers were synthesized with different end groups, while leaving the molecular weights, glass transition temperature, thermal properties, and dielectric constant essentially unchanged. The Restricted Orientation Anisotropy Method (ROAM), an ultrafast infrared laser technique, was used to measure the films' free volume elements (FVEs) radius probability distribution (RPD) curves. This technique exploits the observation that a vibrational probe's molecular reorientation dynamics inside a polymer film's FVEs are sterically restricted by the surfaces of the FVEs. The measured RPD curves displayed significant changes in shape and center positions for the PEI polymers with different end cap. The results demonstrate that structural changes to the end groups of a polymer can significantly modify its microscopic morphology, which is consistent with other experiments that observed changes in macroscopic observables. The thin film samples' breakdown fields (E BD) were measured, and a correlation between polymer films having a higher probability of large FVEs and lower E BD s was observed. This work demonstrates that the nanoscopic chain packing structure that controls the nature of the FVEs and breakdown field properties of PEI are synthetically tunable, without the need to change the main chain chemical structure. The results provide some experimental evidence for the theoretical model of electron-acceleration inside FVEs as the microscopic origin of polymer film dielectric breakdown. The results also provide a framework for the study of other polymer dielectrics, and suggest that design of high breakdown field polymer films may involve minimizing FVE sizes, particularly the large FVE tails of the size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-sensitivity ultraviolet photodetectors, which can be compatible with the existing Si-based technique, is highly desirable in advanced applications. In this study, a double heterojunction ultraviolet photodetection device consisting of an ITO conductive glass covered by a layer of p-type poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymer film, a single p-type Sb-doped ZnO microwire (ZnO:Sb MW), and an n-type Si substrate was proposed and demonstrated. Using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and carbon nanohorn (CNHs) as treated solvent, the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS polymer film were positively increased. Correspondingly, the treated photodetector exhibited a strongest photoresponsivity of approximately 737.8 A/W and largest external quantum efficiency (EQE) of approximately 2.6 × 105%, which were significantly higher than those of the pristine devices. Besides, the transient response manifests its highly-stable and faster photoresponse speed of rising/falling times of ∼67 μs/2.29 ms. The enhanced photoresponse properties are attributed to the increased electrical properties of the DMSO&CNHs co-treated PEDOT:PSS film. Especially, the p-p heterojunction formed at the PEDOT:PSS/ZnO:Sb heterointerface, can effectively accelerate the transport of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thus reducing the recombination probability. The proposed double heterojunction that meeting the criteria of low-cost and eco-friendly would be a competitive option for the large-scale fabrication of high-performance ultraviolet photodetectors, which are efficient and compatible with the existing Si-based integrated circuit technology. [Display omitted] • Catalyst-free synthesis of genuine p-type ZnO:Sb MWs was achieved using a simple CVD method. • Electronic properties of the PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer can be greatly increased by incorporating CNHs&DMSO treatments. • High-performance photodetector based on the p-PEDOT:PSS film/p-ZnO:Sb MW/n-Si double heterojunction was proposed and exhibited. • The photoresponse properties of the as-constructed double heterojunction photodetector were dramatically enhanced using the treated PEDOT:PSS films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HCl doped-copolymer of ortho phenylene diamine, meta phenylene diamine, and pyrrole terpolymers blend was synthesized. Physical vapor deposition was used to produce the terpolymer-blended thin films, allowing the creation of the fiber structure at a low deposition rate, with a chamber pressure of 5 × 10−5 mbar and a thickness of 100 ± 2 nm. The produced thin films of terpolymers blend were examined utilizing a combination of theoretical and experimental techniques including TD-DFT/DMol3, CATSTEP, FT-IR spectrum, XRD, and optical characterizations. According to XRD computations, the terpolymers blend had an average crystallite size of 190 ± 2 nm, while SEM measurements showed that the length of the fibers was ≅ 73 ± 2 μm. The blend of terpolymers displayed an absorbance of 1.83 at 612 nm. Additionally, the blend of terpolymers' indirect/direct bandgap and absorption index was observed with noticeable alterations. The molecular structure optimization and frequency calculations for the crystal models and isolated molecules were carried out using the materials studio 7.0 tool (TDDFT/DMol3 and CASTEP). The DFT-Gaussian09W-vibration values closely matched the experimental results in terms of structure and optical characteristics. The application of thin films in polymer solar cell applications looks promising due to the noticeable improvements in optical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of triglycerides in blood can harden and block the arteries increasing the risk of heart disease and strokes. Triglycerides are important constituents of oils and fats used in various foods. The triglyceride content in commercial preparations of oils is estimated using conventional methods. In the present study, an electrochemical biosensor with lipase immobilized novel conductive polymer film has been developed for estimating triglyceride content in a variety of products. The portable biosensor can bring down the detection costs dramatically and can be used for varied purposes. It is based on cyclic voltammetry and has a three-electrode configuration system. Glassy carbon electrode is functionalized with nanoparticles embedded in polyethyleneimine and lipase is immobilized using glutaraldehyde. The strategy increases the electrochemical conductance manifold and overcomes the hindrance to lipase posed by membranes as it is oriented on the outside of the membrane. Thus, it increases the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Results of scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy were used for characterizing the electrode surface. Linear range of the electrode for triglycerides is 100–500 mg/dL. The sensor was used successfully to determine triglyceride content in several real samples and the average recovery values lie from 95.47 % to 101.05 %. [Display omitted] • Developing novel fabrication chemistry for an electrochemical biosensor • Designing electrochemical biosensor for the detection of triglycerides • Covalent immobilization of lipase enzyme on to the novel nano-polymer film • The linear range for triglyceride concertation is 100–500 mg/dL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsion is a promising strategy for the preparation of hydrophobic polymer composite using hydrophilic nanocellulose. Herein, two types of microfibril cellulose, pure mechanical pretreated microfibril cellulose (P-MFC) and Deep eutectic solvents pretreated microfibril cellulose (DES-MFC), were used to fabricate reinforced hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) composites (MFC/PS) with the aid of Pickering emulsion. The results showed that both oil/water ratio and the content as well as surface hydrophilicity of MFC were playing an important role in emulsifying capacity. 