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Space domain systems must go through different types of ground testing. For system-level black-box functional testing, ground support equipment is built ad hoc, customized for each different mission. Building any of this specific equipment involves considerable engineering effort that can be diluted using techniques that allow reusing configurations of the test setup environment without recodification. These techniques can be merged into a hierarchical checking process based on independent filters to compare the received outputs with the expected ones. The hierarchical checking allows the separate definition of several layers or levels of validation, from the lowest protocol packet levels to the logical abstractions at the highest application level. This paper introduces a solution based on Model-Driven Engineering for Low-Code Ground Support Equipment. It uses the abovementioned mechanisms to reduce the effort to develop and customize ground support systems for different missions. This solution is integrated within an environment called MASSIVA, which allows the automatic configuration and definition of system-level test procedures. This environment has been used in the software verification and validation process of the Instrument Control Unit of the Energetic Particle Detector on board Solar Orbiter. • Low-Code solution for Ground Support Equipment development. • Model-Driven Engineering support for black-box system-level test definition. • Automatic checking process based on hierarchical definition of independent filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new char-based insulation foam (CIF) is developed using coal-derived pyrolysis char (PC) and lignin, a paper and pulp industry byproduct. In this study, CIF is prepared by adopting the microwave method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is utilized to optimize predictions about the properties such as thermal conductivity, foam texture, compressive strength, and pore distribution of CIF. The three independent variables including percent char content, lignin/char ratio, and foaming agent/polyol ratio are considered in the RSM methodology. The face-centered central composite design is selected to obtain 17 test runs. Optimization of the predicted responses is performed to find the recipe considering a composite desirability function. Confirmatory test results show agreement between the predicted and observed values, with the percent error ranging from 0.00 % to 11.35 %, thereby confirming the accuracy of the prediction equations. The optimized CIF exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.0633 W/m.K and a compressive strength of 695 kPa making it comparable to or better than traditional building insulation products such as fiber insulation, polymer composite, particle board, and ceramic glass foam. Therefore, this new CIF has the potential to be used as an energy-saving insulation material for building envelopes. [Display omitted] • Microwave energy is effectively utilized to prepare the char insulation foam. • RSM is used to refine predictions regarding the foam's properties. • The predicted responses are optimized to find the recipe using a composite desirability function. • The optimized CIF has a thermal conductivity of 0.0633 W/m.K and compressive strength of 695 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In lightweight timber frame buildings, the horizontal stability against, for instance, wind loads is mainly ensured by shear diaphragms. These shear walls are typically constructed using a timber frame and a load-bearing sheathing layer on one or both sides of the framework. An atypical construction method uses double sheathing panels on top of each other, e.g. because of acoustic or fire safety reasons. However, no design rules are provided for such structures: the respective current and upcoming European standard (Eurocode 5 part 1-1) does not consider the structural contribution of both sheathing panel layers. Therefore, in this study, an experimental campaign is performed to enhance the knowledge of such double-sheathed shear walls, and two analytical calculation methods are proposed. The experimental campaign tests eight full-scale configurations through a racking resistance test with monotonic loading. Sheathing materials include load-bearing and non-load-bearing gypsum plasterboards and resinoid-bonded particle boards. All sheathing panels are connected to the fully anchored frames using staples. Results demonstrate that adding a second sheathing layer of the same material, with the same fastener disposition as the inner layer does not fully double the racking capacity and racking stiffness. Secondly, using a non-load-bearing gypsum plate as the inner layer creates a long plateau phase at the post-peak loading response, producing a less brittle failure behavior. The experiments are used as a benchmark to develop an analytical model based on Blaßand Gebhardt's method for calculating the shear capacity of dowel-type connections with an interlayer. The proposed method introduces an interaction factor that takes into account that the connections of the outer sheathing layer, which pass through the inner sheathing layer, also contribute to the sheathing-to-framing connection of the latter. A simplified model is also presented, using a combination factor that aligns with the current Eurocode 5 design method for walls with sheathing panels on both sides of the framing. Different values for the respective interaction and combination factors are verified to determine a safe value for each tested configuration. • Racking behavior tested of timber frame walls with single-sided double-layered panels. • Two analytical models to determine the racking resistance are proposed and verified. • Doubling sheathing panel layers on the same side does not double racking resistance. • Non-load-bearing gypsum plates as inner layer lead to a less brittle failure behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is produced worldwide in pulp mills and is currently mainly used for energy recovery. Because of its chemical properties, one possible utilisation is the production of lignin-based materials. Currently, developed lignin-based adhesives are based mainly on lignosulfonate instead of kraft lignin since lignosulfonate is more reactive than kraft lignin. However, worldwide substantially more kraft lignin is produced. The presented research deals with the development of resin chemically modified with kraft lignin up to 40% (w/w) content of kraft lignin. The synthesis of adhesives is described, and developed adhesives are characterised. Namely, viscosity, mechanical properties of resins and results of differential scanning calorimetry are presented. Furthermore, the developed kraft-lignin-based adhesives were used for the production of particleboards. Pre-pressing in a cold press followed by hot pressing in a laboratory press was used for the production of particleboards. The physical (thickness swelling, moisture uptake, vertical density profile), as well as mechanical (internal bonding, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity in three-point bending) properties of particleboards, were evaluated. The results clearly show that kraft lignin can be used for the production of lignin-based adhesives for the production of particleboards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of soy protein as a wood adhesive has been successfully implemented in the industrial production of plywood. However, it is still a significant challenge to directly utilize soy protein-based adhesive for the fabrication of particleboard owing to its high viscosity and low cold tack. In this study, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion was used to modify soy protein-based adhesive to reduce its viscosity and enhance its cold tack. By incorporating a content of 30% PVAc emulsion, the viscosity of the adhesive was reduced to 880 mPa·s, which was much lower than the pure soy protein-based adhesive value. Simultaneously, the cold tack was significantly increased by nearly 500 times after the addition of PVAc. The obtained adhesives met the requirements for particleboard production. In addition, the internal bonding strength of the produced particleboard reached 0.7 MPa, significantly exceeding the requirements for P6-grade particleboards (≥ 0.40 MPa, GB/T4897–2015). Moreover, it exhibited no formaldehyde emissions, making it a high-quality particleboard suitable for furniture applications. This study successfully presents a soy protein-based adhesive suitable for particleboard production using a simple blending modification approach, thereby expanding the application scope of soy protein-based adhesives. [Display omitted] • A lower viscosity and higher cold tack of soy protein-based adhesive was developed by simply adding PVAc. • A novel and simple testing method has been developed to assess the cold tack performance of adhesives. • The prepared composite adhesive can be directly applied in the production of particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate particleboards produced with bean straw and rubberwood particles glued with vegetable polyurethane adhesive as a proposal for a sustainable insulating material. Therefore, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the panels were determined, as well as their resistance to termite attack, combustibility, and thermal insulation. By increasing the bean straw particle content, the water absorption was significantly reduced (from 11.44 % to 7.68 %), with the same tendency observed for thickness swelling (from 4.61 % to 1.73 %) after 24 h of immersion. Panels produced with 25 and 75 % bean straw contents showed an end to thermal degradation before rubberwood-only compounds, being more resistant to combustion. There was a reduction in the modulus of elasticity (66.4 %) and modulus of rupture (52.5 %) due to the increase in the bean straw particle content. The evaluation of the resistance of the particleboard to dry wood termites showed a lower mass loss for composite panels with higher contents of bean straw. The thermal conductivity of particleboards showed that greater amounts of waste resulted in greater thermal insulation. In terms of generating sustainable products and meeting the needed properties, it was concluded that it is feasible to produce particleboards with agricultural wastes and formaldehyde-free adhesive. • Bean wastes were used as a substitute for rubberwood in particleboards. • Particleboards with environmentally friendly castor oil-based adhesive were studied. • The chemical properties of bean wastes influenced the properties of particleboards. • The thermal insulation of the panels improved with higher waste levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste particleboard is a valuable feedstock for the particleboards. Recycling waste panels into particleboard is hindered by adhesive residues in the particles. This study aims to investigate the effect of adhesive residues on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The chemical properties and wettability of particles containing pMDI and UF residues were investigated, and these particles were further used