8 % MFC/PS emulsion showed the smallest and most uniform emulsion droplets which is similar to nanofibril cellulose (NFC)/PS at the oil/water ratio of 3:1. The mechanical performance of MFC/PS composites verified that the reinforcement effect was closely related to the emulsifying capacity of MFC. Specially, when the content of P-MFC was 8 wt%, the composite exhibited the best mechanical properties with the tensile strength of 44.7 ± 4.4 MPa and toughness of 1162 ± 52.8 kJ/m3 and Young's modulus of 13.5 ± 0.8 GPa, which was comparable to NFC/PS composite. Moreover, the effective enhancement role of P-MFC in hydrophobic polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate composites were also realized via Pickering emulsion strategy. Overall, this work constituted a proof of concept of the potential application of P-MFC in nano-reinforced hydrophobic composite. [Display omitted] • Two types of MFC both can achieve the enhancement of hydrophobic PS materials by Pickering emulsion approach. • Compared to DES-MFC, P-MFC showed better emulsification ability. • P-MFC/PS composites exhibited highest tensile strength of 44.7 ± 4.4 MPa, which is even comparable to that of NFC/PS. • P-MFC holds great potential as versatile filler for the enhancement of high T g hydrophobic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the event of a hydrogen leak accident, an explosion occurs at a concentration of 4% or more in the atmosphere, so, the technology to accurately measure the hydrogen detection near the 5% area is very important. Among the various hydrogen detection methods, a hydrogen sensor using a fine pattern of Pd with excellent ability to absorb hydrogen is very suitable for this purpose. In this study, in forming a micropattern of Pd metal, a technique for easily fabricating Pd micropatterns was proposed by utilizing micro-cracks generated in the process of forming a ceramic thin film on a polymer substrate. It showed very accurate detection capability at the 1–5% hydrogen concentration level, and it is expected that it can be easily applied to various curvature environments as it is manufactured on a polymer substrate. • Pd micropatterns by utilizing micro-cracks generated during forming a ceramic thin film on a polymer substrate. • Accurate detection capability at the 1–5% hydrogen concentration level. • Can be applied to various curvature environments as it is manufactured on a polymer substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of polylactic acid (PLA)/Magnesium (Mg)-based materials for driving stem cells toward bone tissue engineering applications requires specific Mg surface properties to modulate the interface of stem cells with the film. Here, we have developed novel PLA/Mg-based composites and explored their osteogenic differentiation potential on human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Mg-particles/polymer interface was improved by two treatments: heating in oxidative atmosphere (TT) and surface modification with a compatibilizer (PEI). Different contents of Mg particles were dispersed in PLA and composite surface and bulk properties, protein adsorption, stem cell-PLA/Mg interactions, osteogenic markers expressions, and lipids composition profile were evaluated. Mg particles were uniformly distributed on the surface and in the bulk PLA polymer. Improved and modulated particle-polymer adhesion was observed in Mg particle-treated composites. After 21 days in canonical growth culture conditions, hASCs on PLA/MgTT displayed the highest expression of the general osteogenic markers, RUNX2, SSP1, and BGLAP genes, Alkaline Phosphatase, type I Collagen, Osteopontin, and Calcium deposits. Moreover, by LC/MS QTOF mass-spectrophotometry lipidomic analysis, we found in PLA/MgTT-cells, for the first time, a remodeling of the lipid classes composition associated with the osteogenic differentiation. We ascribed these results to MgTT characteristics, which improve Mg availability and composite osteoinductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the promising options in the pursuit of clean and sustainable energy is fuel cell technology. PEM fuel cell stands out among fuel cell technologies due to its high efficiency, compactness, and ability to be used in portable applications. SPEEK (with different sulfonation degrees) and PVA blend membranes, which are thought to create a good synergy for PEM fuel cell, were prepared by using the solution casting method. As a result of the weight loss experiments, it was understood that the membranes dissolve in water regardless of the degree of sulfonation. Thermal crosslinking was carried out to prevent the membrane dissolution in water, which is in continuous contact with water in the fuel cell. Dissolution was mostly prevented by means of the thermal crosslinking process. Changes in the physical, chemical, and mechanical structure of the membrane after thermal crosslinking were comparatively determined by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis – differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), water uptake capacity, swelling property, ion exchange capacity (IEC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), electrochemical impedance analysis and oxidative stability. In addition, single-cell performance tests were performed with the membrane that gave the best results in the characterization analyses. Analysis results showed that thermal crosslinking prevented the dissolution of membranes in water ingreat extent. In addition, it was determined that the thermally crosslinked membranes had a more stable structure. • SPEEK-PVA blend membranes are partially dissolved in water, lose 14.1%–16.7% of their weight at room temperature. • The thermal crosslinking procedure at 180 °C for 48 h inhibits the partial dissolution in water by about 60%. • Thermal crosslinking increased the glass transition temperature of the membrane, making it useable in HT-PEMFC. • Blend membrane's promising proton conductivity is controlled by the Grotthuss mechanism. • Reduction of hydroxyl and sulfonic acid groups in the thermally crosslinked membranes increased oxidative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recent advances in the field of tissue engineering, composite films with biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, and wound healing properties have gained potential applications in the field of wound dressings. In this research work, composite films of soy protein (S)/oxidized tragacanth gum (G) were successfully made using the solution casting process. The metal-organic framework containing curcumin (MOF) with concentrations of 5 and 10 wt% and tannic acid (TA) with concentrations of 6 and 12 wt% were entered into the polymer film. Surface morphology with scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), thermal stability, mechanical properties, chemical structure, antioxidant, water absorption, cell viability, antibacterial activity, and biodegradability of the prepared films were investigated in laboratory conditions. In addition, the toxicity of the films in the cell environment was investigated, and the results showed that cell growth and proliferation improved in the presence of the prepared films, especially films SG/MOF10/TA6 and SG/MOF10/TA12 due to the presence of TA and MOF containing curcumin. Also, the antibacterial activity of the films showed that the presence of tannic acid and curcumin in the structure of the films increases their ability against pathogens. According to the obtained results, the newly produced nanocomposite film (SG/MOF10/TA12) has a high potential to be used for wound dressing due to its favorable characteristics and was considered the optimal film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of oleic acid on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer films. By incorporating oleic acid as a plasticizer, we aim to enhance the ductility and reduce the brittleness of PMMA. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to assess changes in viscoelastic properties, revealing significant improvements in the flexibility and energy dissipation capacity of the PMMA films. The addition of oleic acid resulted in a noticeable shift in the glass transition temperature and a reduction in storage modulus, indicating enhanced polymer chain mobility. Raman and infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful integration of oleic acid, highlighting its interaction with PMMA at the molecular level. Our findings demonstrate that oleic acid is an effective plasticizer for PMMA, providing valuable insights into the design of flexible and durable polymer-based materials for various applications. [Display omitted] • Investigated the impact of oleic acid on the viscoelastic properties of PMMA films. • Demonstrated significant improvement in PMMA's flexibility and reduction in brittleness with oleic acid addition. • Observed a shift in glass transition temperature and reduction in storage modulus, indicating enhanced polymer chain mobility. • Raman and infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful incorporation and interaction of oleic acid with PMMA. • Results highlight the effectiveness of oleic acid as a plasticizer for PMMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selection of formulations with different polymers and concentrations of green tea extract was conducted for application as interleafs in sliced meat products. Films were formulated using cellulose acetate, corn starch, and chitosan with the addition of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% green tea extract. Higher antioxidant activity was observed with the 1.0% concentration of green tea extract (P < 0.05), regardless of the formulation, with continuous release of the extract for up to 60 days and average IC 50 of 0.09 and 0.31 mg/mL for the corn starch and chitosan active films, respectively. Interleafing the sliced ham resulted in lower lipid oxidation after 60 days of storage (P < 0.05). Starch-based films with green tea extract were effective, significantly reducing lipid oxidation in sliced and interleafed cooked ham, suggesting their potential to extend the shelf life of these refrigerated products. [Display omitted] • Green tea has antioxidant effects • Incorporating green tea extract into polymer films can make them active • Polymeric films with green tea interspersed in sliced cooked ham have antioxidant properties • The intercalation of sliced ham resulted in less lipid oxidation after 60 days of storage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been extensive research into flexible sensors within the field of precision agriculture. This interest stems from their ability to integrate a diverse array of functional materials, including SERS-active substrates, noble metal nanoparticles, graphene, MXenes, and flexible transparent polymer films. In comparison to conventional sensors, flexible sensors present enhanced sensitivity, broader versatility, and superior stability. This review systematically illustrates the preparation methods and potential applications of flexible sensors in agricultural field. Furthermore, the article underscores the promising research prospects in agricultural detection enabled by these advancements. • Flexible sensors enable precise monitoring and control in agricultural applications. • The graphene, MXene, and other soft materials further improves the mechanical and electrical properties of soft materials. • The integration of SERS soft substrates and noble metal nanoparticles enhances the performances of the flexible sensors. • The exploration of substrate functionality improves the sensors' sensitivity and suitability for agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a comprehensive exploration of the elasticity and Marangoni instability exhibited by a non-Newtonian polymer film flow down an inclined plane within the context of an upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) model. The asymptotic solutions are derived utilizing the stream function and perturbation method based on the long-wave assumption. The numerical solutions are effectively solved at arbitrary wavelengths through the implementation of the Chebyshev spectral collocation technique. The results show that the presence of elastic stress renders the film more susceptible to destabilization. The underlying mechanisms that instigate the instability are examined from an energy balance perspective. It is determined that the instability of the film is predominantly governed by shear stress (SHE) and elastic stress (DIP) effects. Shear stress increases the perturbation kinetic energy to promote instability, while elastic stress decreases the perturbation kinetic energy to enhance stability. However, for the Weissenberg number W i = 1 , the shear stress changes from an unstable to a stabilizing factor, and the elastic stress changes from stable to unstable when the wave number k > 1. This intriguing inversion is attributed to the dual nature of elasticity, possessing both stabilizing and destabilizing tendencies. Despite the work of Marangoni stress (MAT) magnitude remaining within the order of 1 0 − 3 , the Marangoni effect indirectly contributes to instability enhancement. • Fluid elasticity was found to have dual effects − stability and destabilization. • The mechanisms of destabilization were analyzed using an energy budget. • Modal decomposition explains the irregularities in the growth curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers serve as encapsulating materials for electronic devices, making it crucial to investigate their thermophysical properties. In this work, a novel 2 ω method for assessing the in-plane thermal conductivity of polymer films is proposed. A reusable micro-thermocouple, serving as both a heating wire and a sensor, is used with silver paste as the interstitial material in contact with the test film. By comparing the 2ω voltages under both contact and non-contact conditions, the thermal impedance is determined. The thermal conductivity is directly calculated by determining the slope of the real part of the thermal impedance against the logarithm of frequency. Theoretical analysis shows that the influences of contact thermal resistance and radiation heat loss are negligible. To validate the accuracy of the method, measurements were repeated on polyimide and polyester films under various contact conditions. The results demonstrate consistency and align with those obtained using