to produce particleboards. Results revealed that the pMDI residue is incompatible with fresh UF resin and forms weak bonding in the particleboards. However, the pMDI residue can continue to react with the fresh pMDI and form strong adhesion. The UF residue cannot cross-linked with the fresh UF, and the additional hydrophilic groups, resulting in a severe reduction in the dimensional stability of the panels, but the decrease in the mechanical properties is not significant. Interestingly, the UF residue promotes the curing of fresh pMDI, thus benefiting the mechanical properties of the panels. This study can guide the selection of adhesives in producing recycled particleboard using waste particleboard, thereby promoting the efficient recycling of waste particleboard. • The interactions between residual and fresh adhesives were analyzed. • The pMDI residue is incompatible with fresh UF resin. • Both pMDI and UF residues can react with fresh pMDI to promote its curing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bamboo green residues were fermented by lactic acid bacteria under different days. • Fermented residues can produce self-adhesive substances to making particleboard. • Particle shape and fermentation time affect binderless particleboard properties. • Binderless particleboard is a kind of green way to recycle bamboo green waste. In this study, a new type of binderless particleboard was prepared from bamboo green residues processed by biological fermentation. Bamboo green residues were fermented using lactic acid bacteria microorganisms, and binderless bamboo particleboards were prepared by hot pressing. The effects of the fermentation time on the morphological characteristics and chemical components of the residues were investigated. Further, the vertical density profile, internal bonding, and other physical and mechanical properties of the binderless bamboo particleboard were examined. The results revealed that the slenderness ratio of flakes decreased at first and then increased with an increase in the fermentation time (in days), and the chemical components of the bamboo green residues degraded with time. The features of the fermented flakes affect the performance of the prepared particleboard. The physical and mechanical properties of the binderless bamboo particleboards prepared from fine residues obtained after 7 days of fermentation were better than those prepared using the coarse and mixed groups, and met the requirements of the chinese standard GB/T4897-2015. This novel preparation method of binderless bamboo particleboard is helpful to develop a new eco-friendly building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of thermally modified wood has grown significantly worldwide over the past 20 years owing to its natural, chemical-free properties, enhanced dimensional stability, and improved biological durability. The binderless particleboard (BP) production process offers an effective way to recycle waste from thermally modified wood. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and modulated temperature technology were employed to investigate the chemical changes in thermally modified wood as a function of temperature. The impact of moisture content (MC) and temperature on the compression characteristics of particleboards was also examined. The resulting particleboards were subjected to tests for thickness swell and structural morphology (SEM) and vertical density profile analyses. The particleboards produced from thermally modified wood with an MC of 20 % and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C exhibited superior properties to those produced at 8 % MC and 150 and 190 °C. This superior performance can be attributed to the chemical changes in wood, particle size, and the heat transfer and conductivity of the particleboards at high temperature and MC, which renders them more malleable during hot pressing. The particleboards manufactured at 20 % MC and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C demonstrated an internal bonding (IB) of 0.77 MPa, a thickness swell (TS) of 8.14 %, and a homogeneous density distribution. The study provides valuable insights into the production of particleboards from thermally modified wood by optimising the MC and temperature conditions for hot pressing. This research offers a sustainable approach to reusing thermally modified wood waste and promotes the development of more efficient particleboard production processes. Future research could focus on broadening the application scope and exploring the long-term durability and performance of the particleboards produced under the identified optimal conditions. • FTIR and temperature technology assess chemical changes in wood. • Moisture and temperature impact particleboard compression characteristics. • Particleboards with 20 % MC at 170°C show superior performance. • Homogeneous density distribution enhances particleboard quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant byproduct of almond fruit industry, hard almond shells, was considered as a supplement material in particleboards for contributing to the circular economy goal with a higher added value product. The envisioned particle boards were not only for furniture but also construction regarding insulation. Accordingly, industry unspecific boards were produced. Almond shells were obtained from industry and ground into particles ranging from 0.4 to 3.4 mm. Those particles were mixed with black pine particles in different mass ratios to produce particleboards. The production included chemical and physical processes. Generated particleboards were subjected to specific physical and mechanical tests. Physical properties, such as density, thickness swelling, and water absorption, were determined. Mechanical properties, including deflection, elasticity modulus, bending stress, and maximum force before failure values were also measured and calculated. Boards with different densities were subjected to same mechanical and physical tests. The results show that an increase in almond shell particle amount in the particleboard makes the board more brittle and rigid. The physical tests show less thickness swelling and water absorption with increasing amount of almond shell particles. Therefore, almond shell particles may be more favorable for indoor decoration or insulation instead of furniture. Board density has a marginal effect on mechanical behavior, and it should be one of the determinant factors for feasibility of the boards in different utilization scenarios. • SEM reveals porous almond shell particles having an aspect ratio about unity with different topology than wood particles. • Increasing amount of almond shell particles make the boards more rigid and brittle, and less water absorbent. • Board density has a synergetic effect together with the almond shell particle amount. • Low density medium almonds shell particle content particleboards have favorable thermal conductivity for insulation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of producing particleboards with sugarcane bagasse and Eucalyptus sp. and adhesives (tannin pure and lignosulfonate (tannin + lignosulfonate in the proportion of 80:20)). The adhesives were characterized (pH, gel time, viscosity, and density), and the physical and mechanicals properties was realized (water absorption and thickness swelling, moisture content, gravimetric density, density profile by X-ray, elasticity and rupture modulus, and internal bond). The particleboards showed some homogeneity in density. As to the thickness swelling, the means varied from 24.15 % to 35.57 %, with higher averages for those particleboards that used lignosulfonate adhesive. The same effect could be seen in the water absorption test, with emphasis on the tannin-lignosulfonate adhesives, with averages 18.5 % higher than those of pure tannin, regardless of the type of material. Based on the internal bond test, the highlight was the treatment with 100 % wood particles and pure tannin adhesive. As sugarcane bagasse was added, there was a reduction in modulus of elasticity, independently of the adhesive used. The results highlighted the using lignosulfonate as a component obtained inferior results when compared to those of pure tannin, mainly concerning humidity and the internal bond test. As well as a gradual loss of strength as the wood was replaced by sugarcane bagasse. In this aspect, environmental issues are gained as waste is used; in such uses, such properties are not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin acted as phenolic polymer is a sustainable substitute for phenol to synthesize lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF). Here, PLPF resins were prepared with unmodified PHP-lignin derived from phosphoric acid plus hydrogen peroxide (PHP) pretreatment of biomass waste, the PHP-lignin has plentiful hydroxyl structure and is beneficial to the polymerization with formaldehyde. Meanwhile, ALPF resin synthesized with alkali lignin abundantly produced from pulp and paper industry was also included. The feasibility of lignin as a substitute for phenol, the application of the synthesized PLPF resin in particleboard production and the obstacle on the high-value utilization of waste lignocellulosic biomass due to the existence of the resin adhesive were evaluated. Results indicated that the resins were successfully synthesized when phenol was substituted by 25% lignin. The basic properties, including solid content, free phenol content, free formaldehyde content, viscosity and adhesion performance all met Chinese National Standard (GB/T 14732–2006) of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. The shaped particleboard with PLPF resin usage ranged from 5% to 15% all had good dimensional stability and solvent resistance. Finally, we verified the resin adhesive in the particleboard would greatly influence its enzymatic hydrolysis performance. The cellulose-glucose conversion of hydrothermal pretreated particleboard was merely 18.3%. Detoxification was the first and most important step in the subsequent high-value utilization of waste particleboard, and alkali pretreatment suggested a possible way to eliminate the negative effects, which could improve cellulose-glucose conversion to 57.8%. [Display omitted] • LPF resin was successfully synthesized with unmodified PHP technical lignin. • The properties of LPF resin all met Chinese National Standard of PF resin. • LPF resin had the potential application in practical particleboard production. • Alkali pretreatment promoted high value utilization of waste particleboard with resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication of Cassava Starch/ Rhizophora Spp /Zn nanoparticle composite as a phantom for X-ray radiation. The use of phantoms is crucial in controlling the quality of radiation doses in medical applications. The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method, and the structural properties were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and bonding characteristics by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Mechanical testing was performed to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the phantoms. The linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficient were determined using CT-Scan and Mobile X-ray tests. The results showed that the composite materials exhibited amorphous characteristics with crystal structure patterns. The addition of Zn nanoparticles affected the diffraction intensity and crystal size. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, alkane, siloxane, alkene, and ether bonds in the composite. The synthesized phantom composites showed potential as substitutes for commercial phantoms due to the Cassava starch/ Rhizophora spp/Zn 1gr phantom is generally close to the attenuation coefficient value of the human liver phantom reported in previous studies, which is about 0.293 cm−1. This suggests that this phantom composite has a good potential as a substitute for human liver tissue in X-ray testing. • The phantom research as X-ray testing have explored various materials. • The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method. • We found the best for liver phantom is phantom with 1 gr Zn in composite. • Attenuation coefficient value for human liver phantom is about 0.293 cm–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood has always been an indispensable material in human society throughout history. Its efficient utilization is even more crucial today in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, its production, trade, use, and recycling are seldom systematically assessed, with Germany being an exception due to the extensive work conducted by the University of Hamburg and the Thünen Institute over the years. To provide a more precise account of wood use, this study employs oven-dry metric tonne as the reference unit to construct a static wood flow based on the material flow analysis and wood resource balance in Germany in 2020. The Sankey diagrams comprehensively visualize the flow and stock of wood in various sectors, including forests, sawmills, pulp mills, buildings, energy, and waste. Results showed that forest felling volume exceeded growth due to significant wood demand and export, while forest carbon sinks increased because more hardwood was retained in German forests. The building and construction sector was the largest consumer of primary wood products, accounting for 52.1 % of the total, followed by furniture (29.5 %) and packaging (14.0 %). All waste paper was used to produce recycled fiber pulp, whereas only 14 % of waste wood was employed in particle board production. The woody biomass energy, amounting to 142.4 TWh, provided approximately 4.4 % of Germany's primary energy consumption, with around half of it used in private households. In addition to apparent data, this study also uses resource allocation, carbon storage, and cascade potential as examples to demonstrate that wood flow is applicable for further in-depth analysis, supporting wood efficient utilization. It can even be applied to any country and period with sufficient data and conversion factors, but here, they also prevented this study from comprehensively describing past and future wood flows. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an overview of the in-flight engineering data of the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) instrument suite during its first year of operation. EPD is part of the in-situ scientific payload of the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission which was launched in February 2020. After completion of its commissioning phase, Solar Orbiter started its cruise phase in June 2020, in coincidence with its first perihelion at 0.51 au. Six remote-sensing instruments and four in-situ instruments, including EPD, which is a suite of four individual sensors, make Solar Orbiter the most complete space laboratory flown into the inner heliosphere to date. In-flight engineering data of the different EPD units such as their power consumption and their temperatures are the key indicators to ascertain that the design, manufacturing and qualification of the EPD units on ground and throughout the different life cycles prior to launch were successful. On the other hand, these in-flight housekeeping data also reflect the general status of the units which are exposed to space radiation, stray light and a varying thermal environment. The reliability of the EPD suite was analyzed during the design phase and the in-flight status evaluation confirms this analysis. The first year of flight covers special milestones for the Solar Orbiter mission such as the launch, first perihelion, as well as the first Venus flyby. By evaluating the in-flight engineering data, it is demonstrated that the EPD suite successfully meets its design requirements and also satisfies its scientific objectives in flight. • In-flight verification is highly needed, since it complements the on-ground test campaigns. • EPD instrument on Solar Orbiter, well designed and working properly after 1 year of operations. • Radiation conditions well below the estimated one. No degradation and no anomalies reported. • Despite the thermal environment is very challenging in Solar Orbiter, EPD thermal design is verified in-flight. • Stray light is an issue for EPD. Stray light avoidance procedure is verified in-flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for materials made from renewable resources and free of toxic substances is a global trend towards cleaner production, which can be extended to the development of wood-based panels. However, the industrial sector of wood-based panels has been facing several gaps and challenges related to the shortage of wood raw materials for panel manufacturing with the toxic emissions of traditional adhesives. Camellia oleifera shell (COS), as a common waste, is a potential alternative raw material for wood-based panels and also has an important role in alleviating environmental stress. Faced with these problems, the aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility and environmental aspects of manufacturing particleboard from COS waste at scale. For this purpose, particles made from conventional eucalyptus species were used as particleboard reinforcing phase. Particleboard was manufactured and tested by varying some production parameters, namely: of 10, 20 and 30% content of COS addition; and adhesive types of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and polymeric 4–4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) adhesives. The results showed that the physical-mechanical properties of COS-based particleboards were satisfactory for a 10% MUF resin loading or a 3.5% pMDI resin loading. COS-based particleboards with 20–30% COS content similarly met the standards and requirements for non-structural applications. This study presents an informative discussion for decision makers in the wood-based panel industry, providing a trade-off between lower adhesive application and higher COS substitution that is more suitable for direct production at total plant scale. • The feasibility of camellia oleifera shells for particleboard production is explored. • Qualified particleboard with low cost using camellia oleifera shells is manufactured. • The MUF bonded particleboard with 30% shells meet excellent dimensional stability. • The pMDI bonded particleboard with 30% shells showed ideal mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the significant demands for construction products and the increasing disposals of plastic and agroforestry residues, this research evaluated the influence of recycled particles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) inserted in the manufacture of five particleboard prototypes based on Pinus elliottii wood and castor-oil-based polyurethane resin (CPUR). The following panel traits were obtained: 100% pine wood, 0% PET and 10% CPUR (M100P-0PET-10C); 70% pine, 30% PET, and 10% CPUR (M70P-30PET-10C); 50% pine, 50% PET, and 10% CPUR (M50P-50PET-10C); 70% pine, 30% PET, and 5% CPUR (M70P-30PET-5C); and, 50% pine, 50% PET, and 5% CPUR (M50P-50PET-5C). Panels were evaluated according to physical (density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption), mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, perpendicular tensile), and morphological tests (scanning electron microscope). M50P-50PET-10C particleboards revealed the best performance in the physical and mechanical tests, as well as M70P-30PET-10C and M50P-50PET-5C panels showed equivalent results. The findings suggested a notable environmental contribution and a great economic feasibility. Thus, it is possible to obtain wood-based particleboards manufactured from recycled PET, reusing this highly discarded non-biodegradable plastic and using a smaller volume of adhesive, with physical-mechanical properties that meet the expected performance for this bioresource-based product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of eco-friendly adhesives derived from renewable sources to replace conventional petroleum-based alternatives could promote the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Herein, a series of plant oil thermosets were developed from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and a palm oil-based dimethacrylate (MPOEA), and then used as the adhesives for developing formaldehyde-free bamboo particleboards. Concerning the weak cohesion and adhesion forces of the adhesives, 2-isocyanethyl methacrylate (IEM) was incorporated to enhance both the crosslinking density within the thermosets and the bonding strength between bamboo particles and the thermosetting materials. The addition of IEM resulted in a notable improvement in the processability, mechanical characteristics, thermal resistance, and lap-shear strength of the thermosets. The thermosets with optimum components attained a tensile strength of 29.7 MPa, a glass transition temperature of 106.9 °C, and a shear strength of 1.7 MPa onto bamboo. The prepared bamboo particleboards exhibited superior mechanical properties, water resistance, and high-temperature resistance. • A plant oil adhesive with superior mechanical properties is proposed. • A bifunctional monomer is used to increase the bonding strength of the adhesives. • The prepared particleboards present high performance as a formaldehyde-free material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the feasibility of using citric acid (CA) as a biobased and formaldehyde-free binder for producing ultra-low-density (320 to 338 kg/m3) hemp hurd particleboard (ULHPB). Mechanically decorticated hemp hurd chips were milled and then separated into fine (F), medium (M), and coarse (C) particle sizes. Three particle size mixes (PSM) were used to fabricate the panels: 100% C, 100% M, and a 50/50% mixture of CM. Each PSM was combined with low and high CA contents (20 and 30 wt%) and subjected to short and long pressing times (8 and 12 min) at 200 °C. Physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated following Australian standard AS/NZS 1859.1 (2017) for reconstituted wood-based panels. Thermo-chemical analyses were performed to understand the properties of the raw hurd and to investigate the binding mechanisms in CA-ULHPB. The PSM had a significant impact on panel expansion (springback), internal bond strength (IB), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) in most CA-ULHPB variants. PSM-C panels exhibited superior IB