the laser spot periodic heating technique. [Display omitted] • A novel 2ω method is developed for measuring the in-plane thermal conductivity of suspended polymer films. • A reusable micro-thermocouple serves as both a heating wire and a sensor. • The influences from contact thermal resistance and radiation heat loss can be eliminated. • The accuracy of the method is validated by measuring polyimide and polyester films under varied contact conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PVC/PVP polymer blend films modified with MoO 3 nanoparticles. • Direct/indirect energy gaps increased upon increasing MoO 3 content. • Dispersion energy, refractive index and oscillator strength of the films investigated. • MoO 3 additives improved linear and non-linear optical parameters. • The experimental results indicated a reliable composites for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible magnetoelectric (ME) polymer-based generators have attracted increasing attention in the energy harvesting field based on the ME coupling effect. However, a large ME coupling response and high conversion performance are highly desirable. In line with this, a three-phase hierarchy configuration composite with enhanced ME response of BaTiO 3 (BT), Ni 0.8 Zn 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 (NZFO), and P(VDF-TrFE) polymer as a free-standing film is prepared, in which a tiny volume fraction of BT nanoparticles is hierarchically deposited in a NZFO embedded in P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. A systematic study of structural, morphological, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and ME properties has been carried out. Compared with the particulate composite, the piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and ME interaction of the hierarchy composite are improved. A large ME coupling coefficient of 92.99 mV/cm·Oe was achieved, which is 1.4 times as large as that of the particulate composite (65.82 mV/cm·Oe). Further, the versatility of this ME composite is demonstrated in a magnetic energy harvesting application. The designed flexible ME composite offers a promising application for the realization of an efficient ME energy harvester to power portable electronic devices. • A three-phase hierarchy flexible composite with enhanced ME response is prepared. • The hierarchy flexible composite deliveries a ME coefficient 1.4 times as high as the particulate composite. • The versatility of hierarchy ME composite is demonstrated in a magnetic energy harvesting application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel polymer nanocomposite film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4), and zirconia (ZrO 2), created via solution casting for effective water remediation of organic dyes. The film shows significant potential for enhancing pollutant removal efficiency and offering a sustainable solution for water reuse. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, UV–vis, TGA, and FESEM-EDX indicated strong interfacial interactions among PVA, ZrO 2 , and g-C 3 N 4. XPS and UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a reduction in the optical energy gap from 4.8 to 3.95 eV, enhancing photocatalytic activity. SEM confirmed uniform dispersion of ZrO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 within the PVA matrix. Kinetic studies of methylene blue (MB) degradation under solar irradiation at neutral pH showed rate constants (k) of 0.0032 min−1, 0.0094 min−1, 0.0383 min−1, and 0.0816 min−1 for PVA, PVA/(0.003)ZrO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , PVA/(0.007)ZrO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , and PVA/(0.01)ZrO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. The corresponding half-life times (t 1/2) were 216.6 min, 73.7 min, 18.1 min, and 8.5 min, with photodegradation efficiencies of 10 %, 75.2 %, 90 %, and 95 %. This recyclable nanocomposite polymer, PVA/ZrO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , shows promise for effective decontamination of organic pollutants in water, presenting an innovative approach for advanced remediation and secure wastewater recycling.This work is crucial for society as it contributes to solving the global challenge of water pollution, ensuring access to clean and safe water. • Developed a novel PVA/g-C 3 N 4 /ZrO 2 nanocomposite film for efficient water remediation. • A notable change in hydroxyl region and intensity, indicating strong interfacial interactions. • UV–vis spectroscopy demonstrated a reduced optical energy gap, influencing photocatalytic activity. • Improved degradation efficiency over 120 min of solar irradiation at pH 6.5. • Promising potential for effective degradation of organic pollutants, offering an innovative strategy for wastewater reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two donor (D)-acceptor (A)-donor (D) type of conjugated monomers, ITPA and ICTPA, consisted of 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione (IN)- or 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-1-ylidene)-malononitrile (INCN)-substituted triphenylamine as the acceptor unit, were synthesized by Stille coupling reaction and Knovenagel condensation reaction, and their corresponding polymers (PITPA and PICTPA) were prepared by electrochemical polymerization. Both ITPA and ICTPA hade low initial oxidation potential of 0.70 V and 0.76 V, respectively, which was conducive to achieve high-quality polymer films. In comparison with FTPA which was not substituted by IN unit, ITPA and ICTPA exhibited the distinct red-shifted and dual absorption bands due to the stronger electron-withdrawing ability of IN and INIC units. Moreover, the electrochromic results demonstrated that PITPA possessed much higher optical contrast of 41 %, higher coloration efficiency (CE) of 445.5 cm2 C−1 at 1100 nm with extremely fast response time as low as 0.3 s, and a promising optical memory behavior compared with its counterpart without IN unit. These results suggested that the introduction of IN unit into triphenylamine could improve the electrochromic performance of the conjugated polymers and also provide a new strategy to develop novel and high-performance electrocheomic polymers. [Display omitted] • Two triphenylamine derivatives (ITPA and ICTPA) based on 1,3-indandione modified triphenylamine derivatives as new acceptor units were designed and prepared. • ITPA and ICTPA exhibited the distinctly red-shifted and dual absorption bands in comparison with FTPA. • PITPA possessed much higher optical contrast of 41 %, high coloration efficiency of 445.5 cm2 C−1 in the near infrared (NIR) region at 1100 nm with extremely fast response time as low as 0.3 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced molecular mobility near the free (polymer–air) surface is crucial for advancing organic electronic devices, yet understanding the substrate's impact on the surface glass transition temperature (T g surf) as film thickness decreases remains limited. This study explores how polymer films possessing attractive, neutral, and unfavorable polymer–substrate interactions affect T g surf. Results show that neutral interactions have no effect, while attractive or unfavorable interactions can increase or decrease T g surf by up to ∼37 °C. The onset thickness for this change is smaller for attractive interactions (up to 37 nm) than for unfavorable interactions (>100 nm), supporting the observed broadening of the surface glass transition with attractive interactions. We surmise that segment exchange between surface and subsurface regions introduces disparate dynamic components at the surface. Therefore, attractive interactions causing a sharper change in T g surf with film thickness lead to a broader surface glass transition. [Display omitted] • Substrate significantly affects surface T g in polymer films. • Surface T g remains constant on neutral substrates. • Surface T g increases on attractive substrates. • Surface T g decreases on substrates with unfavorable interactions. • Findings offer insights for improving the performance of polymer-based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population and urbanization have adversely affected the environment including water. The waste water from industries has affected not only human but also animals. The availability of clean water is one of the foremost needs for living organism. This makes very urgent to find reliable solutions for cleaning waste water. These days catalysis is one the best solutions to remove and degrade organic pollutants. In this work, porous composite polymer films have been designed through facile method which were employed to stabilize zero-valent metal nanoparticles (NPs). The sustainable, environmentally friendly polymer matrix with attached metal NPs was applied for the effective catalytic degradation of both phenolic compounds and organic dyes. The different composite films consist of ZnO NPs embedded in an Oxidized Alginate-Chitosan (OAlg-CS) biomatrix named as OAlg-CS/ZnO with various percentages of ZnO as a support for metallic Cu NPs. The ZnO NPs have been incorporated into OAlg-CS polymer with 10, 15, and 20 wt% and are designated as OAlg-CS/ZnO-10, OAlg-CS/ZnO-15, OAlg-CS/ZnO-20. Various analytical techniques were utilized to investigate the shape, morphology, elemental composition, functional groups and stability of the composite films. All these polymer nanocomposite films were then evaluated for removal of model organic pollutants comprising p-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO). The K app value for 4-NP was 2.19 × 10−1 min−1, 4.68 × 10−1 min−1 for MO and 8.99 × 10−1 min−1 for MB. The experimental results demonstrated that OAlg-CS/ZnO-20 films show the highest catalytic activity as compared to OAlg-CS/ZnO, OAlg-CS/ZnO-10, and OAlg-CS/ZnO-15. The order of rate constants for nitrophenol and dyes using OAlg-CS/ZnO-20 was found to be MB ˃ MO ˃ 4-NP, showing the selectivity of these composite films. The prepared composite films were also investigated for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and all the films exhibited good anti-bacterial activity, with OAlg-CS/ZnO-20 showed the highest anti-bacterial activity. • Ø Synthesis of composite films consist of ZnO NPs embedded in Oxidized Alginate-Chitosan biomatrix (OAlg-CS/ZnO) • Fabrication of zerovalent Cu nanoparticles in composite films of OAlg-CS/ZnO • Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol, Methyl orange and Methylene blue using composites of polymers with metal nanoparticles • Antibacterial applications of the composites against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-stable and ultralong RTP polymer films are fabricated from amorphous polymers physically crosslinked with emitters. These transparent and flexible films show an impressive lifetime of 2.93 s under ambient conditions, which is the best performance for PMMA materials reported. The RTP of these flexible polymer films is sensitive to volatile organic compound (VOC) vapor, making them useful for the visual detection of VOCs in air for the first time. [Display omitted] • Air-stable and ultralong RTP polymer films with multiple stimuli responses were reported. • These polymer films emitted a bright blue RTP with lifetime of 2.93 s. • RTP of these polymer films could be activated through UV irradiation and quenched via thermal annealing. • The UV-activated RTP remained stable in humid air at room temperature over 1 week. • Their RTP was sensitive to VOC vapor, enabling the visual detection of VOCs by using RTP polymers. Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) has attracted significant attention due to its intriguing luminescence properties and potential applications in information storage, encryption, and sensing. Herein, we reported the facile fabrication of air-stable and ultralong RTP polymer films that exhibited remarkable and multiple stimuli responses. These films were composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) physically crosslinked with emitter molecules, resulting in transparent and flexible RTP materials. Remarkably, these polymer films emitted a bright RTP with a lifetime of 2.93 s, which was the best performance of PMMA materials reported. This exceptional performance was attributed to the abundant and robust physical interactions between the polymer chains and emitter molecules. Intriguingly, the RTP of these polymer films could be activated through consecutive UV irradiation, and quenched via thermal annealing in a controlled manner. The UV-activated RTP remained stable in humid air at room temperature over 1 week. Notably, the RTP of these flexible polymer films was sensitive to volatile organic compound (VOC) vapor. Upon exposure to VOC vapor, the RTP intensity of the polymer films rapidly decreased due to the disruption of their physically crosslinked microstructure. This unique sensitivity enabled the visual detection of VOCs in air by utilizing RTP polymers for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer films made by UV-curable liquid crystalline (LC) monomer have both characters of the external stimulus responsiveness of LC and flexibility of polymer chains. Therefore, polymer film made by UV-curable LC monomer are expected as soft actuators. By incorporating photothermal conversion materials in polymer film, the macro shape of film can be controlled by light irradiation. In this study, a polymer film made by UV-curable LC monomer containing gold-coated fine particles was prepared and its bending motion induced by near-infrared laser irradiation was studied. When the film is irradiated with near-infrared laser, it bends. We also investigated the dependence of the concentration and distribution of gold-coated fine particles in the film, and irradiation time and intensity for the bending displacement. [Display omitted] • A polymer film made by UV-curable liquid crystalline monomer (LCP) with gold-coated particles actuator system is presented. • Actuator bends with harmless near infrared light irradiation. • Sedimentation of photoconversion materials and photopolymerization temperature of LCP is important for bending motion. • Actuators can generate sufficient strain for practical applications. • Actuators can be used in many human friendly applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polyaniline (PANi) and Ni particles modified composite electrode was prepared electrochemically on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) • The FTO/PANi-Ni hybrid electrode exhibits high durability and low poisoning effect. • High performance, low cost and easy fabrication make this electrode a promising anode for DMFCs. A metal–organic composite thin film composed of polyaniline (PANI) and Ni was prepared and characterized for methanol electrooxidation reaction. First, PANI thin films were electrodeposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass support in an aqueous acidic solution. Subsequently, the polymer film was modified with Ni particles (FTO/PANI-Ni) by chronoamperometric (CA) technique. The composite film was characterized by structural, morphological and electrocatalytic analyses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the crystallization of Ni according to the cubic structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the Ni nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the PANI surface. The electrocatalytic performance of the FTO/PANI-Ni composite electrode for the methanol electrooxidation reaction was investigated in 0.5 M KOH solution containing methanol using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) techniques. The effects of temperature and methanol concentration on the methanol electrooxidation performance were also studied. The modified composite catalyst exhibited an electrochemically active surface area of 0.5235 cm2. The presence of Ni nanoparticles on the polymer surface promoted the adsorption of methanol molecules and facilitated the oxidation process, leading to higher current densities and better overall performance. The maximum current density was 14 mA cm-2 and the electrode maintain 68 % of its initial activity even after 200 cycles, indicating that the FTO/PANI-Ni electrode exhibited good stability. The high methanol oxidation performance of the composite electrode was associated with large real surface area, a possible synergistic effect between the polymer moleucles and Ni particles as well as high intrinsic activity of Ni for this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New electrospinning design to develop nanofibrous air filters with high filtration efficiency. • Uniformly coated air filter was developed by simultaneous deposition of + ve and −ve nanofibers. • The developed air filter with particle filtration efficiency of 96 % and breathability of 66 Pa. A modified electrospinning design was introduced to overcome the limitation in non-uniformity of the nanofibrous coating on the surface of non-conducting, statically charged polypropylene microfibers. By manipulating the charge distribution over the non-conducting surface via variations in the polarity of the Taylor cone and the electrospinning geometry, it was possible to obtain a uniformly adherent and thin nanofibrous coating over a large area to achieve a layer-by-layer simultaneous deposition of + ve and −ve fibers onto a non-conducting membrane. The uniformity and quality of this nanocoating was found to have a direct effect on particle filtration and breathability of air filters. The filter showed a high particle filtration efficiency of 96 % for 0.3 µm particles, with excellent breathability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the majority of which are toxic and carcinogenic and pose serious threats to human health and the environment, provides diverse environmental data from industrial and biological processes. In this study, a sensor for the detection of refractive index (RI) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) vapors was developed by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Ti 3 C 2 MXene/TiO 2 hybrid materials onto a U-shaped evanescent optical fiber (UOFEs). UOFEs coated with PAN/Ti 3 C 2 MXene/TiO 2 films exhibited a 7-fold increase in RI sensitivity, with a maximum RI response value of 540 %/RI unit when compared to bare fibers. The UOFEs exhibited a limit of detection for DMF in the gas of 5.33 ppm at 25 °C. The proposed sensor works on the principle that DMF, which has a high RI, binds to PAN, which is rich in binding sites, via high compatibility and strong dipole–dipole interactions, increasing the RI of the films. • PAN/Ti 3 C 2 MXene/TiO 2 -coated fibers offer a 7-fold increase in RI sensitivity. • Electrospun polymer films exhibit a high concentration of gas adsorption sites. • DMF affinity for PAN enhances film RI and allows for selective detection. • VOC sensing with a fiber-optic sensor exhibits exceptional reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, two monomers MTPA and FTPA, and their corresponding polymers (PMTPA and PFTPA) based on a methyl-and fluoro-substituted triphenylamine were synthesized by Stille reaction and electropolymerization. MTPA exhibited the red-shift absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, and lower E onset (0.53 V) compared with FTPA (0.57 V), which is beneficial to achieve high-quality polymers. The polymer films exhibited reversible color transition from yellow green to deep blue for PMPTA and from dark brown to light blue for PFTPA, respectively. In addition, both PMTPA and PFTPA films exhibited good optical contrasts of 36 % and 40 % at 1100 nm, respectively. The coloration efficiency and response times at 1100 nm are 196.4 C−1 cm2 with 0.6 s for PMTPA, and 160.9 C−1 cm2 with 1.4 s for PFTPA, respectively. These polymer films demonstrated excellent electrochemical property and electrochromic performance. These results will also provide a new strategy to rationally design the excellent electrochromic polymers based on the triphenylamine core. [Display omitted] • Two triphenylamine derivatives based on a methyl- and fluoro-substituted triphenylamine were designed and prepared. • MTPA and FTPA show very low oxidation potential of 0.53 V and 0.57 V, respectively. • MTPA exhibited the red-shift absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, and lower E onset compared with those of FTPA. • PMTPA and PFTPA achieved good redox activity and better redox stability. • PMTPA show excellent electrochromic performance with a coloration efficiency of 196.4 C−1 cm2, a decent optical contrast of 36 % at 1100 nm and a fast response time of 0.6 s, accompanied with excellent optical stability and memory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new homo- and copolymers P1 – P6 with the main chains comprised exclusively of benzo [1,2- b :4,5- b ']dithiophene units were synthesized using Stille polycondensation reaction. The optical and electrochemical properties of P1 – P6 polymers were studied to estimate the frontier orbitals energies and the E g values. The obtained data demonstrate the possibility of controlling the electronic properties of polybenzo [1,2- b :4,5- b ']dithiophenes by varying only the structure and combinations of solubilizing alkyl side chains. The polymers P1 – P6 were evaluated as hole transport materials in n-i-p perovskite solar cells. The highest efficiency of 18.6 % was delivered by the cells with one of the designed polymers with an optimal combination of alternating mono- and dialkylthiophene substituents. The high photovoltaic performance and decent operational stability were achieved using polymer films without any doping, which paves a way to design of inexpensive and scalable dopant-free materials for perovskite solar cells. [Display omitted] • A series of new benzodithiophene-backbone polymers P1 – P6 have been synthesized and studied. • The polymers P1 – P6 have electronic properties which are suitable for optoelectronic applications. • The polymers demonstrated good efficiency in perovskite solar cells with maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.8 % in the case of P2 as hole-transporting layer, without any dopation. • The devices with hole-transporting layer made of P1 demonstrated the best