when pressed with 30 wt% CA for 12 min. The effect of PSMs diminished for WA and TS but CA content and pressing time remained highly significant. Py-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA indicated the formation of ester linkages with carbohydrate-derived OH-groups and the involvement of lignin moieties in the CA-ULHPB. This research identified optimal panel compositions and processing parameters for fabricating environmentally friendly composite panels using CA as a natural adhesive and hemp hurd as an agricultural by-product. The panels exhibited excellent properties and would be well suited as core layers in lightweight sandwich composites given their ultra-low-density range. • Successful esterification of hemp hurd and citric acid in low-density particleboard. • Panel properties were significantly impacted by particle size mix and pressing time. • Pressing time had a greater impact on internal bonding than binder content. • Some citric acid/hemp panels fulfilled the 15% maximum thickness swelling limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-based panels are products used in various applications with the potential to replace energy-intensive materials while promoting carbon sequestration. This article aims to systematically review the scientific literature assessing the impacts of wood-based panel manufacturing from a life cycle perspective. It intends to identify different methodological choices and challenges, compare impacts on the climate change impact category and provide recommendations for future assessments. The reviewed articles were identified using search strings in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, focusing on the different wood-based panel sub-types (veneer sheets, plywood, particleboard or chipboard, fibreboard). In total, 53 articles were selected for qualitative and 36 for quantitative synthesis. Most articles were published in the United States of America, Spain, Brazil or China, which are among the largest wood-based panel producers. This study's assessment shows that the published articles' methodological choices varied widely, specifically concerning the functional unit, system boundaries, procedures to deal with multifunctionality, biogenic carbon modelling and impact assessment methods. Further, its quantitative synthesis reveals considerable variability in the results, even within the same panel subtype. Laminated veneer lumber tends to be the least carbon-intensive wood-based panel. However, a lack of uniformity in previous articles' methodological choices precludes comparisons of results. For this reason, elaborating Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) for wood-based panels to harmonize methodological choices is critical for obtaining comparable results regarding multiple environmental impact categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bench tests were performed on promising sensors used in fire safety systems in compartments. Activation delay times of fire sensors and systems were analyzed during the thermal decomposition and suppression of burning construction and interior design materials typical of compartments: wood, particle board, fiberboard, linoleum, cardboard, different types of wallpaper, paper and plastic. The thermal decomposition and ignition characteristics were identified using commercially available fire detectors of different types and designs (thermal, smoke and flame detectors), contact and non-contact temperature measurement instruments, a gas detection system and video recording equipment. Devices with the highest efficiency in terms of response time and detection reliability were determined that are necessary and sufficient to identify the thermal decomposition of construction and interior design materials at an early stage of fire. When generalizing the experimental data, mathematical equations were derived to predict the integral characteristics of the processes under study. Promising methods of reducing the response time of fire sensors and systems in general were determined. Guidelines were proposed on upgrading the existing systems of fire prevention in buildings and developing new automatic ones to significantly accelerate the detection of fires in buildings and optimize their containment and suppression. [Display omitted] • Four fire causes of substances and materials in compartments were studied. • Typical construction and interior design materials were used. • A method was proposed to identify the type of material in fire. • An approach to reducing the system activation delay time was proposed. • A method of predicting the required number of sensors was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and airflow play a key role in determining indoor pollutant concentrations. In the framework of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) prediction, numerical models based on fluid dynamics are useful tools to address typical cases and then make decisions to improve both public and occupational health. This requires an accurate description of VOC emission processes from building materials, products and furniture, taking into account the diffusion of VOCs into these materials instead of using constant surface emission rates. A predictive model combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for airflow and kinetics modelling for VOC emissions is described. The validation of airflow and VOC transfer models is carried out by comparing experimental and simulation results into a 128 L ventilated experimental chamber. Our results show that the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach, together with a standard k-ω turbulence model, provide good agreement between numerical and experimental airflows regarding both air velocity and age of air profiles. The overall VOC dynamics is also reproduced by numerical simulation for the eight VOCs monitored. The predicted absolute VOC concentrations are in agreement with experimental data for acetone, formaldehyde, hexanal and terpenes. However, numerical simulations underestimate the concentration of pentanal, propanal, butanal, acetaldehyde, which is discussed in terms of representativeness of emission parameters. Our results highlight that CFD simulations combined with VOC emission kinetics modelling is a promising tool for IAQ prediction, but it requires further investigation to fully understand the observed behaviour for some VOCs. This finally demonstrates the crucial need of tracking various VOCs simultaneously in the framework of assessing an IAQ prediction model. [Display omitted] • A 3D numerical model for predicting indoor VOC dynamics is described. • VOC concentrations emitted from particleboard are monitored in a ventilated chamber. • Simulated airflows and VOC concentrations are compared to experimental ones. • The coupled CFD-mass transfer model can reproduce the overall dynamics of VOCs. • The need to track multiple VOCs for IAQ prediction studies is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mycelium in SMS proposed as the adhesive for biocomposites production. • Biocomposite with CCS exhibited improved thermal stability property. • Modified chitosan enhanced antimicrobial of biocomposite. • Green adhesive uses decreased global warming potential by 81.22%. Formaldehyde pollution and material shortages are two prominent issues in particleboard production. This study aimed to assess the physical and antimicrobial properties of formaldehyde-free biocomposites produced with mycelium as the adhesive through hot pressing, utilizing spent mushroom substrates. The moduli of elasticity in biocomposites with 20 % chitin-containing substrate and 10 % chitin-containing substrate was determined to be 1383.60 ± 129.31 and 1284.01 ± 66.59 MP, respectively. Following continuous culture for 14 d under 25 °C and moist conditions, the biocomposites produced from chitin-containing spent mushroom substrate, exhibited lower relative abundances of Bacteroides vulgatus and Prevotella copri on the surface of the biocomposites than did 0 % chitin-containing substrate derived biocomposites, which recorded relative abundances of 9.24 % and 9.44 %, respectively. The raw material generation process significantly contributed to various environmental impacts, including land use (44.32 m2 crop eq) and blue water consumption (8.52 m3). The production of biocomposites from spent mushroom substrate is a favourable option for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the use of toxic chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents experimental investigation on specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature and vertical density profile over the sample cross section of oriented strand board, particle board, medium density fibreboard, and plywood. A possibility of introducing an universal set of parameters describing various EWPs by averaging the parameters of the four studied materials obtained in this work is investigated. A one-dimensional heat transfer simulation sensitivity study is performed using the experimentally measured values. The study aims to investigate the effect of using spatial- and temperature-dependent properties compared to constant values and to study the importance of these parameters and their combination in predicting one-dimensional heat transfer below the thermal decomposition temperature of engineered wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative and quantitative on-site detection methods for wood preservatives are of high value for the recycling industry and the occupational health and safety. Wood preservatives revealed as toxic to human and environment after decades of use. For the detection of contaminated wood and for processing of matured timber to particle boards a versatile detection method is needed. Especially historical wooden objects were treated with preservatives like pentachlorophenol, lindane or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. This requires a non-destructive on-site detection method, that does not require specialized personnel. In this publication two methods are presented utilizing headspace sampling by solid-phase microextraction, subsequent separation using gas chromatography and detection by a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer (SPME–HS–GC-DTIMS). One method enables the quantitative detection of pentachlorophenol in wood flour and wood chips as they are used in wood processing industries. A limit of detection of 0.1 mg/kg was achieved using DIN 32645, which can be even more lowered. The second method enables non-destructive detection of pentachlorophenol, lindane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and other preservatives in wooden objects. Therefore, samples were prepared, which show a significantly lower concentration than typical treated objects, and used next to real samples for method validation. With the method contamination of the real samples and of the prepared samples of low concentration were proven. [Display omitted] • Solvent-free and derivation-free PCP detection with a limit of detection lower than 0.1 mg/kg. • Solvent-free, derivation-free, non-destructive detection of wood preservatives - GC-Drift Tube Ion mobility spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplar (Populus x canadenses Moench.) veneers (PWV) are a sustainable raw material traditionally used for producing food-packaging containers. However, the poplar log peeling process, to obtain veneers with a thickness of 0.8–2 mm, generates a large amount of waste, mostly consisting of bark and clippings from veneer sheets. The current work is focused on using these by-products to produce a new material, in the form of thin particleboards, that can be used for package production. The clippings from veneer sheets were dried and milled, and then sieved to obtain different particle size fractions. A bioadhesive, based on poplar bark extract combined with citric acid, was combined with the particles to produce single layer 210 mm × 210 mm x 2 mm particleboards by heat-pressing (press temperature = 160 °C, pressing time = 10 min, resin load = 10 wt%). It was possible to produce 100 % biobased particleboards in which the internal bond resistance and the moisture-resistance properties surpass the EN 312 requirements for boards type P3 for non load-bearing boards used in humid conditions, without the addition paraffin or any other additive. This work shows that the valorisation of by-products of poplar wood veneer production allows manufacturing high-performance particleboards, that can be used by the same industry to manufacture food-packaging containers. The viability of recycling used particleboards was demonstrated, yielding products with enough performance to be used in the production of new packaging products, and an alternative to the possible composting of these particleboards. [Display omitted] • This work demonstrates that it is possible to add value to, the discarded fraction of poplar wood veneers and poplar bark. • The feasibility of using the poplar bark extract, alone and with citric acid as an adhesive, was studied. • The positive influence of citric acid on the poplar bark extract polymerization reaction was demonstrated. • The valorisation of by-products of poplar wood veneer production allows manufacturing high-performance particleboards. • The viability of recycling particleboards to obtain products for the production of new packaging products was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locust bean gum, derived from the carob tree, was evaluated as a biobased adhesive in particleboard manufacturing, investigating the effect of adhesive amount, mat moisture content, and process parameters such as temperature and time. Single-layer particleboards prepared with locust bean gum showed that effective hydration of the polymer chains is necessary to achieve satisfactory interactions with wood and thus yield a sufficient particleboard strength. A mat moisture content below 30 % resulted in weak particleboards, which easily broke immediately after pressing. With increasing mat moisture content, while keeping the adhesive amount constant, the internal bond strength was increased. Moreover, with constant mat moisture contents (40 %), the internal bond strength increased when the adhesive amount was increased, even though not proportionally. With an increase from 9 % to 18 % adhesive, the internal bond strength was increased by more than 100 %. However, with a further increase in adhesive content from 18 % to 36 %, the increase in internal bond strength was statistically insignificant. Even with high mat moisture contents (35–45 %), larger lab-scale particleboards had internal bond strength that fulfilled standard requirements for P2 boards, commonly used for furniture in dry conditions (SS EN 312), when the pressing time was long enough (75 s/mm) to allow for water and vapors to be removed before releasing the pressure. Using biopolymers as adhesives, without extensive chemical modification and hazardous crosslinkers, could lead to a more benign and sustainable particleboard production. Since the chemistry and setting/curing processes of biopolymer-based adhesives differ from those of the fossil-based adhesives used today, increased understanding of how production parameters affect the properties of the particleboards prepared with biopolymers may pave the way for their better utilization in this field. [Display omitted] • Locust bean gum is demonstrated as an adhesive for wood particleboards. • Effective hydration of the adhesive is crucial for satisfactory bonding performance. • Low pressing temperature (150 °C) resulted in high particleboards strength. • No steam blistering despite larger board dimensions and high mat moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hybrid particleboards with mixed cores of grapevine and pine were fabricated. • 10% grapevine/90% pine particleboards passed all global standards. • Up to 25% grapevine waste can be used in particleboard production. • Hybrid particleboards had greater surface density and vertical density gradient. • Findings support increased valorization of grapevine waste into particleboard. Grapevine prunings are an ideal sustainable additive to wood-based composites, providing a powerful resource stream, reducing the demand of logging of forests. Valorisation of grapevine prunings into commercial products further reduces greenhouse gas emissions caused by waste vegetation break-down. Particleboard is a ubiquitous wood-based composite with over 97 million m3 produced annually from soft wood. Agricultural crop waste is ideal for incorporation into particleboard, however maintaining the density and mechanical properties with these additives is imperative. Herein, mixed grapevine/pine cores comprising of 100%, 25% and 10% grapevine particles were produced and the mechanical and density properties of 16 mm thick moisture resistant particleboards were evaluated. Hybrid particleboards based on 10% grapevine and 90% pine showed great promise, surpassing global industry standards for key mechanical properties. Hybrid particleboards displayed a higher surface density and a steeper vertical density gradient than the 100% pine control boards, due to grapevine particles filling voids between the pine, thereby improving the mechanical properties. This work forms a foundation for the continued study of agricultural waste into wood-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cocoa almond husk waste was destined as alternative to produce MDP panels. • Extractives and ash may cause a damage in the adhesive-particles interaction. • Decrease in resin-to-particle ratio may cause damage to the mechanical properties. • Low percentages of cocoa waste did not hamper the properties of the panels. • Inclusion up to 21% of cocoa waste meet the standardization for all properties of MDP. This research proposed to investigate a possible destination for the cocoa waste as component in the core layer of Medium Density Particleboards (MDPs) and to evaluate the effect of the waste insertion on the physical-mechanical properties of the panel. The core layers of the MDPs were composed by different percentages of cocoa wastes (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in combination with pine wood. The targeted density of the panels was pre-established in 0.7 g cm−3, bonded with urea-formaldehyde. The cocoa waste showed higher extractives content (34.8%) when compared with the pine wood (4.0%). The inclusion of the waste did not cause a significant difference in the moisture and bulk density of the panels; however, there was an increase in water absorption 24 h (71–105%) and thickness swelling 24 h (13–35%). Despite the values of the mechanical properties decreased in general, in low percentages, the cocoa waste does not prevent the use of the MDPs as furniture for internal environments. The results show that the cocoa waste has potential for being applied as raw material in the core layer of the MDP, in percentages up to 21%. The lignocellulosic wastes are promising alternatives for the achievement of the required current context of the sustainability and should be highlighted with research focused on their management for the development of added value materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel lightweight adiabatic refractory material combining alkaline earth silicate (AES) fiber board and SiC particles was fabricated by immersing the AES fiber board into a slurry consisting of SiC particles with a median diameter of 1.2 μm and 13% silica-sol as an inorganic binder. When the composite was heated at 1400 °C for 8 h, the fired shrinkage of the composite was almost 0%, while that of untreated AES fiber board was 3.2%. The compressive strength of the composite heated at 1300 °C for 8 h was greatly improved to 0.95 MPa, 4.6 times that of untreated AES board. The corrosion resistance of the composite to a mixture of iron (II) oxide and sodium carbonate at 1400 °C was improved by more than 40% compared to that of untreated AES fiber board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The compatibility of geopolymer paste with plant fibers is studied. • Geopolymer paste has good compatibility with plant fibers. • The compatibility of geopolymer paste with wood fibers are better than with non-wood fibers as a whole. • Plant fibers from forest and agricultural product residues have application prospects. Referring to the evaluation methods of the compatibility of cement with plant fibers, the compatibility of metakaolin-based geopolymer paste (MBGP) with 15 plant fibers from forest and agriculture product residues was studied. Results show that MBGP has good compatibility with either wood fibers or non-wood fibers, and the wood fibers are more compatible than non-wood fibers as a whole. Because the plant fibers have not suffered from expensive and complex pulping processes and any additive has not been used in the preparation process, these plant fibers possess good application prospects for the production of geopolymer particle board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based adhesives are receiving considerable attention due to their potential to contribute to the development of environmentally friendly materials. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert organic waste into high value-added products, such as proteins and fatty acids. The objective of this study is to formulate adhesives from BSFL flour and evaluate their suitability in the production of particleboards. To expose the functional groups of the proteins for reaction with the wood, denaturation strategies involving alkaline treatments were assessed. The effectiveness of these treatments was evaluated through Bradford solubility, SDS-PAGE, and FTIR analysis. Bradford analysis confirmed that the alkali treatment increased the protein solubility from 10.1 g/l for 0 M to 89.1 g/l for 1 M. FTIR analysis revealed changes in the relative intensity of bands attributable to the Amide I, II, and III regions, which are associated with the α-helix and β-sheet structures. The adhesive was applied in the manufacturing process via spraying, requiring an evaluation of the rheological properties of different formulations. Based on the rheological properties, the viscosities of 0.25 M and 1 M were measured at 0.082 Pa·s and 0.113 Pa·s, respectively, falling within the suggested range for particleboard manufacture. Subsequently, eucalyptus wood panels were manufactured using the BSFL-based adhesives, and their mechanical properties as well as water resistance were evaluated. Static bending and tensile strength perpendicular to the surface testing revealed that boards produced with BSFL adhesive exhibited mechanical values comparable to those of commercial resins. The performance of the manufactured materials was compared with the minimum standards outlined in international regulations. [Display omitted] • For the first time, adhesives were made based on BSFL proteins. • Particleboards were manufactured with a protein-based adhesive from BSFL. • Protein hydrolysis improves the rheological and mechanical properties. • The boards met the minimum requirements for non-structural uses in dry areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the effect of basalt fiber reinforcement of cement-bonded particleboards (CBPB) with a target density of 1200 kg m-³ in terms of the compatibility with cement and the change in mechanical properties compared to conventionally produced boards. The modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were increased for all wood-cement ratios compared to the corresponding boards without basalt grid. Reinforcement with basalt grids significantly increased the strength-to-weight ratio (SWR) of the CBPB with various wood-cement ratios, due to the high tensile strength of the basalt grid. Simultaneously, the addition of the basalt reinforcement layer did not reduce the internal bond strength (IB). By using a basalt grid as reinforcement material, it is possible to counteract the negative effects of a higher wood particle content and even produce boards with increased bending properties. Basalt reinforcement could therefore be a good way to produce higher-strength panels and counteract the loss of strength due to the addition of wood particles. • Basalt is highly compatible with cement and does not inhibit it's hydration temperature or speed. • Basalt grids can be used to significantly improve the bending strengths of cement bonded particleboards. • The negative impact of higher wood particle contents can be counteracted by using basalt reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, four wood-based materials (plywood, laminated veneer board (LVB), oriented strand board (OSB), and particle board (PB)) were proposed as layered materials for CLT to improve its shear performance. The fabricated hybrid CLT exhibited better bending, shear performance, and compressive strength than that of traditional CLT. The out-of-plane bending performance, in terms of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, improved by 2912–5836 MPa and 1.89–18.54 MPa compared with that of traditional CLT. The out-of-plane shear modulus and strength of the LVB CLT and PLY CLT improved by 31.19–76.15 MPa and 0.5 MPa, respectively, compared with that of traditional CLT. The compressive strength of the hybrid CLT improved by 6.86–24.6 MPa. The cross-arranged veneer with the LVB and plywood exhibited rolling shear failure. The ratio of tensile and shear failure of LVB CLT and PLY CLT increased compared to traditional CLT. The failure mode of the hybrid CLT with OSB and PB exhibited shear failure in the middle of the panel thickness of the OSB and PB. This study confirmed an improvement in the mechanical properties of hybrid CLTs with wood-based materials. LVB and plywood hybrid CLTs exhibited the best results. Additional studies are required on the mechanical properties of hybrid CLTs in the arrangement direction of wood-based materials and in the minor direction of the hybrid CLT. • The hybrid CLT improved the bending and shear properties compared to general CLT. • The shear properties of CLT and hybrid CLT is affected by cross layer materials. • Density profile of layer material is important factor affecting shear properties. • Layer materials should consider the density profile in the thickness direction. • For the cross layer of hybrid CLT, a material with uniform density should be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the similarities in raw materials, technology, and application fields between fiberboard and particleboard, it is crucial to perform a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) on these two types of panels. This comparison can greatly contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of these panels. However, there is a limited number of studies available regarding the comparative LCA study of these panels. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects of manufacturing process of dry-process fiberboard (medium-density fiberboard, MDF) and particleboard (PB) were compared. A cradle-to-gate LCA model was developed using eFootprint software. The results showed that PB exhibited better environmental performance than MDF because of the lower power consumption and the amount of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin required in the manufacturing process. The total environmental impact of PB from cradle to gate was 27.5% lower than that of MDF, and the eco-efficiency of PB was 18.8% higher than that of MDF. Regardless of the panel type, the greatest environmental effect occurred in the raw and auxiliary materials production phase, followed by the board production phase. The environmental effect of the transportation phase was minimal. The production of UF resin and the consumption of electricity were identified as the main environmental hotspots. Finally, two approaches to enhance environmental performance were proposed and applied: first, replacing UF resin with a soy-based adhesive, and second, switching from thermal power to hydropower. In addition, the environmental impacts before and after implementing these approaches were compared. [Display omitted] • Particleboard has better environmental performance than medium density fiberboard. • Urea-formaldehyde resin and electricity are the key environmental hotspots. • Soy-based adhesive doesn't outperform urea-formaldehyde resin in all impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we assessed the efficacy of manufacturing lightweight particleboards using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stalk particles. Three-layer lightweight particleboards with target densities of 350, 450 and 550 kg/m3 were produced with different proportions of wood-to-sunflower stalk particles (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, 0:100%) in the core layer. The outer layers consisted only of wood particles. The boards made entirely with wood particles in the outer and core layers were reference boards. Conventional urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to bond the particles. It was found that the replacement of wood particles in the core layer with sunflower stalk particles led to an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight UF-bonded particleboards. Three-layer boards with the optimum combination of 100% wood particles in the outer layers and 100% sunflower stalk particles in the core layer had slightly higher bending strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than boards made entirely from 100% wood particles, but much greater internal bonding strength (IB), lower water absorption (WA) and less thickness swelling (TS) at the same board density. The MOR, MOE and IB values for 550 kg/m3 boards containing 100% sunflower particles in the core layer were higher than the reference boards by 16.3%, 16.6% and 62.7%, respectively. The MOR, MOE and IB of lightweight particleboards with densities of 450 and 550 kg/m3 made with 100% sunflower particles in the core layer fully complied with the CEN/TS 16368 standard for both types of board, LP1 and LP2. Substitution of wood particles with sunflower stalk particles did not cause negative changes in the formaldehyde content of the boards. • The possibility of making lightweight PBs from SSP was confirmed. • Including SSP in the core layer improves the IB strength of boards. • Including SSP in the core layer decreases the WA and TS of boards. • Lightweight PBs from SSP meet the requirements of CEN/TS 16368. • Using of SSP in the manufacture of PBs saves wood raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive prunings are, in the majority of cases, treated as agricultural residues and burned in open fires or mulched into soil. However, they can be exploited in various ways and offer added value. Apart from their exploitation for energy purposes, they can be potentially used for the production of other bio-commodities such as particleboards, used in the construction and furniture sector. In this light, the current study investigates the potential of producing particleboards from olive tree prunings by replacing common wood. Harvested olive tree prunings, thin branches along with leaves, were used for the production of particleboards by gradually replacing commercial wood at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% rate. Based on the results achieved, a maximum substitution level of 40% of the conventional wood with pruning material can be applied. The mechanical properties of the panels were reduced by increasing the substitution level. This may be attributed to the higher amount of bark compared to the conventional wood chips, and the presence of leaves. On the other hand, particleboard properties such as the formaldehyde emissions of the boards (along with the thickness swelling) are reduced by increasing the substitution level, which makes the panels safer in terms of indoor pollution and human health and more consumer friendly, and attractive for the market. • Particleboards from two varieties of Olive tree prunings (OTP) mixed with commercial wood were fabricated. • Higher substitution reduced the panels' mechanical properties and lowered the formaldehyde content and thickness swelling. • 20% OTP/80% commercial wood in order to have comparable properties to the reference panels. • Findings support increased valorization of olive tree pruning waste into particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work provides a comprehensive study on the utilization of rapeseed stalks, an agricultural waste, as a raw material for the production of resin-free fiberboards and particleboards, using LCNFs as binder. The rapeseed stalks underwent appropriate crushing and fibrillation and were combined with a novel class of lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNFs) derived from date palm waste, another agricultural residue. The incorporation of LCNFs in both fiberboards and particleboards resulted in increased density and enhanced mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and fire resistance. These positive effects can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the incorporation of LCNFs led to a reduction in porosity, positively impacting the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding of the produced fiberboards and particleboards. Notably, fiberboards containing 15 wt% LCNF exhibited superior specific properties compared to our commercial reference. Additionally, this densification effect mitigated moisture absorption and thickness swelling, as even a 2 wt% incorporation of LCNF in fiberboards showed reduced values for both properties. Secondly, the high lignin content of the LCNFs contributed to decreased hydrophilicity in the fiberboards and particleboards, leading to significant improvements in water contact angle, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Lastly, the increased density of the fiberboards and particleboards resulted in improved fire resistance, with flame propagation time being higher for all boards containing LCNFs, even at low content (2 wt%), compared to the commercial fiberboard. Notably, fiberboards demonstrated superior performance compared to particleboards, attributed to factors such as low cohesion, particle heterogeneity, and excessive porosity. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing agricultural waste as a raw material for board production, eliminating the need for urea-formaldehyde resins and paraffin waxes commonly found in commercial fiberboards. [Display omitted] • Fiber- and particleboards from rapeseed stalks and date palm wastes were produced. • LCNFs provided improved mechanical performance and dimensional stability. • Fire retardancy of fiberboards was better than the commercial reference. • Density plays a key role in the main properties of particleboards and fiberboards. • Lignin from LCNFs were determinant in the hydrophobization and fire retardancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Value-added & fully utilization of CWs into building materials. • Addition of PA significantly improved the smoke suppression performance of WPBs. • Increasing of PA contributes to excellent integrated performance of WPBs. • Admirable method promoting the value-added & fully utilization of CWs. • Excellent comprehensive performance promoting WPBs application in green buildings. Construction wastes (CWs) were utilized in this work as the feedstock for manufacturing wasted-based particle boards (WPBs). Results revealed that phytic acid (PA), as a natural and sustainable fire retardant, imparts the WPBs excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The hydrogen bonds network formed among PA, waste particles, and adhesive improves the stress transferring of WPBs when subjected to load, thus elevating the modulus of elasticity and inner bonding strength of PA-treated WPBs. We believe that the as-proposed recycling methods promote the value-added utilization of CWs, and it is also beneficial for realizing the recycling of timber architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lychee pruning timber can annually provide approximately 7.8-million-ton lignocellulose resources for particleboard manufacturing in China instead of discharging or burning, which cause various forms of environmental pollution. Herein, tubular particleboards are manufactured using lychee wood particles and epoxy resin tubes. Chemical composition analysis shows that lychee wood is abundant in cellulose and lignin, and TG and FTIR characterize the degradation of lignin at high temperatures, facilitating close bonding between shavings and enhancing the mechanical properties of tubular particleboards. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of particleboard with different hot-pressing temperatures, hot-pressing pressures, and board thicknesses. The 20 mm tubular particleboard manufactured at 210 °C and 3.5 MPa exhibited a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 16.71 MPa, modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 1810.25 MPa, and internal bonding strength (IB) of 0.5 MPa, qualifying the EN standard for P2-type particleboard, which can be used in construction and furniture manufacturing. • Feasibility of using lychee pruned timber for tubular particleboard is investigated. • Lignin degradation facilitates wood fiber bonding. • The properties of particleboard were assessed using principal component analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their high reactivity, chemical versatility and economic competitiveness, formaldehyde-based poly-condensation adhesives are used in huge amounts - in 2010 in the order of 20 million metric tons - around the globe, primarily in the wood-processing industry. Since the 1970s formaldehyde emissions from products made thereof came under pressure and were reduced continuously. The discussion intensified again initiated by the latest European CLP (classification, labelling and packaging) regulation, which came into force in 2016, classifying formaldehyde as a Carcinogen Category 1B compound. In view of potential and even stronger future restrictions of formaldehyde use, appropriate alternatives to substitute formaldehyde-based adhesive systems such as urea formaldehyde would have to be developed and implemented in the wood processing industry. The present review represents a critical appraisal of formaldehyde-free adhesive systems for particulate wood composites production proposed in literature so far. Adhesive systems analyzed here include both synthetic and renewable-based adhesives. The core of the review is an assessment of the individual adhesive systems based on selected technological (product and process) parameters relevant for wood-particleboard production. Based on this data we evaluated their potential to identify suitable alternative adhesives having a certain probability to meet the requirements of a large-scale processing industry sector. As an overall conclusion, there are still many challenges to overcome to replace formaldehyde. Except for pMDI-based systems, most of the alternative adhesives are considerably less reactive, which would result in dramatically higher production costs. Furthermore, the availability of most components proposed to produce alternative adhesives are currently not available in the necessary quantities. Moreover, toxicological investigations on alternative systems are still missing. As several components replacing formaldehyde are also toxic or hazardous to different extents, it cannot be guaranteed that the individual proposed alternative adhesives are safer during processing and service life compared to conventional systems. Due to the nature of the organic material wood, particleboards will always release a certain amount of formaldehyde, even when produced with formaldehyde-free adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of the specific heat, thermal conductivity and heat of pyrolysis reaction on the temperature distribution and temperature variation of a single printed circuit board (PCB) particle during the pyrolysis process, a mathematical model is established and the heat transfer process is simulated. The results show that the effects of the specific heat on the temperature distribution and temperature variation are different for different parts of the PCB particle. The effect on the center part is very obvious. The biggest temperature deviation is 12% when considering and ignoring the variation of specific heat with temperature. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity has a certain impact on the variation of the temperature. The PCB particle begins to decompose at about 300 °C. The pyrolysis reaction needs to absorb much heat to break the chemical bonds, which will delay the temperature rise. In addition, the thermogravimetric (TG) experiment is carried out to verify the rationality of the model. By comparing the TG and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves between the experiment and the simulation, there is a 9.08% difference at the final pyrolysis temperature between the two mass losses, which means the mathematical model is reasonable. • A mathematical model of PCB particle in heat transfer process is established. • The distribution and variation of temperature in pyrolysis process are analyzed. • The effects of thermophysical parameters on temperature variation are studied. • TG experiment is carried out to verify the rationality of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Environmental friendly binderless particleboard were subjected for surface analysis. • Contact angle was measured through water droplet on the panel images. • Contact angle and fractal dimension were calculated and apply on Wenzel and Cassie equations. • Higher proportion oil palm trunk particleboards followed Wenzel equation. • Hydrophilic behaviour of particleboard decreased with the increase of Acacia mangium wood particle. Contact angles quantify the wettability of the rough or smooth surfaces of board materials. The aim of this study was to experimentally verify the Wenzel and Cassie theory and evaluate the essential properties of the binderless bio-composite particleboard fabricated from oil palm trunk and Acacia mangium wood. The particleboard properties were explored through contact angle surface morphology, fractal dimension, and surface roughness measurement. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic natures of the particleboard surface were established through Wenzel and Cassie theory. The contact angle and fractal dimensions showed that particleboards with a high proportion of oil palm trunk (OPT) followed the Wenzel theory and hydrophilic in nature. The increase of Acacia mangium wood (AM) proportion in the particleboard increased the fractal dimension and consequently hydrophilicity decreased. These results are well supported by the reduced percentage thickness swelling and water absorption properties of the binderless particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Fundamental information of magnesium phosphate cement has been discussed. • Short brief on reaction mechanisms, and effects of retarder and additives on MPC. • Application of MPC on various structural materials as rapid and eco-friendly binder. • Short discussion on physio-mechanical behavior of MPC products from literature. Abstract The prime goal of this review is to expose the recent progresses on the research field of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) based cementitious material to light through gathering the crucial outcomes of the works done by the global researchers. This paper provides a systematic literature review that is focused on the fundamental information of MPC and the key findings of the physio-mechanical behaviors on various application of MPC products of the evidence of 123 publications published over a period of 38 years from 1980 to 2018. More importantly, this study primarily concentrates on the information collection of the production and utilization of MPC in bio-materials, crack repair in pavements, hazardous waste management, fibre reinforced mortar, particle boards and clinical bio-ceramics using different design mixes of the MPC ingredients by the previous scholars. Additionally, based on the globally published data, the appropriate strength results of the MPC matrices under different material combinations have also discussed here. Even, it identifies various potential and challenging aspects related to the applicability of new dimensional MPC materials. As a final point, this review may encourage the readers to open the new chapter on further application sectors of MPC as a greater scale in the civil engineering aspects, preparing the usable products of daily life for human being and biomedical engineering usages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CPF liners help to improve near surface concrete characteristics. • Improvement