operation stability under MPPT conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing nanoparticles in packaging materials has proven to be an effective method for enhancing the longevity and security of food products. Carbon dots (CDs) have a wide variety of potential applications in food packaging. A flexible film made of thermoplastic chitosan (TPC) and heteroatom-doped CDs has been created using a wet chemical blending technique. These CDs reinforced TPC based hybrid films exhibit flexibility, antioxidant properties, biodegradability, and resistance to UV radiation. The mechanical strength of the films was assessed through uniaxial tensile testing, while their low-temperature flexibility was evaluated by measuring the sub-ambient (∼-30°C) glass transition temperature (Tg). Additionally, the presence of CDs directly influences the permeability of oxygen and moisture, resulting in a reduction in comparison to neat chitosan films, a vital characteristic for packaging materials. Over a span of three weeks, the TPC-based hybrid films demonstrated a progressive weight loss (∼75 %), indicating their biodegradability. Furthermore, these films have shown promise as antibacterial and antioxidant materials. The durability of the films and the absence of chemical release from the embedded CDs within the TPC matrices were also verified, underscoring their considerable potential as antibacterial, biodegradable, and antioxidant packaging materials within the food industry. [Display omitted] • Flexible film made of thermoplastic chitosan and heteroatom-doped carbon dots. • CDs enhance antioxidant properties, biodegradability, and UV radiation resistance. • CDs reduce permeability of oxygen and moisture, crucial for packaging materials. • Films showed progressive weight loss (∼75 %), indicating biodegradability. • CDs/TPC films showed promising antibacterial and antioxidant behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymers composed of long-chain stearyl acrylate (SA) and short-chain (perfluorohexyl) ethyl methacrylate (FA) were synthesized using the emulsion polymerization technique. Cotton fabric was then coated with these polymers to act as a water-repellent agent. Surface wetting properties of the coated cotton fabric were tested. In a peculiar manner, the water repellency of the coatings did not improve with the increase of the perfluorohexyl group. Therefore, the polymer's crystallization behaviors and melting temperature were assessed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and computer simulation. A computer simulation was employed to analyze the density, surface energy, element distribution, chain arrangement, bond order parameter, and surface images of the polymer film. The results suggest that water repellency is not directly related to the film's surface energy but rather depends on the element proportion, bond angle distribution, and dihedral angle torsion energy. The key points will serve as invaluable indicators for the development of a highly efficient water-repellent coating with a low proportion of fluorine and provide a more sustainable solution for water-repellent applications. [Display omitted] • Molecular dynamics simulations provide a more intuitive molecular arrangement structure. • Dihedral angle torsion can make polymers more hydrophobic. • Surface energy is not the decisive factor in determining hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Strengthening the π-conjugation of lignin by transforming disordered aggregates into ordered aggregates. • Conjugation degree is related to the functional group arrangement and compactness of lignin. • The ordered and compact supramolecular structure results in stronger π-π interaction of lignin. • The conjugation-strengthened lignin shows better application performances. The π-conjugation system of lignin makes it one kind of multifunctional biopolymer with many remarkable features such as ultraviolet-shielding properties, photothermal conversion capability, and fluorescence performance. The quest for effective strategies to strengthen the π-conjugation of lignin is significantly important to the design and production of outstanding lignin-based materials. In this work, we strengthen the π-conjugation of lignin by transforming lignin raw materials from disordered aggregates into ordered lignin colloidal spheres (LCSs) through supramolecular self-assembly. Moreover, we explore the relationship between the conjugation of lignin and its supramolecular structure by comparing the LCSs with different sizes, functional group arrangements, and compactness. Results demonstrate that the conjugation is stronger in the LCSs that have more hydrophobic groups inside and higher density. The primary strengthening mechanism of lignin conjugation is that the ordered and compact supramolecular structure results in a shorter average distance between benzene rings and stronger π-π interaction compared with that of disordered and loose supramolecular structure. We further demonstrate the great ultraviolet-shielding property and photothermal conversion capability of LCSs in polymer films, in which LCSs exhibit improved application performances than that of lignin raw materials due to their strengthened conjugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wrinkling states of PMMA films are closely related to UV exposure time. • PMMA film photodegradation-released stress was characterized by surface wrinkling. • Hierarchical wrinkles were one-step induced on PMMA-based films by UV light. • Hierarchical wrinkles were applied in optical information storage and gratings. Photodegradable polymers have become an emerging class of stimulus-sensitive materials for advanced applications, in which using the photolysis characteristic for patterning surface is a key but still a notable challenge. Herein, we report a simple, facile, green and high-efficiency strategy to induce and further tune surface wrinkling only relying on one-step ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of a photodegradable polymer-based film/substrate composite system. Interestingly, a series of intriguing wrinkling states from no wrinkling to surface wrinkling and final no wrinkling with UV exposure take place on the photodegradable polymer film. This wrinkling behavior is intimately related to the competition between the stress accumulation from the heating effect of UV lamp itself and the stress release from the UV-induced molecular chain breakage. Meanwhile, the dependence of photodegradable polymer film modulus and photodegradation-induced stress release on the exposure time has been characterized by taking advantage of surface wrinkling metrology, which is not easily accessible to other systems and methods. This one-step light irradiation strategy has enabled the fabrication of diverse hierarchical surface wrinkling on photodegradable polymer film by simply controlling the UV exposure time. As demonstrated, these hierarchical surface wrinkles with tunable features have been applied for optical information display/storage and optical gratings. Notably, this simple flexible light control strategy not only provides new insights into the photo-induced change in mechanical properties and stress release of photodegradable polymers in molecular level, but also paves new avenues for advanced wrinkle-based applications by incorporating desirable functional materials into the photodegradable polymer-based systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involved the production of films made from poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) that were loaded with tetra- n -butylammonium iodide (TBAI) and polyaniline (PANI). These films were intended for use in various advanced applications. The PMMA/PVAc/TBAI/x wt% PANI blended polymers exhibited great attributes compared to the host blend. The structure and morphology of the formed blends were explored via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microspore techniques. The doped blend with a doping level of x = 0.22 exhibits the greatest absorbance in the UV range, whereas the doped blend with a doping level of x = 0.55 shows absorbance in the visible range. The smallest direct bandgap (4.59 eV) and indirect bandgap (4.371 eV) are achieved with an x value of 0.55 wt%. The sample with x = 0.44 exhibits the largest refractive index, optical dielectric constants and non-linear optical parameter values. The effect of PNAI concentrations on the emitted colors of the host blend was examined. The influences of temperature and PANI doping amount on the host blend were investigated. The ohmic/nonohmic nature and the different conduction mechanisms in all blends were explored. • The inclusion of PANI in PMMA/PVAc/TBAI causes irregular increases in the refractive index. • Adding PANI enhanced the values of ε r , ε i , VELF, SELF and σ o p t of the host blend. • As PNAI's concentration increased from (x = 0.22 to x = 0.44), the emission intensity increased. • The I values of the blended polymers affected by voltage and temperature. • All blends exhibited non-ohmic characteristics and Poole-Frenkel emission mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FMWCNTs-heterocyclic polymer composite electrode was fabricated on GC electrode. • The composite electrode was used for the sensitive determination of purine metabolites. • 370, 320 and 370 mV peak separations were achieved between UA-XN, XN-HXN and HXN-INO oxidation peaks, respectively. • The practical application of present work was displayed by using urine samples. Herein, we reported the acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) entrapped with polymer films derived from 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMTa) substrate sensitive and selective determination of purine metabolites in human urine samples. The FMWCNTs are covalently assembled on the GCE by simple carbodiimide coupling with diamine self-assemble monolayer (SAM) modified GCE. The nanocomposite on electrode surface is developed by electrochemical polymerization of AMTa over the FMWCNTs modified GCE (FMWCNTs/p-AMTa). The SEM images clearly shows the uniform deposition of p-AMTa on the surface walls of FMWCNTs, especially the diameter of the FMWCNTs is notably increased from 38 to 45 nm after the deposition of p-AMTa film on FMWCNTs. The nanocomposite was then exploited for the simultaneous and selective detection of purine metabolites. The alteration in the concentration of any one of purine metabolites can also change the concentration of next degradation metabolite, which leads to several critical diseases in our body. Thus, the simultaneous and sensitive determination of purine metabolites (uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine and inosine) using FMWCNTs/p-AMTa nanocomposite electrode is of high importance in clinical and healthcare aspects. In particular, the nanocomposite electrode shows higher electrocatalytic activity and a low limit of detection (LOD) toward these purine metabolites over the reported procedures. The practicability of the present approach is verified with urine samples and displays good recovery results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New 9-aminocridine derivatives bearing a dimethylmethanimidamide, L1 , and a dansyl-acridine, L2. • Modulated emission in the presence of traces of water in organic solvents. • Sensors for strong acids in PMMA polymer doped films. • Detection of cyanide ion through an acid base anion sensing. • Polymer doped particles with TPU-A92 as tools for antimicrobial purposes. 9-aminocridine derivatives bearing a dimethylmethanimidamide, L1 , and the dyad conjugate dansyl-acridine, L2 , were synthesized and their ability to be used as multifunctional materials using different polymer matrixes was investigated. L1 was found to modulate its emission in the presence of traces of water with a turn-on effect and to this end was used for the detection of water traces in organic solvents with a LOD and LOQ of 0.0028 and 0.0121 (V%) in acetonitrile, respectively. Due to the observed acidochromism for this compound and the different behaviour in acetonitrile and chloroform due to different stabilization of the excited state a turn-off and turn-on effect was observed for respective solvents. PMMA polymer doped films aided on the elucidation for this compound to be used as a sensor of strong acids. Furthermore, compound L2 was found fruitful for the detection of cyanide through an acid base anion sensing. Incorporation of these compounds in PVA:PVP polymer films and Irogran® microparticles were carried out to assess their antimicrobial profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time–temperature indicators (TTIs) are used to monitor the quality of packaged products by providing a visual indication of product deterioration due to time and temperature during transportation, storage, and distribution. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biodegradable polymer films on the limits of the color change mechanism in polydiacetylene. TTIs were prepared using biodegradable polymer films based on carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), chitosan, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) with thermochromic properties provided by silver nanoparticles–polydiacetylene (10 % w/w AgNP–PDA). Vesicle and core–shell structures of AgNP–PDA appeared in the chitosan- and PVOH-based films owing to the effects of functional groups in the base polymer. Total color difference measurements indicated that the AgNP–PDA-containing films exhibited color changes in response to storage at 35 ℃ for a total of 14 days. Specifically, the AgNP–PDA in the chitosan- and PVOH-based films produced noticeable color changes from blue to reddish-purple or reddish-brown, respectively, which was influenced by the core–shell structure of AgNP–PDA embedded in the base polymer. The developed films are very promising for applications as TTI devices for tracking fresh products, supported by the compatibility of activation energy (E a) from 29 to 79 kJ/mol. [Display omitted] • Time–temperature indicators using PDA-based biodegradable polymer films. • PDA and AgNP–PDA monomers in solution form vesicle and core–shell structures. • Chitosan and PVOH-based films are compatible with AgNP–PDA core–shell structure. • AgNP–PDA in chitosan- and PVOH-based films show temperature-dependent color change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The APT method to study the crystallization of CaCO 3 with non-water-soluble polymer surfaces was proposed. • The PEI and SPEI films were obtained by solvent casting and tested by APT. • The APT curves using polymeric films provide crucial crystallization insights on film surfaces. • The SPEI film has an inhibitory effect on the crystallization of CaCO 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]