in surface characteristics by commercially manufactured CPF is highest. • Cheap and easily available gunny bag produced noteworthy improvement in NSC. • With the increase in water content the efficiency of CPF increases. The durability of concrete cast near the conventional formwork (steel or wood) is reduced because of higher water-cement (w/c) ratio as compared with the concrete present in the core of the member. Various controlled permeability formwork (CPF) liners absorb or drain out excess water near formwork, can reduce the increase in w/c ratio of concrete near the formwork. This paper presents a quantitative study showing improvement in the properties of near surface concrete (NSC) by the use of a commercially available CPF liner, and comparing the performance of more easily available and cheaper alternatives to CPF liner used. Two types of concrete mixes with identical w/c ratio but different water contents were used. Three specimens were made for each of the two types of concrete mix and one surface for each of the specimen was cast using one of the CPF liners among a commercially manufactured CPF, particle board, and gunny bag. Four tests: Rapid chloride permeability test, AgNO 3 colorimetry test, initial surface absorption test and pull off test were performed to study durability properties of NSC. Study of physical appearance in terms of blowholes and grey area on the concrete surface using image processing is also presented in the paper. Though commercially manufactured CPF produces better surface than the particle board and gunny bag, the improvement in NSC properties by use of gunny bag is also noteworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper studied two alternative polymeric films based on natural latex and rosin as a waterproofing coating for 3-layer sugarcane-bamboo-based particleboards (3LP). To study the roughness as well as evaluate the coating surfaces on the 3LP, scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) was used. The wettability performance of the coatings was evaluated by the surface energy through the contact angle method. The 3LP coated thermal, physical and mechanical properties were evaluated following ASTM-E1530: 2011 and ABNT NBR 14810 standards, respectively. Physical results indicated latex and rosin coatings significantly decreased water permeability in the 3LP showing swelling in thickness (TS) values of 1.72 and 2.43%, respectively, when compared 3LP without coating (3LP-Control) of 12.90%. The latex and rosin coatings on the 3LP did not influence the thermal properties. Mechanical properties of modulus of rupture (MOR)and modulus of elasticity (MOE) under bending solicitation shown that all 3LP met the ANSI Standard A208.1–1999 requirements. Latex successfully formed a smooth and continuous film which covered the surface pores of the 3LP, whereas rosin did not form a smooth and continuous, forming only a thin film on the 3LP. Highlights • Films based on latex and rosin as a waterproofing coating for 3LP • Physical results indicated that the coatings decreased water permeability. • 3LP coated with latex presented TS values of 1.72% after 24 h in water. • 3LP coated with rosin presented TS values of 2.43% after 24 h in water. • Latex formed a smooth and continuous film covering the surface of the 3LP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Multilayer particleboards based on waste fibers were assessed. • Physical, mechanical, thermal and accelerated aging properties were evaluated. • Assessed physical properties meet the standard requirements for wood-based materials. • Assessed mechanical properties meet the minimum values for wood-based materials. Abstract The use of alternative raw materials to produce particleboards become an interesting strategy to replace wood and dampen the deforestation that have created environmental issues. Thus, this paper aims to assess the physical, mechanical, thermal and aging properties of multilayer particleboards produced with green coconut and sugarcane bagasse fibers. The particleboards were produced with two different densities (500 and 700 kg/m3) consisting of 3 layers: two outer layers (OL) of sugarcane bagasse fiber and one inner layer (IL) of green coconut fiber bonded with castor oil polyurethane resin (PU-resin). The physical, mechanical, thermal and accelerated aging properties of the particleboards were measured by advance equipment. The X-ray densitometry identified variations in the density profile across the thickness of the particleboards. Regarding the assessed mechanical properties, the particleboards produced with a density of 500 kg/m3 (T1) meet all the ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for LD-1 particleboards. On the other hand, the particleboards produced with a density of 700 kg/m3 (T2) only meet ANSI A208.1-1999 requirements for M-2 particleboards. The results of the fatigue tests indicated that all the particleboards assessed were able to survive a fatigue life of 40.000 cycles at stress levels equal to 25% of the breaking load. Accelerated aging assessment shown that this test caused degradation of the particleboards and indicated that the exposure conditions (temperature, humidity, UVA and UVB) caused permanent damage to the physical properties of WA and TS as well as the mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Sunflower bark can replace flax shives in particleboards made with a binder. • Self-adhesion is better with flax shives thanks to their biochemical composition. • Binderless boards made of flax shives present interesting bending strength. • Fire resistance of binderless particleboards is better than that of boards containing UF resin. Abstract In order to replace wood in particleboard manufacturing, two agricultural by-products were studied: the flax shives and the sunflower bark, which are abundant, renewable and little valorized raw materials. Sunflower bark in particular is very few studied. This study will demonstrate the possibility of using sunflower bark in particleboards and how to modulate the manufacturing process to take the benefits of both studied agroresources. These plant based particles present interesting porous structures for using as materials for building insulation or as furniture. To obtain totally biosourced materials, the plant based particles were self-bound by a thermocompression process with water. The properties of these materials were compared with particleboards made of the same plant based particles with a classical urea-formaldehyde binder. Particleboards of two target densities are compared: 350 and 500 kg m−3. Both agroresource materials do not present the same behavior to self-binding or classical binding. Flax shives are more adapted to self-binding process thanks to their biochemical composition and their morphological structure. These different boards were characterized according to mechanical and thermal properties, resistance to water and to fire. The type of agroresource or of binder does not influence the thermal conductivity. The denser binderless boards show better resistance to fire. The main defect of binderless boards is their too low resistance to water compared to boards made with a synthetic binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Natural Suberinic acids of birch outer bark are suitable to bond wood-based panels. • The Suberinic acids-based binder melts between 46 and 83 °C and cures at 205 °C. • Obtained particleboard meets the requirements for use in humid conditions. • The obtained particleboard IB strength exceeds the standard value by several times. Abstract Birch outer bark and residual veneer shorts are one of the main leftovers from plywood production and have a high potential to be converted into value-added products. Birch (Betula pendula) outer bark contains up to 45% (dry basis) of suberin and has been recognized as a promising resource of suberinic acids (SA), where the bonding potential has been proven. Therefore, this study assesses the application of SA as formaldehyde free bio-based adhesive for the production of particleboards (PBs) made of birch wood particles obtained from residual veneer shorts. The solids of ethanol extracted outer bark were hydrolytically depolymerized and SA obtained. A two stage design of experiments, in terms of screening and optimization, was used varying three PB preparation parameters: amount of the binder (c 20–30%), hot-pressing temperature (T 220–230 °C), and duration (t 2–6 min). The binder was evaluated by thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetric, Fourier transform infrared spectrometric and scanning electron microscopic analyses. SA-bonded PBs were evaluated in terms of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in the bending test, internal bond strength, and thickness swelling. The properties of the optimized SA-bonded PB (c = 21%, T = 226 °C, t = 5 min) are in the range of PBs standard EN 312 type P3 (requirements of non load-bearing boards for use in humid environment). The achieved superior internal bond strength (2.7 ± 0.5 N mm−2) and instrumental analyses confirmed a high potential of natural SA-based binder to be used in PB production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wood waste was characterised according to application, type and quality grade. • Physical impurities accounts for 13–59% of wood waste. • Behaviour of inorganic elements varies with wood waste characteristics. • Low-quality wood waste shows higher metal concentrations. • Level of phenols, PAHs and PCBs is below 10 mg/kg dw. Recycling of post-consumer wood waste into particleboard may be hindered by the presence of physical and chemical impurities in the waste stream, therefore calling for increased attention on the quality of wood waste. However, wood waste comprises several uses/types of wood, along with different levels of contamination. This study provides the detailed sampling and characterisation of wood waste according to its source, type and resource quality grade. Eight tonnes of wood waste, intended for recycling and collected at three Danish recycling centres, were subdivided into 34 individual material fractions and characterised with respect to the presence of three classes of physical impurities (misplacements, interfering materials and low-quality wood waste) as well as chemical concentrations of more than hundred chemical elements and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The results demonstrated that contaminant and concentration levels vary significantly according to wood waste type and source, thus emphasising that wood waste should not be viewed as a single material flow but rather be understood and managed according to the presence of individual fractions. Including only clean wood waste fractions at the three recycling centres, 41–87% of the collected wood waste per weight could be recycled – the rest being physical impurities. The results showed that chemical contamination was significantly higher for low-quality wood waste, thus clearly indicating that improvements in separate collection, sorting and handling of wood waste may improve the resource quality of wood waste and potentially achieve cleaner recycling practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]